has been set ablaze in russia's kaluga region north of moscow as part of an end of winter festival wooden effigies are traditionally bird at this time of year in russia but this one has a special meaning the artist who built the structure said it was supposed to symbolize the corona virus which the fire should burn away and i think we can all hope that it works. you're watching the news live from berlin i'm max foster thanks for watch. and listen home many push. ups right now in the climate change it's an awful story faces my placing way from just one week. how much worse can it really guess. we still have time to.

this is the story of a world whose borders and territories were drawn by the slave trade where violence subjugation and profit imposed their own roots slavery did not begin in the cotton fields of the u.s. it is a far more ancient tragedy that has been going on since the dawn of humanity from the 8th century onwards for over 1000 years africa was the epicenter of a global form of human trafficking. my parents were abused by those with a threat complection. songhai for lani. bantu. malinga. over 20000000 africans were deported

traded and reduced to slavery this criminal system shaped our history and our world so expansive was its reach that for a long time it seemed impossible to fully explain its mechanisms. in this series we will journey back along the roots of the slave trade. the thing about the slave trade a key thing about the slave trade and i always would have to explain a store american students who immediately would want to put it into a kind of an ethical human rights card of a contract you have to look at in economic terms and so if you have if you're talking about a slave trader so where's the demand where is there a demand for labor and what is the nature of that demand from white for. 2000 years ago slavery became an integral feature of the roman empire eventually in

476 rome collapsed under the pressure of invasions by so-called barbarians. scattered territories a range of peoples and powers fought over the empires remains this a goths and ostrogoths in the west slavs in the north east berbers in the south the byzantine empire in the kingdom of new bia and arab tribes in the east just like rome before them these societies also practiced slavery. in every society we see slavery and it doesn't matter where they come from but come from everywhere from the stops. to to russia to all of eastern europe all through the slavic countries which is where of course the word for them there most of the european languages comes from a comes from the words lot of. those were people that. concept from

worms foible it is destroy a long time most to slaves were white the majority of slaves being black is a relatively recent phenomenon in history. so how did a widespread practice evolve into an enormous trade which progressively focused its sights on the african continent. one of the starting points of this story is cairo on the river nile a 23000000 strong megalopolis born from the network of trade routes between the middle east and africa. today it's the continent's most important crossroads for people and goods. south of the modern city are the ruins of the 1st arab city in egypt. these remains are in the collected site and yet this is where the destinies of africa the middle east and the mediterranean

converged some 1400 years ago. in $641.00 again changing event would occur with their vast conquest campaign underway the arab armies established a junction between africa and the middle east their expansion into egypt would change the continent's entire economy and intensify the demand for slaves. slavery was crucial to the the south and it was crucial to systems of these empire and its expansion from the concourses self captives where turned into slaves and those slaves were recruited in da to me that conquered basically the world at that time. to use the

more it was 1st and foremost a trade with economic and political stakes. the slaves were the essential source of energy. back then there was no oil because. they were in effect the driving force behind these emerging empires. the arab troops pressed ahead as far as the south of egypt all along the nile stretch the christian lands of new bia their arabs found provisions and above all slaves who they would enlist in their armies to pursue their expansion in $769.00 they signed a pact with the newbie and stipulating that hostilities would cease in exchange for $360.00 slaves per year in a war and slave more than was considered a natural law cold thing to do with prisoners and without doubt warfare was the

major cause of enslavement almost everybody who was in sawyer was and enslavement through an act of violence that was related to either a war or to kidnapping or to its very contra slave braiding which was an extension of war. in the beginning it wasn't a trade it was spoils of war. the conquest was swift in less than a century the arabs had occupied the mediterranean southern shore a border was taking shape separating the muslim world from the land of the so-called infidels. from the valley in niger to my korea in libya and the desert region the arabs imposed the same conditions they had established in new. they use these agreements to organize the 1st deportations from africa to the middle east entire convoys of captives made their way towards the world's new

center baghdad. illustrated manuscripts short tales taken from arabic literature show how these 1st african slaves intermingled with muslim society. after 2 centuries of military conquest the demand for slaves evolved in the 9th century the embassy dynasty embarked on a monumental project to transform the swamps around basra into lush. instead of soldiers baghdad now needed workers to cultivate the iraqi soil to do so the empire brought in thousands of slaves. on some sides there were between 505000 workers. and there was considerable turnover because in such conditions their working life barely went beyond 10 to 15 years.

it required hard labor. in order to get. for this one they're needed. and they began to import. slaves for the from all over. where do the muslim arabs go to get slaves out of principle they pick non muslim slaves from another culture and outside the empire. color wasn't the basis for slavery culture was the slaves weren't part of the dominant culture. in the 9th century the arabs extended their trade networks from the entire mediterranean to the caucasus turkey the balkans and russia. from the horn of africa entire boatloads of ethiopian and newbie and captives were sailed up the nile. even

further out from the high plateaus of somalia and tanzania successive waves of slaves referred to as sun streamed into mesopotamia via the indian ocean appears to be a portion of ward. blech and when slaves begin to be brought in large numbers. of what is now your rock. there were proportionately so many who are from this part of of course. that. began to be used as a name to mean slaves. little by little the number of slaves grew and became so high that rebellions broke out among the banks of the euphrates and the tigris in 1969 the sands took up arms and raised an army numbering tens of

thousands of men. heading the insurrection was. a former high dignitary of the of a seed caliphate. what we know about that revolt his that many of the participants perhaps most of them were not actually african or weren't zahn's they there were some newbie ins the most important leader of the revolt was . someone who is an arab whose mother had been an indian concubine so it's gives you a sense of how complicated the demography was. i believe that mohammad was quite a learned man but he began to be dissatisfied with the regime and when he went to bust he found that there were. slaves there walking on these farms began to actually do investigation and found that their life conditions of the slaves were very very bad there was so much this that affection among them that he found that

there are the most rebellious group the ones who could. have revolution there's kind of a such because it was that slavery which lasted for about over a decade was so disruptive it seems to have been one of the contributing factors to a kind of a shrinking of trading in the western indian ocean. the regimes armies were deployed to brutally put down the rebellion between 500001 1000000 slaves were massacred in mesopotamia the sense revolt ended in. bloodbath. despite its failure the uprising precipitated the decline of baghdad in favor of another city cairo the empire's new capital. in the 10th century cairo was the mediterraneans greatest trading hub far ahead of venice general and constantinople the empires center of gravity had shifted towards africa. this new geo political

situation had far reaching consequences for a man on the slavery routes turned toward inner africa customs change as did the slaves position in society. slaves and were reflected the wealth of cairo and so we find slaves in all levels of society to find slaves as as concubines to the caleb's as elite corps dozens and entertainers but probably of a large number of slaves. were in the domestic sphere so these were household slaves. and people were purchased slaves of course to perform labor but also because those slaves had a symbolic value and those slaves reflected an owner's social status and increase their own prestige and in their various communities.

for a long time historians had no information on the slaves who were taken to cairo but the discovery of some extraordinary documents which had been hidden for a 1000 years in the city's oldest synagogue has enabled them to find out more about the captives identities and places of origin. for almost a millennium the jews of this sudden god deposited documents manuscripts into a large chamber. authentically with the ultimate intention to bury these documents and in a ritual way because those documents might have the name of god written on them and so they weren't to be disposed of casually. but the community never buried these documents and amongst these documents are hundreds of documents or relate to slavery there are dozens and dozens of bills of sale for slaves.

preserved at the university of cambridge the guineas that documents reveal how moving the empire's capital to cairo altered trade routes the slave from antiquity islam the caucasian was replaced by the african. i found it roughly 52 percent of slaves especially domestic slaves in egypt or from black africa but between the late 10 and the 13th century. africa was exposed and vulnerable. nubians ethiopians and sudanese would now make up the majority of slave contingents sold in cairo. here at the street markets most were women black women who were exhibited as trophies. destined to satisfy all of their master's requirements their prices were determined by their age and beauty. slave

women have a variety of means they translate it into english as things like success prosperity prodigality these are all names which reflect the way that slavery function as a kind of form of consumption and then we also have have slaves with names like. wild rose musk. names that reflect luxury items very often when you have domestic slaves a possible relationship begins to develop between the slave on us and the slaves and if it can become quite intimate for example when a child is born a guard she would be given a slave servant. who would grow up with her almost like a friend although this thing does it's quite different. swarming with.

them because we're often told that in islam but then slavery was very paternalistic with a tight relationship between slave and master and that the slave was always sure they would have benchley be freed and integrated into the master's amalie if you met last quick on i believe it's misleading to consider slavery in this way as something that had a soft side. one of the buckle pulled you can't understand slavery if you don't relate it to the violence at its heart so soft slavery or domestic slavery you know that's nonsense slavery is the negation of being human through the use of violence . of your last pool that fit this bill. as the empire expanded more and more slaves adopted their masters religion. since islam for bade the enslavement of muslims the newly converted thought they could

now escape the violence of these domineering nations these conversions posed a contradiction for the arabs on the one hand they had to enfranchise these new muslims on the other hand they would not give up their slaves. thinking from the islamic perspective it's only true and belief that you get slaves that's the legal you know principle basically in the frontiers of islam is considering the people they are and believers that's the legitimate area where slaves can be produced. as the number of converts grew the arabs had to find new sources of slaves conversion in turn created demand having become muslims certain groups such as the berbers sided with the arabs and helped them find captives beyond the empires borders. bevers themselves wherein slave

to buy dollars although they convert to islam they were treated us inferior and vassals. the whole of the better verse and it turns out on trade it's a fundamental the 1st knowledge we have it's phone out of explosives that talk about to bet as having. established. the sahar network with sub-saharan africans. what we know is that the use of the camel helped basically increase the trade. and that knowledge was transmitted to the arabs. all. the bevers support was of crucial value. they were masters of desert survival techniques beginning with the use of camels the only rideable animals capable of doing without water for weeks. thanks to this

means of transportation the arabs were able to cross the daunting sahara barrier. so here or in some ways is a barrier but so are the oceans in some ways are you after developer technology or ability to cross it it was always a barrier. a political issues affect the movement of people. trade routes formed between the north and south of the sahara to connect both ends of the desert merchants had to follow the caravan route right along babbar territory and pass through the sea what oasis dahmus begun. before arriving in timbuktu the deserts last stop and the gateway to the mali empire.

heading this immense empire west and john takeda king of kings and its founding fathers. victory in the great battle of kareena in 1235 enabled him to unite all of the regions peoples and form a massive commercial network along the banks of the niger on martin. arabs and barbarous established a trading post in timbuktu from where they maintain trade relations with this centralized empire. they bartered salt fabric jewelry and mediterranean dates in return for ivory copper slaves and most importantly gold. reorganize trade tried to build up enter. regional relations in order to protect his empire's interests of. so organizing regional and to regional trade was one of his greatest accomplishments

a result it may even have provided the foundations for the mali empire fall because it. is quite good enough for the modern method of what. timbuktu's importance stemmed from its geographical location. on the banks of the niger river its port became a center for transferring luggage and goods to and from the north. this natural crossroads occupied a strategic position in the transparent trade. the mali empire which the babbar has traded with enjoyed abundant wealth thanks to the book and bray mines it possessed the world's largest gold reserves more than half

of the precious metal circulating in the mediterranean originated from these deposits. throughout the history of the trade between north and south for the. slaves were. there. and gold was always in the soft one feeds the other made with love i do know this was the of the good gold mining in african societies was mainly done by captives the gold trade and slavery were closely linked. while i believe that gold may have predated slavery up with the chronology is unclear it's usually said that both grew in significance at the same time. they don't know that slavery was in fact hidden behind the gold trade. d.c. . i think that. some of sunday at arcades as generals never gave up this lucrative business that effect that but the fact is the outside did make

a number of efforts to intervene with them. he reminded his fellow countrymen of the threat that slavery posed to the survival of the malenka country pull us through the bad to be money. but is one of either comparisons are questionable but i do remember that charlemagne himself prohibited slavery with but that didn't stop it you know that man will be men the. oral tradition credits and as the founder of mali an identity and the symbol of the country's prosperity for a century the mali and higher it reigned over all of western africa leaving behind the deserts greatest library. in timbuktu history inhabits the homes where over 360000 medieval manuscripts

are preserved. these treasures are owned by wealthy local families they pass them down from generation to generation often hiding them from view in secret places. threatened with destruction tens of thousands of manuscripts are now being restored . this 11th century qur'an reveals how islam spread throughout western africa. thanks to merchant contacts between arab areas and african elites muslim culture gradually spread among inhabitants of the sahara region south of the sahara to the point where some jetta cater declared islam to be the official religion of the mali

empire. so they're now part of the slimy slimy nation and they can benefit from the slum a compiler which is access to that big market that was controlled by the islamic empire and this connection benefited both the millions as well as the people in the islamic community at large. the conversion of people in this i already general prompted merchants and chieftains to seize slaves even further away the slave trade expanded south of the mali empire to animist populations who the arab geographer. relegated to the

fringes of humanity. almost all arab writers and it's all dockery and all it you see and the others seek of mom mom you know i'm not of god it's often damn dumb sometimes. i don't really see them as humans they consider them to be cannibals outside of the civilized world. are the lowest black man and practically not human. you know these descriptions show that reducing them to slavery was not really a problem from a theological or moral point of view. as the need to turn an individual into a slave an important element esper trade them as an other to construct an other

ness. and human societies have a broad range of criteria for doing. this. and you can use the difference in skin complection difference in religion. in the transparent trade so for combined. do. the history of timbuktu is intertwined with that is slavery. according to legend the city took its name from an old female slave who would wash over the well where the herds drank. timbuktu supposedly comes from the word tim which means well into iraq and this woman's 1st name book to. today northern mali remains a caste based society in timbuktu ancestry determines rank whether somebody is

free or captive depends on their name and lineage. at the top of the social ladder of the light skinned to our eggs former warriors who have always owned land and weapons at the very bottom of the balance descendants of slaves who have nothing apart from their capacity for physical work to rely on for survival many still cultivate their former masters fields aware of their family's slave origins. who never let me through that hard to get my name is i had a model with them i belong to the emir did out enjoy my parents were abused by those with a fact complection with all the feeling about it but i think the body me and my father worked for them but not today that he was there herdsman with me but those with a fair complection abused more than. one of them stronger. limpid

that may sort of fail while the landowners have an interest in communicating to the workers that they are slaves not because of an old balance of power that can be turned around but because it's nature may pass a good but a sudden they are destined to be slaves. in this. and it's got to lose their muscle it's a very powerful ideology see what that if your blood is considered to be served you pass this nature on to your descendants who locked lost maybe our water and the sundance it becomes impossible to escape slavery. abuse and remember this guy was used to cut. down the. other other

stuff. as the slave trade expanded certain people's were forever reduced to slave status many internalized their condition and ended up viewing their situation as inevitable by creating entire lineages of slaves the transparent trade continually produced workers without resorting to physical violence. throughout the 13th century more than a 1000 slaves left the mali empire every year. they were joined by contingents from county in borneo. and knew beyond. all of the routes from him out period to really are focusing on the islamic world and saw the roots come from or from the periphery whose and they go into centers

and very often or along these routes that that brought slaves and of the islamic world use least slaves going on actually in both directions as well and they tend to bowl in greater numbers toward the center of the islamic world but people are bought and sold everywhere along the way soledad slavery itself was everywhere. on the by the schieffer p.c.p. . we don't have precise figures there are no statistics and no systematic studies but it seems that many more people died and disappeared during the crossing of the desert than of the sea. that. according to some i passed the seas on some contingency it was 30 percent so one in 3 of those slaves being transported never made it to the other side.

the atar the market in cairo. it was at this fruit and vegetable market on the banks of the nile that ships used to unload their goods. today no one remembers that thousands of captives arrived in egypt at this location after a 4500 kilometer track through the desert. this long period of slavery and its memory are a problem today because they've yet to be addressed by historians so there's widespread misunderstanding and ignorance of history and it seems this black presence is considered awkward. for example the magreb region is called the

northern africa but not africa. only because we're told it's a white africa totally white. and that black tunisians algerians and moroccans are strangers then although they've been here for centuries the. internet they have dreadful sayings like make god not black and our woman whose. piece. in high school i was taught this horrible poem in which black slaves are described as people born from the most appalling of all races and while. on the face the. lid please. let the study lab 11. in the lab be the engineers when many men as with the mafia. and knew who i was

cuz he then hit. this left a lifelong mark on me. in the years 1324 months some rusa the new molly an emperor and son shot i.q. test grandnephew undertook a pilgrimage to mecca by egypt. the fall of the caravan routes all the way up to cairo. this journey marked the completion of a long process the establishment of a massive commercial trading zone between timbuktu and cairo. for the 1st time a leader from the south met those in power in the north. the egyptian historian and the crazy reported a man some spectacular arrival in cairo on the night of sunday 15 struck the 1st the moon rose completely eclipse. and then came and some news king of to cool to make the pilgrimage. he's. named

for 3 days at the feet of the pyramids as a guest. he entered cairo on thursday 26 rattrap ascended the citadel but the line to kiss the ground and wasn't forced to do so. however he was not allowed to sit in the presence of the sultan. the sultan commanded that he be equipped for the pilgrimage. commands of news there was accommodated and spend so much gold for washing his eyes slave girls garments on the range of the dean outsell by 60 rounds. and nobody has actually before or after done any trip like that on that scale and this and with that kind of visibility and that amount of gold and wealth document that they say that he took with him about 12000 slaves just for his personal service and 80 loads of gold in

a very load ways like freakin tops which is was a lot of coffee. voyage marked a turning point in history word of the mercantile power of the mali empire traveled back to the europeans through the mediterranean the cuttle an atlas from 1375 is the 1st representation of the known world in its entirety it shows the seas the rivers and the deserts of africa. we see a camel written by a barber and another one being driven on by a black man following him on foot. in the east near the nile and the red sea is the sultan of cairo at the bottom of the parchment sits months holding all of the gold in the world in his hands. so that. miss out lives brings us back to the great african empires of the medieval era we tend to forget the riches that were produced back then in africa so the council on

atlas maps this commercial power of which i had also become known to the europeans ships it department was always open. ringback ringback ringback ringback ringback towards the end of the middle ages 6 great slave trade routes crossed the sub-saharan african desert all the way up to the mediterranean each was connected to a major port algiers tunis tripoli cairo all were departure points for shipments to the markets of southern europe venice general marsay and granada.

some captives were even deported as far as china and japan in all 3 and a half. 1000000 african captives were traded on the slavery routes between the 7th and the 14th century. the impact of the transfer her and slave trade has left a deeply rooted legacy molly mora tanya niger and libya are today home to $2000000.00 of slave descent. the war raging in isa hell region has enabled the light skin to our ranks to reassert their authority over the ballasts. many had to flee to the capital of mali bamako among them in town and his wife a shuttle who tried to free themselves from slavery today they hide in the suburbs

. her father told us his children had been abducted by name sardou don't. know i've been through terrible things i had to leave because i couldn't bear it anymore my younger brothers and a few relatives are still there. i lived there as a servant that was my job. i couldn't live with my family. i did everything they wanted. and you got money or animals in return. to learn i didn't get anything only suffering. nothing but suffering. their freedom remains fragile without the protection of their former masters they

often live an absolute poverty. even living in anonymity in the large southern cities a mere surname can betray an individual's ancestry this difficulty to free themselves from their caste perpetuates a 1000 year old social order. memes a given and even if you are a member of government you'd still be a captive even if you're a fast skinned minister they'll still call you a slave that's what you ought to go. yeah they stripped away your dignity you have no dignity. none of. the orders. at. that. time has redrawn the frontiers of states yet thousands of mali and eritreans

sudanese and libyans continue to crisscross the great trance a heroin roots every year flame poverty persecution or armed conflicts nearly $200000.00 sub-saharan head towards the mediterranean. once in cairo these people become easy prey for traffickers. the war in the sun hell region has reawakened the slave trade legacy and with it practices that ought to have been banished to the past. was crap. but it happens that. hasn't happened yet. i've. never said that. somehow.

the history of slavery is a tragedy that keeps on repeating itself in the 14th century a new perpetrator entered the stage europe's thirst for conquest would plunge africa into a new era the slave trade would now assume unprecedented dimensions. come . what's going on here oh no. house of your fairly own from a printer. computer games that are healing. my dog needs electricity. shift explains delivers facts and shows what the future holds

yet living in the digital world shift. in 15 minutes on t.w. . you can buy fashion but not style and. take you on a fashion to around the continent. meet the people he dresses as an art form. see from traditional patterns i'm still a cool look and find out if that would be the pageant with the twist the 77 1st. 30 minutes on w. house in a drama competition rivalry marketing numbers atmosphere power fight that's how intuition

love money. fans primes via spam and found old coupons on you tube joining us. this is a deja vue news live from berlin london police are under fire after clashes at a vigil for the murdered english woman sarah ever. there have been calls to investigate the officer's response after politicians described it as an acceptable and deeply disturbing tensions run high at the memorial the men being held for the woman's murder is himself a member of the.