beaking in an interview with a.b.c. news and also promised to hold christine accountable for meddling in the us elections. coming up next year we've got a documentary film. get all the latest news and information anytime you want on our website that stevie dot com also follow us on instagram and twitter d w news i'm terry marchant you'll find me on twitter news stream thanks for. more than half the world will be living with limited water resources we haven't had to think about our war i think that here is over it's a financial problem like any other financial. change to the most important commodity futures be free for millions of her mississippi or commodity starts march

22nd on d w. 'd 'd this is the story of a world whose borders and territories were drawn by the slave trade a world where violence subjugation and profit imposed their own brutes and forged empires. but back then there was no. the driving force behind these emerging empires. in the 14th century europe discovered that it was located temptingly close to one of the planet's most important trading regions. we tend to forget the riches that were produced background in africa. the catalan atlas where did europeans appetite for conquest the winds for the benefit of travelers it also provided information on the military strength of different

nations and it provided an economic map tracing the trading routes toward africa and its resources. a small kingdom was the 1st in the rush to seize control of the coasts of africa portugal. and new network of slavery draw a. very big area this was a portuguese project they were coming out of the crusades fight and do some more. times to this out so part of the adventure to africa. was to. both look really secure themselves and also maybe secure advantage or again. the largest city in portugal and the only european capital on the atlantic coast at

the mouth of the take the discovery monument evokes nostalgia for a time when the portuguese made the world their home carved in stone some 52 meters above the water the heroes of portugal pioneers of the conquest looked triumphantly towards the ocean that gave them such wealth and prestige. they are headed by prince henry the navigator the architect of the perilous project to open up a new trade route via the atlantic ocean his aim was to bypass the muslim rivals in the mediterranean and gain access to africa's gold coast in the 14th century the portuguese succeeded in ousting the arabs from their territory the kingdom now had free reign to begin its campaign of conquest promising gold and power henry the navigator convinced the nobility to follow him in this adventure. remember the navigator was the crown prince in

a way this mythical figure of this great christian portuguese prince was portrayed as very devout and it will become a don't get to the event he started out commanding a band of raiders pirates who took prisoners before they get. to brave the atlantic and ocean few european sailors had dared to explore prince henry had a new and revolutionary kind of vessel. carriage house. sailing ships that were capable of battling storms in the open sea. the portuguese established a sea route taking in the coast of west africa. kept behind on the islands of arguin. and caveating each mile covered was a victory over the muslims who were present on the entire northern part of the continent. portugal has traditionally glorified its great explorers

forgetting that most of them built their fortunes on the slave trade. today lisbon is undergoing a facelift after the discovery monument renovation work extended to the i found my district as construction progressed the riches of the 1st world city resurfaced by chance workers uncovered the foundations of the former commercial harbor. in the space of one century lisbon became the richest capital in europe some distance ahead of paris london or amsterdam chinese vases parts from indonesia ornamental class where from a cow and amid the shards of earthenware from all over the world a woman skeleton was also found. the initial d.n.a.

tests revealed that she was an african slave buried without a name or gravestone. the archaeology of slavery a relatively recent field is exuding a long untold history the fate of the 1000000 africans who were shipped off to europe between the 15th and 18th centuries. this was an extremely brutal predatory economy the portuguese were disembarking and arms in and rush to capture the inhabitants of these african crafts starting with mauritania and then senegal home to many poor fisherman. were captured with nets i mean each mission you dozens would be captured and loaded onto these ships to be brought back to europe baka borders in the. poorly possible don't know a program. in various locations between morocco and more autonomy on prince henry's

mercenaries kidnapped unarmed civilians deported to portugal these 1st captives were unloaded in the 1st port on the way home lochalsh. on this coastline one morning in august 14th 44250 men women and children who had been captured on the atlantic coast were sold to the highest better it was a major event the 1st spoils brought back to the country by the portuguese conquistadores they had set off on a quest for gold but they came back with slaves the event was so highly anticipated that go michigan ish. the chief chronicler of the realm travel to the beach in person to record the event. the following day it was the 8th of august starting morning because of a. cruise began to work their boat unload their captors and take them

ashore as ordered. some other faces down white with some note on the other person who rode in with grief some low to high heaven fixing their locomotives shouting and out up to it as if asking the father nature file. others be their cheeks with their palms or threw themselves flat on the ground others made lamentation in a song like manna after the custom of their homeland. and though the words of their language could not be understood by us their sorrow was understood indeed. assault. and increased when those in charge of dividing them came and started to spit them one from another to make even groups. to do this it became necessary to take children from parents wives from husbands

brothers from sisters. for cain and king grid no rule was kept each captive land it where luck would have it. the snooty sort out odd described an extremely violent scene your children taken away from their mothers screaming ripping. clearly what he is witnessing makes him very uncomfortable for the society. things changed after that he got a part of what they had to justify it up and they did so by pointing to the civilization brought to the savages. to use one of condominium disembody. in the early 15th century human trafficking was common throughout the mediterranean

in portugal but also in the south of france spain italy and sicily most of the slaves came from the balkans in southeastern europe traded via the ports of cyprus constantinople and aleppo. back then africans constituted a minority within the slave trade. in less than these proportions would soon be inverted the 1st african captives deported to portugal would be followed by countless thousands more. on the street of the negroes well one of the few alleys that are the only reminders of when this neighborhood the bio don't know combo included a ghetto reserved for africans. 1453

the holy war between christendom and islam resulted in the latter's victory. constantinople the last remnant of the byzantine empire fell into the hands of the ottoman empire the christian side of the mediterranean was now separated from lands further east with the movement of slaves from the balkans also blocked for christian europe the conquest of the atlantic was now vital. christendom to ash had reached a well made and the whole area where they had been acquiring slabs for slaves. was now christianized or islamicized. there was only one region to head for africa becomes associated with slavery as a result of these developments. officially muslim leaders and the catholic church condemned the enslavement of free people but in

practice the demand for slaves did not diminish and justified continued raids. in these societies people were driven by religion but they weren't fanatics that term is probably too modern but religious motivations of conquering islamic areas to convert them to christianity were very important since the papacy supported portuguese expansion by granting rights to colonize the the water couldn't easy. to take revenge on the muslims pope nicholas the 5th gave the portuguese his moral endorsement thanks to the vatican support they could continue raiding africa with complete impunity. portugal's national archives in lisbon are home to the romanos pontifex issued by the pope that gave

the portuguese carte blanche and established a legal framework for the enslavement of africa. we had formally by other letters of ours granted among other things free and ample faculty to the aforesaid king off. to invade search out capture vanquish and subject some some pagan and other enemies of prince and reduce their persons to perpetual slavery. perpetual slavery to words decreed by the highest cattle. authority that amounted to a sentencing of innocent africans to words that would justify everything in the name of god. with the pope's blessing the portuguese ventured further and further south along the coasts of africa their caravels and strategies were copied by other european nations eager to take control of african gold and

slaves flemish german english generally and venetian merchants from across europe invested in the atlantic adventure. it's not as if africans were passive towards european merchants entering villages to collect individuals and put them in captivity. and captivity. african societies had their own power structures. i.v. they had a capacity for initiative they negotiated discussed the terms of relations with european merchants. of it. the tipping point was when the portuguese entered the south atlantic beyond the equator and the us entered a new economic space economy you don't know who they came into contact with the kingdom of congo which would play a big role. $1471.00 the portuguese took

possession of an island off the african coast uninhabited virgin and fertile so to me also provided a secure harbor 150 nautical miles from the mainland it enabled them to keep an eye on the region's most powerful state the kingdom of congo. kong is an interesting case of african history very different from. everywhere else when the portuguese got there they discovered that there was a king there was a what they called a kingdom and not only that it was an area where there was no islamic influence at all portuguese and turned into relations with the king of kong on virtually an equal basis and since there were muslims there was not they weren't was no hostility on the basis of religion. and them for reasons i don't think we

fully understand they the the king of kong of congo. decided that he was going to convert to christianity. came all forms older 1st. he welcomed the missionaries from portugal. the portuguese were the only ones to supply products from the mediterranean to king of funds. for the 1st time they had established a monopoly on an african territory people have to give up even those in the yosh easy when the more chickies arrived in a hierarchical society where the nobles ensured ate more and better than the others dressed more elegantly than the others and consumed luxury items these all the people do use it it will be readable to do so when the portuguese arrived with all these new items how should i put it all the congo aristocracy went completely crazy it's not the should they became infatuated with all of us you can sense that the

customs and behavior were changing and they did indeed change. the drawings of the 1st missionaries who arrived in congo illustrate this new bartering system. but gold fever encouraged the portuguese to continue their conquest. they learned that the a kind people's gold mines were in elmina for the invaders the only way to get their hands on the precious was to offer the icons what they needed most slaves to descend into the mines. as such they became the empires slave traders. gold production which had been going on in west africa for centuries including the area of guinea my. only an apostle the son of god but i do moved more commodore

fields in gaza and i'm trying to because gold you know. was born out error it was a measure a wealth of the mine and they were after the gold of the what they called the gold coast because a lot of gold come from the interior right there. the 1st triangular trading system in history was launched between. the icon mines and the congo. european goods for slaves in congo slaves for gold in elmina. the portuguese used this bartering system to create an autonomous trading network. to get. the arrival of the portuguese brought about major changes including because they made the direct connection between elmina the coast of congo in sao tome

a. let's you know it was an interesting triangulation because the system that would thrive in the americas that was 1st tested out of that region it's. not imo. this portuguese crucifix commemorates the annexation of south tell me which would open a new chapter in the history of slavery. it was here that the portuguese would create the 1st platform for the mass deportation of captives and it is here that is straight forward slave trading system would evolve into a massively profitable production system the sugar plantation. with

thousands of slaves disembarking on its beaches so to me became an island exclusively dedicated to sugar production. or a laboratory because that's where we witnessed the marriage of a black man and sugarcane. in a column the size to function well together. so well married a black man with sugar came about in my meal so. the idea was simple the audience was transformed into a plantation where slaves within easy reach were imported. each year 4000 slaves arrived in fill this very limited space that means big concentrations. and so this was the 1st example of a black colony and

a slave society and the model became a global system system global unsound to me time seems to stand still sugarcane was replaced by coffee then coffee by cocoa. when they landed on the island the 1st slaves brought with them their knowledge of working the soil in the tropics but to this day sow to make remains one of the poorest countries in the world and farm workers continue to live in the slaves old huts. you don't really need a survival population to grow sugar. but to grow on the scale they were doing you know you do what you needed slaves because what you did during the harvest period was you made him work 14 hours a day all in all right into the night one or any night there were there was a moon you know that you just kept cutting all night long albums are down with fatigue the risk of injury increases so it was very risky and. it was extremely

hard work. and something may is the last in various ways it is the 1st week in specimen which should be king in the tropics and that's what the laos later on the transfer of the sugarcane production into brazil and later into the caribbean. after christopher columbus his journey to the americas pedro opened a new sea route to the west the portuguese were still obsessed with the search for gold but now they knew that if they failed sugarcane could potentially replace this precious metal on april 23rd 1500 cut brown's ship docked in unknown territory after i departed from by them as your majesty not as we reached the canary islands and then the cape that we followed on sale heading west across the city.

that same day at the out of espers we sighted land that is to say 1st the very ragged mountains and other low ranges of hills to the south of it on a plain covered wood lot st. patrick have had just reached brazil only to find no gold to be profitable this immense newly discovered land would have to be cultivated. this in turn meant that a new trade route for slaves from africa to brazil would be set up. of the descent of man said look for slaves on the coasts of the african kingdoms and bring them to south all may. and starting in $1516.00 they would start bringing them to brazil they were intermediaries very unfair mediators on to millions have a monopoly on the supply of slaves to brazil. 1516

ringback from south contingents of captives were now being shipped to brazil and the caribbean the 1st transatlantic slave trade routes were established between the kingdom of congo. brazil and portugal. meanwhile in europe itself hundreds of captives arrived each year via portuguese ships. in lisbon black and whites noblemen a stance a plea lived on an equal footing they shared a common language and the same interests all grew rich from the slave sugar and gold trades among them german merchant and banker. and he couldn't solicit gonna be involved in the political and trade elites from both european and african societies local sovereigns collaborated with the portuguese some converted to christianity took portuguese names and sent their children to portugal to be

latinized and study in the university of people. these elites became the predatory ones that it put a piece. on the west african coast the riches that portugal devoured seemed inexhaustible. in the bel-air district of lisbon the building of the age of only most monastery was financed by the slave sugar and spice trades. the splendor of its architecture are testimony to an era when lisbon dominated the world and flooded other european capitals with its goods . let put me you have to emphasize that this was a black slave trade as this economy was based on african slaves would this trade was the main income for the crown and for part of the portuguese elites the state

was being built upon overseas income so a new phase started busk the minute wolf as a. with the arrival of europeans in africa the history of slavery assumed a whole new dimension. for the 1st time the trade focused exclusively on equitorial africa and the number of deportations reached an unparalleled scope and scale. war. there's not comparable in terms of scale because for the islamic trade we're talking about you know a roughly a 1000 a year period a much bigger impact in a shorter period of times in the americas. have

. her. home. in lisbon the history of african slaves who arrived in europe has largely been forgotten most traces of their presence were destroyed during the 755 earthquake and any lasting pieces of that memory were scattered when the city was rebuilt. in this hunting lodge a few miles from the capital a painting by a flemish artist depicts lisbon in 5080. the king's fountain portrays the neighborhood that no longer exists where people of different skin colors danced together. here a black man in shoes embraces a white woman with bare feet musicians play for a pair of lovers. a knight of the order of christ in

chains or in ceremonial dress africans present their wealth to europe's smallest kingdom an image of an era when this connection between africa and portugal made less been the most important economic capital of europe. when his team can dois enemies i saw as early as the 15 hundreds 10 percent of lisbon population was black and it is not counting december this is a but it's a real similar off barcelona and mahler 2. today in southern europe in portugal italy spain and southern france an estimated 50 to 60 percent of the population could have african ancestry. seen a kiss from a law elected it's a question which all scholars of slavery of wondered about with the what happened to those black people in europe or yet it will need some say the figures are that

big thought they melted into the. populations disappeared on their own developmental do but it's hardly tenable to argue that thousands tens of thousands of people are underage of thousands disappeared without a trace without passing anything on to next generations which in essence fueled the new story out for us historians who work on archives it's fairly easy to find an african ancestor but for people's family history and something that they forgot or half suppressed. the metal novel.

merchants went to round up slaves in the border regions of the congo kingdom everywhere the raids multiplied. and became one of the crossroads at the original transatlantic slave trade in congo the relationship of equality between africans and portuguese collapsed sold a lot of the game from then on from $59.00 is on became the most important single port the single place in africa from where africans left for the americas 23 percent something like that out of all africans a lot from. going heavily to brazil which of course is the biggest area where africans go in the americas by far almost half of all africans and often brazil. lawanda was of those that was really an outpost of brazil many ways and it domino. down muscle devoutly they determined that

a merchant should import $20000.00 slaves per year that these slaves became contractual objects they stopped bartering because if you did it then became something highly speculative. so figures then amounted to thousands of slaves were counted by lots and no more one by one and even the language changed they spoke of pieces please define the slave in terms of stature and age as calculations were made in terms of profitability. this is glove the this is more you have to use the expression slave production because within central african states and especially the congo kingdom in small states that had separated from middle because there wasn't a slave trade strictly speaking about it your you go. yeah. apple from a ballad to comment so the system and conditions there had to be created this music on this or is this one is not like that here it was people from the outside who fed

antagonisms that might allow people let's say free people citizens to end up in the slavery networks today yeah disapprove of us clearly not it is order discover that . amidst all the traffic between the african coasts and brazil a slave ship ran aground off the coast of south tell me. the aguilar rich are the descendants of those castaways their ancestors found refuge on this beach for nearly 500 years the engelaar ish lived here far from the plantations and the portuguese poor and secluded but still free. they've made this story the bedrock of their identity and of their spirit of resistance will soon fall over the wall of a ship came from angola. with people on

a voyage and. until. the people started to swim to save themselves. and at the door of the swamp to seles the beach hiking on to the ships daybreak. once they got to the beach they stayed there for a long time and. they eventually found a family and had children. i think so to may's also a laboratory for a new forms of social relations and for a new society because you have a society mainly based on slave labor which has fast majority of the population in slaves and where social relations between in slave and

masses will be very tense. and so tell me the jewel of the empire the sugar plantation system gradually began to crack the island was impossible to control. in the heart of the forest groups of fugitive slaves set up more kumble those places of sanctuary where they organize themselves into armed groups. the distance between lisbon and celta may prove troublesome for the portuguese crown the kingdom of congo was reluctant to intervene in the island's affairs while the portuguese lacked armed men on the ground to defend their interests so to solve the problem they decided to manufacture them. in paris as the. thought of if season in one of the fundamental elements of the society as a laboratory was the creation of mestizos as they were called to us part of

a concerted plan devised by the portuguese ranks corps near this the portuguese such a cross for white men with black women oh she created a mixed race population proper status for 2 years the population where according to the texts of the time the white fathers would transfer portuguese values to their mixed race children meeting the law of 3 as and yes the aim was to create a group within society who could defend white portuguese interests on south tom a regime that is says do what i do for 2 years and something. we often completely forget that interbreeding stemmed from violence very often these children were the product of rape or relations between master and slave. in a letter addressed to the king sound to a maze administrator. explained how he intended to use these mixed race children

the empire's bastards. many settlers have children with their slaves and if your highness granted freedom to a few of them they would be allowed to name as free citizens. as they are no other free children they would remain free of the service of god your highness. crossing white men with black women and so to me the mixed race individuals fathered by portuguese men were a separate group called the sons of the land by defending the crown's interests they became crucial figures in the slave system. that the enemies of. the future sons of the last me had no secure

position in the country and would therefore live off this trade network which brought them well that gave them authority like that of the portuguese invisibility . the but they too were children of the country mrs welcome it was it is awful. we mustn't see this just as a black and white issue no not in the 16th century maybe later but not at that time it wasn't about race it was about the economy money. with my grandfather also had slaves they were black i mean slaves they were slaves letters too. and they had it enslaves themselves. is it that i live this story it's in my blood i know what. you got up for you said it. as demand mushroom and the sons of the land started kidnapping citizens of congo despite the religious diplomatic and cultural links between portugal and the kingdom. in

a letter to his counterpart in portugal king of funds of the 1st told of his dismay and desperation. afonso i think was far more intelligent than alleged. when he's presented as a very christian king like he appears as some sort of byproduct of fortune. but he tried to modernize the kingdom by integrating the resources that came from portugal so you know why you on met the goal of the old school so there's renewed you both but i soon realised that his country was losing its soul. every year sent to mainz reenact his 1st merger between africa and europe to exercise its violence the incarnate all the roles where appropriate costumes

a dance in which victims and persecutors live side by side the sons of one in the same family. the procession is called. and said to originate from the word tragedy. as. you see slavery leads to societies that are constantly searching for themselves due to a lack of identity perhaps it's a vineyard my feet and then my memories of africa are so vague even for a subtle man's who live about 200 to 250 kilometers from the culture in the pooper or closer to the african coast and me on telly is already union kids if they're even here memory is a problem and that's what memories do i have of africa. and yet i'm black. oco.

in 5095 tensions boiled over on south. on a daughter a slave born on the island headed an uprising one of the sons of the land were unable to contain males factories and harvests were destroyed. the center man

experiment had revealed its limits. but the union between african slaves and sugarcane had been consecrated the portuguese knew that they could export the system everywhere one by one they disassembled the mills the ovens and the sugar factories and rebuild down in brazil. the key which changes the direction of the slave trade is the transfer of sugar as you mentioned earlier from one side of the atlantic to the other. and then makes the hop to the part of the americas closest to europe which is the car bit. a year after the uprising among the leader of the rebellion was executed in public . the result of a large scale experiment between portugal and africa south despite the violence it

was born in has shaped its own history a history founded on the whole roic struggle of the 1st slaves. to ensure the survival of their economic model the portuguese took their slaves with their agricultural insights to brazil. by demonstrating that the model could be exported to the americas they inspired other europeans to do the same sound to. the intermediary stage and the spread of sugar r m m m some ways it was. the 1st caribbean island although it was on the caribbean . in 620 the portuguese were the uncontested masters of the slave trade 25 years after the revolt headed by amador they had already deported 300000 captives to brazil and central america. soon it

would be the other european powers turn to embark on conquests of the new world with them the slave trade tentacles spread all across the atlantic and reached a new target the caribbean. see i'm getting vaccinated. elderly caretaker christina read requests uses online videos to encourage people to get vaccinated and. due to fake news on social media many belgian care workers are refusing corona vaccines. can the fight against the

virus be one online. focus on. 90 minutes on t w. how does a virus spread. why do we panic and when will all of this and. just 3 of the topics that we've covered and the weekly radio program. if you would like any information on the clone of virus or any other science topic you should really check out our podcast you can get it wherever you get your podcast you can also find us at 20 w dot com slash science. passion drama competition right marketing number. 5 that's how intuition love hate money millionaires expands problems for spam and. only.

because we love football. to golf on you tube joining us. this is d w news law from moscow recalls its ambassador to the u.s. the remarks by joe biden inflame tensions. you think he's a killer. so what. he's going to play a role you'll see shortly. also coming up tanzania as president died.