the slave trade pored. over a period of 2 centuries more than 3 and a half 1000 expeditions set sail from french ports more than half of them left from the part of not the main french hub of triangular trade. the sculpted figures along the kid a life force or fatal island are reminders of an era when the great slave trading families displayed their pride in being the main architects of the city's wealth it was they who made known to france's leading commercial port. came from slavery they were negotiators ship owners and all those who produced foodstuffs with the vintners flour producers fabric producers hardware producers. the atlantic ports also generated wealth for areas that stretched very far inland

as far as a leo in the case of known till by exultant. goods were also transported along rivers really flow over so the wealth that slavery produced was essential for france he says. 1669 from now on to more don't like. slavery money flowed back up rivers to well. and. it had such repercussions on inland areas that it became a national objective louis the 14th knew that to win the sugar war he would need a powerful fleet. the king ordered the construction of $500.00 galleons the atlantic became the theater of a naval war between france england and the netherlands a bitter fight in which each sunken ship was a total loss for the respective countries economy. seats. it was very

expensive to build and equip a $74.00 gun ship and pay its crew. if not more ultimately who bore the cost. of financing these wars the financing of ships and osnos was mainly footed by french presence. the slave trade fleets were protected 16000 galleons were already protecting dutch commercial ships while the 3000 light and fast royal navy cruisers terrified their adversaries france paled in comparison to these armada as. each nation needed a fortress in africa if it were to compete in the atlantic race just like on the caribbean islands these forts were the bastions of the triangular trade. as military bases they offered a secure store for guarded goods and captives before departure by sea.

in less than 80 years 43 such forts were built from senegal to the niger delta every stone every being every element of masonry was transported by boat from europe with. most of these fortresses there built by states individual capitalists or even groups of trading capitalists did not have that kind of money in order to build those sorts of fortresses the english already had 13 the dutch 10 the danish 5 even the prussians with their 3 forts surpassed the french on the gold coast in today's gonna the fantail and ashanti rented europeans plots of land to build their forts the europeans established trading posts and fortresses all along the atlantic coast from the a way territory to the congo kingdom equitorial africa became the world's principal source of slaves. in this

accounting document written in 1688 we learned that over an 8 year period it shipped 60783 slaves. each cost the royal african company 8 to 12 pounds sterling the equivalent of between 950 and 1500 euros today they were all bought with trade goods the demand for slaves was so high that the europeans pressured their african partners to help them plan to rationalize and industrialized their system of mass deportation. slaves were often bought on credit. and sold out amount that european ships would calm they would have a whole cargo full of textiles different metal ware or. tobacco whatever and they these would be given to global coal merchants extended to

them on credit and then the merchants would go inland with those goods and buy slaves and come back the biggest impact was the level of of. the level of violence the rising level of violence the level of uncertainty. that permeated society everywhere and also the opportunity for new new big. to emerge new powerful leaders somebody gets a hold of more firearms somebody gets more aggressive they build their own personal chief supt and suddenly they're powerful. among these leaders was on to a duke a major conference in traitor from calabar and what is now nigeria in his diary he spoke of the methods he used to terrorize countess kidnapping detention and murder .

about 4 am i caught up awful rain i walked up to the city trying asked where i met all the johns and. we got ready to cut off that's. 5 am when he got to happen taking slaves. 50 s out that day. and. very clearly these sacrifices were intended as a form of terrorism that were meant to make it very clear to the population who was

the boss and who was naught the very much the way to. me mafioso type organizations . behave in terms of making sure that the members of the association respect whoever the godfather it was and if anybody steps out of line they can be assassinated or killed and so they don't step out of line obviously. for the benefit. of a handful of enterprising and unscrupulous profiteers the entire continental economy was transformed on the coasts african brokers knew all of the inner workings of the sugar plantation. a slave ship from some a little. dot at loango in the kingdom of congo. its captains drawings provided exceptional details of the negotiations between europeans and africans the merchants from the coast knew that the math he said

a fix captain was in a hurry you had to arrive in the west indies before harvest time this was the time of year when slaves sold best and when the best sugar was available so they deliberately prolonged negotiations to drive prices up $312.00 captives were rounded up in 116 days. he said my feet arrived in sound amounting now haiti one year after leaving france only 9 captives had perished a good ratio for the crew who celebrated their success. in the drawings of the matisse afaik no allusion to the slave suffering appears they were dehumanised shadows tallied and lined up like barrels at the bottom of the hole to. the transportation of human beings turned into a nightmare. it's very important to understand that

violence on board slave ships would be used electively another worse no captain wanted to kill the entire allotment of people on board because that voyage with and have no profit so when there was resistance what the captains would do is organize a spectacle in which a small number of people would be executed and if street. leave vicious horrific ways as a means of terrorizing everybody else all of the enslaved to be forced to come up on deck in order to view these executions one slave ship surgeon said that frequently the decks the main deck of the ship would just be completely awash in blood and the aftermath of one of these failed revolts revolts were common and they were almost always suppressed but the captains would use that situation to kill a small number in order to intimidate everybody else sending the message that if

you resist us this will be your fate. i've also suggested that the slave ship created categories of race for example the multi ethnic africans who are loaded on board a slave ship go aboard as ebo or are fun day or men day but when they come off the ship they are unloaded as members of a quote negro race end quote and the same parallel process goes on among the sailors these motley crew does they are english irish also in some cases african they leave their european port but when they arrive on the west coast of africa they become the white people.

on caribbean beaches captives disembarked as blacks in a world dominated by whites. to providing an outlet for a society founded on violence and race the carnival maintains the memory of the days when the super industry imposed its. rhythms rights and seasons and set the pace for island life. was it was an era when drummers announced the end of winter and the resumption of cutting when fleeing slaves covered themselves in the glasses to help prevent their recapture. suki should be changed honestly a version of what progressively distinguished atlanta it slavery what made it

different from other systems of slavery was the construction of race silicon solution and a hoss simplist it was precisely this superimposition that developed between physical appearance with its own term and status few. feet behind them at the extremities of this continuum of the both status and color there was the white master and the black slave. met it lisc love. so. the term white did not exist prior to slave societies. route them the law into can sleep that's why it's developed specifically in the antilles so you can see our vice all this atlanta area words to the construction of the racial categories that we still use now. we use them as though they hadn't changed throughout time when in fact they

have. thought the. race was a weapon of submission meant to carve into flash the supposed inferiority of some people and the infinite superiority of others. cut off from their roots and their families the black slaves were reduced to a service on mass without names and without orientation. the plantation was a machine that devoured its workforce it needed a constant supply of new arrivals. land owners want to transform the slaves bodies into tools. on plantations whipping and torture were used to deprive them of their humanity. in this garden of torture the master's authority was absolute.

so you take for example a character like thomas those who would and you can almost see in his diaries the escalation in the violence that he has to mete out of the things he has to mete out to the enslaved to keep them working on the plantation earth. i arrived as a full on the new plantation but in 2 weeks ago. had to carry on just as the money on the line is again. civilly with him and robbed path and lime juice into his woman ringback ringback. 3 days later the body of another slave who had his fame and was brought to us by cut off his hat and with the body in public but mostly only way to exalt the control of the new yorkers. and this is

a family reason was adopted by all the colonies. in force and condition of the negro not relent just being knighted only strengthened gardens and held them back. these kinds of tortures and these kinds of punishments this kind of brutality actually became commonplace on these plantations where you had white people working out among armies of slaves who they feared they could not control the sound of the screaming and the stench of the burning bodies that also became a fundamental feature of the jamaican landscape right that is what plantation society is it's that smell it's that sound it's that fear and terror that

compelling people to work and to obey their masters there's no way to separate that kind of terror from the labor on the plantation from the profits that that labor produced. but the plantation owners could not squander the slaves they had bought on credit the state had financed the shipment of slaves and wanted its return on investment. the plantation society relied solely on market forces violence was a necessary cost and thus included in balance sheets it took 4 years to amortize the price of a slave after that they were valuable only insofar as that they could hold a machete this was the price to pay for that europe each. i don't think that it's possible to reduce another human being to a mere cipher to

a mere extension of your will and that's where a lot of the tension and the possibilities for slave revolt and resistance come in because if my purpose is to subject you absolutely. but you can never be subjected absolutely we're always going to have conflict at the extremes of human domination even in slavery we find there is always resistance there is always tension and there's always struggle. throughout the caribbean escaped slaves took refuge in the heart of the most remote forests they were called marooned slaves in reference to the spanish word cement on which originally designated cattle that had escaped into the wild in these isolated places they began to organize resistance in jamaica they included captain leonard parkinson the leader of the maroons and grandy nanny and ashanti known as the maroon priestess. in barbados mussa and igbo war chief

through the rebellion the insurgents found a name and identity. all throughout the mountainous areas of jamaica you have these communities of formally in slave people who have escaped and they learn the territory they learn to cultivate crops there and they learn to fight as well harassing plantations taking gunpowder getting new recruits and maintaining a building communities in the mountains where this becomes increasingly a problem for the british and by the 2nd 3rd decade of the 18th century it breaks out into major war and the british aren't even sure they're going to be able to maintain the island. the uprising spread to other islands and then to the coast of africa wars raged in the slave capturers hunting grounds notably incentive gambia

where muslim religious leaders blamed slave trade goods for corrupting society. these outbursts of violence plunged the sugar industry into a crisis which also had an impact in europe a growing number of voices expressed outrage at the horrors of the slave trade. in all of the major slave trading orts everybody knew the truth of the slave trade and i'll tell you one way in which they knew it. slave trading vessels had a very specific smell and you could never get the smell out of the wood. in fact it was said in charleston south carolina which was the major port for the importation of slaves into north america that when the wind was blowing off the water a certain way you could smell was a slave ship before you could see it what that meant was that in every port

these these ships these ships of horror that stank of human misery. that this was all very well. suddenly information about the slave trade and its characteristics the experiences of enslaved africans in the course of the middle passage came increasingly to public attention in the late seventy's ninety's abolitionists campaign this place particular emphasis on the middle passage that's when. polemical arguments began and many pamphlets being published on the case being augie flavor as realizing for the 1st time that they're going to have to make an argument about the legitimacy of colonial slavery. 'd

'd within this context in 783 a court case involving lloyds and the slave trade company enjoyed significant publicity in britain. abolitionists use it as a platform to reveal the slave traders barbaric practices. the so-called zol massacre which took place in the early seventy's and eighty's was a very important event it basically consisted of a slave ship captain throwing a group of living africans overboard in an effort to collect insurance money. now this was this voyage went on and it only came to court a couple of years later because one of the engines the insurance company refused to pay and when this event came to court and abolitionists named granville sharp shows

up at this court case the question being were they actually property or not and sharps answer is this is mass murder. this is just plain mass murder this is not about property rights these are human beings. and the judge actually up held the insurance companies and which refused to pay insurance on the murdered africans and that was vaso who brought this to the attention of granville sharp it was ground will sharpen turned it into a big issue that helped to mobilize public opinion in britain. gustava was one of england's most fervent abolitionists born in nigeria he was deported to the caribbean at the age of 11 at the age of 21 he managed to buy his freedom while passing through england in his autobiography published in $789.00 he recounted his

experience of the middle passage down in the hold and delivered an impassioned plea against slavery massa held up a mirror to the nations that had reduced him to the rank of a marketable object gentleman. such a tendency as a slave trade to debauch men's minds and harden them to every feeling of humanity. it is their fate on a deal is mistaken avarice but it drops the milk of human kindness and turns it into god. which violates that 1st natural right of mankind equality and independency and gives one man a dominion over his fellows which god could never intend. yet how mistaken is the avarice even of the planters are slaves more useful by being thus humbled to the condition of brutes and they would be suffered to enjoy

the privileges of man. when. by the time gustavo valdes i spoke out and 7897700000 africans had been deported 1000000 from senegal. 3.4000000 from beneath and beyond. 3.2000000 from central africa and close 273000 from eastern africa. while david eltis and the emory university research team had established precise deportation figures the income amassed by the slave trade is still being estimated

historians are trying to assess today how much profit the slave trade yielded for banks and insurance companies. the slave traders. not only a foundation of american capitalism it is a foundation of all of european in atlantic capitalism because it created this massively profitable economic system that link the countries of north western europe to the americas through the plantation system the great scholar activist c.l.r. james pointed out that the slave system created the greatest planned accumulation of wealth the world had ever seen up to that moment in time and this of course is a very important part of western prosperity. between 1633 and britain's abolition of the slave trade in 1807 english and then british

companies deported 2000000 755830 african captives most of them died on the plantations more now from working in the sugarcane fields all of this for the sake of profit. in 2007 london's westminster abbey hosted a bicentennial commemoration of the abolition of the slave trade in the presence of then prime minister tony blair and queen elizabeth the 2nd one cast human rights activist tion at the 2 disrupted the ceremony. written. the end of the little book i think. her cell of. the word describes goodness. that the better not to listen.

to. what. the. the. courage of. the plantation owners and slave traders could not accept losing the hard won caribbean the immensely lucrative driving force behind the rise of global capitalism. at the beginning of the 19th century they sought to thwart the wave of protest in civil society by that time slavery a practice that dated back to the dawn of humanity seemed immoral to belong to the past britain had understood this before the others and was thus one step ahead of

its rivals. it was preparing itself for world domination. puppet. a colorful barge and for all of the united states portugal canada with a common goal making cargo shipping sustainable with wood instead of steel and wind and solar power instead of heavy oil. the world's largest emissions free cargo ship

is being built in coastal rica. 3000. and 30 minutes on d w. eco africa. animal conservation by. to launch a new young software developers in south africa are making it possible takes away a lot of the gear all for c.n.n. and surefire as a 2 want people really care about which is protecting the environment. we are able to fund a lot of our conservation work for ricky through the concert. eco in africa. in 90 minutes long t w. they've been robbed of their soul that's what a people experiences when their heritage is taken from them. countless cultural

riches were brutally stolen from africa and carted off to europe by colonialists. each artifact has blood on it from wounds that have yet to heal. what should be done with the stone north from africa. this is being hotly debated on both continents. stolen soul starts giving the 13th song t.w. . this is news and these are our top stories prime minister benjamin netanyahu is claiming a huge victory in israel's 4th election in 2 years polls suggest hill when most seats fall short of a majority his right wing likud party would need to form a coalition a fast coronavirus vaccine rollout has boosted netanyahu standing even though he's

on trial for corruption. u.s. secretary of state and need.