and it's accompanied by a physical artwork painted by sophia on a printout of her self portrait the identity of the buyer was not immediately know . you're watching d.w. news just a reminder of our top story today german chancellor angela merkel has defended her handling of the pandemic in germany's parliament she said the e.u. was right to procure a vaccine strongly despite growing frustration over the slow rollout germany is currently battling a 3rd wave of the crossfire. i'm terry barton thanks for. been robbed of their soul that's what if people experience is when their heritage is taken from them countless cultural artifacts were brutally stolen from africa by colonialists carted off to europe. what should be done with the stolen north from africa. stolen and sold starts april 13th on t

w. this is the story of a world whose borders and territories were drawn by the slave trade where violence subjugation and profit imposed their own roots this criminal system shaped our history and our world. unsubtle the portuguese invented an economic model with unprecedented profitability the sugar plantation. was the 1st black to own a 1st slaves as are others. berridge of the black man was sugar care. in the 16th century other european powers were eager to follow their model. their greed would plunge an entire continent into chaos and violence nearly $13000000.00 africans were cast onto new slavery routes to the new

world where the english the french and the dutch hopes to become wealthy in measurably wealthy. love. because the caribbean has similar climatic features to sell until may it eventually became the principal crossroads of the slave traders routes for people in the western world these islands are today associated with occasion guadeloupe offers tourists a dream destination sunshine and pristine nature rekindling myths of a lost paradise holiday makers tend to confine themselves to the beaches of. unself . but as the sign indicates they are all too close to another side of the islands

heritage that was anything but a paradise. just a few meters away from the bay there's is a burial site where countless. skeletons were discovered. between 501000 graves are still buried beneath the sand. the result clare beach is one of the 15 slave cemeteries that have been excavated. 15 among the 1000 that exist in the caribbean. 89 skeletons have been exiled by french archaeological research experts judging by the state of the bones they concluded that these men and women had not reached the age of 30 by the time of their death the toll from working on the plantations had so deformed their bodies that they seemed more like 75 year olds. these people were human guinea pigs for the sugar experiment the collateral damage

of an unprecedented trade war the sugar war. 74 percent of all slaves carried off. would cut off because of sugar if you want to understand the slave trade you just need to know but sure of. sugar proved more addictive than pepper or cinnamon from the 17th century onward europeans craved this rare and expensive commodity in london and stood and paris sugar fever was rampant prompting a new generation of adventures to go to any extremes to get it ship owners and fitters merchants and pirates all knew that to produce sugar you needed a lot of slaves. john hawkins was one of these new entrepreneurs for whom crawford reign supreme the english privateer was a pioneer in understanding that a fortune could be made by shipping black captives to the new world in the mid 16th

century he convinced queen elizabeth the 1st to lend him a ship the jesus of lubec for the expedition hearkens conspicuously set the town by choosing a trussed up black man on his emblem. i do confirm to your highness that i will bring home 40000 marks without any offense of the least of any of your highness's allies or friends. i will conduct this enterprise and turn it to the benefit of your whole route with your highness's consent the voyage i propose is to load negroes in guinea and sell them in the west indies in truck of those gold and emeralds that i will bring back in abundance. 1620 a century after sugar plantations were introduced in brazil the atlantic became the battle ground for the sugar war england the netherlands and france wants to break

spain and portugal as had gemini. in the caribbean the dutch took control of cora south and sent to a station and some a town the french what a loop martinique granada. cental now the english occupied the bahamas jamaica and barbados and. only cuba and put a rico remained under spanish rule. after the extermination of the natives are a lot of people the 1st sugar canes flourished on this fertile land the caribbean became a space of conquest for the europeans very early on really was the 1st place that columbus landed in the new world the 1st place that the spanish began to search for gold and the 1st place they began to enslave the indians so they were thoroughgoing spaces created by design of european planters and imperial policy makers and for their profit right there aren't so many places where you can completely overlay

a territory like that so there are in some ways the caribbean is a space where you find the purest of colonial territories where the masters of the space actually get to create the space to suit their own needs. in what a loop every plot of land every single square inch of ground is connected to this violent and deeply rooted history. and. today all that is left of the sugar war is a field of ruin. of the 250 sugar refineries active in the late 1900 century only to remain in operation.

'd in 2017 experts from france's national institute of preventive archaeological research examined the remains of the some shock residence and sugar refinery in almost datong a mill stock rooms and 3 rows of so-called negro huts where hundreds of slaves were penned up together. in this brutal work camp human beings were but one tool among others each became a mechanized and they see a dead body consumed by work until their final breath. both the time in which the slaves were digging the cane holes and the times in which their harvesting or really the peak of the labor on a plantation and you could almost see the slaves wasting away when they were digging these can holes because the work was so strenuous and they were getting fed so poorly.

you found women in all the gangs oftentimes doing the hardest dirtiest labor on the plantation alongside the men or even before the men and one of the things that means when you find young women doing this quite debilitating labor. is that the birth rates are very low and the mortality rates the infant mortality rate is shockingly high in the mid 18th century people talked about 9 out of 10 infants born to enslave jamaican women dying within the 1st year so there's no way in which the plantation can reproduce itself under those kinds of conditions. he pulled us forces shoot out the plantations were managed by overseers who saw the slaves in purely functional terms. with this this was absolute exploitation of the workforce it was a very particular society by school because the average race of life expectancy on a plantation was extremely low about 8 to 10 years after arriving on.

the logic of the slave system was one where the availability of the workforce had to be absolute i mean those where this would be and where this man was conceived as an accessory of the land. by god he appeared as such in house women doors used to describe above as slaves are listed next to records for livestock or manufacturing implements. to us but. that's the archaic aspect which was put to use prior capitalist system and which largely met market supply and demand with its fluctuations needs in competition free competition. the sugar plantation saw slavery enter a new era the stronger the demand for sugar the more the slave trade expanded and the more the slave traders sought support from banks to finance their expeditions.

london is one of the oldest centers of global finance the city of london was the 1st to create a commodities exchange to develop credit markets and to issue banknotes on a massive scale without the invention of essential lies banking system the explosion of the slave trade in the 17th century would not have been possible preparing for a slave expedition was expensive and having a financial arsenal deep inland a decisive advantage over its competitors. you've got to remember that the state is getting a tremendous amount of revenue from the plantation complex of a have a very strong vested interest in the slave trade if you had gone to the king of england in 1680. and said look i'm going to give you a choice you can either have these 13 colonies in north america are going to have this one little island called barbados you have taken barbados in the split 2nd

because of the sugar revenues and this is something that's going to persist as a very important interest for european states up until the very end of slavery. to support the sugar war the city lent money on a colossal scale in the midst of these steel and glass buildings the 2 pillars of the english economy that financed the slave trade are still prominent on the london skyline. at the heart of the financial district is the venerable bank of england the world's 1st central bank. a couple of blocks away is britain's most powerful insurance company the prestigious lloyd's of london atlantic slave traders had to take on heavy debts to charter their ships without an insurance company most would risk to ruin on their 1st expedition. with the wind. the slave traders made investments as if playing

a game of poker the risks were high but if successful the return would far outweigh any other type of investment insurers like lloyds had everything to gain by participating in this game of chance a successful expedition could yield up to 3 times the initial stake in the lloyd's archives little evidence remains of the profits amassed by insuring these high risk expeditions most accounting records were lost in a fire in $838.00 the same year that slavery was abolished in the british caribbean . ports had to adapt to this initial scramble for africa and the caribbean in london black wall became the slave trade principal wharf. all manner of goods were sold here precious fabrics jewels porcelain weapons and brandy all bought on credit with the banks money a giant port complex gradually evolved a city within

a city entirely devoted to this new business. following london in 1663 other seaports rushed to take advantage of this lucrative trade beyond copenhagen now rochelle bristol not want liverpool more deal and work from all over europe slave ships set sail for africa when i began to see slave ships leaving from not just liverpool unarmed but from every port in the atlantic as soon as a port becomes big enough to contemplate the transoceanic poor edge there's a good chance that voyage is going to be a slave trade voyage and we could like $170.00 separate courts tiny places today they've got no idea that once upon a time they send out slave boy to simply to support in the child loves charming place and yet it's a slave trade pored. over

a period of 2 centuries more than 3 and a half 1000 expeditions set sail from french ports more than half of them left from the part of not the main french hub of triangular trade. coop the sculpted figures along the kid enough force are fatal island are reminders of an era when the great slave trading families displayed their pride in being the main architects of the city's wealth it was they who made no want france's leading commercial port. which is there is wealth came from slavery there were negotiators ship owners and all those who produced food stuffs which you would use the. flour producers fabric producers hardware produce. the tulip will have the atlantic ports also generated well for areas that stretched very far inland as far as of leo in the case of non-sale by exalting they have. to

goods were also transported along rivers really flow over so the wealth that slavery produced was essential for france uses. 1669 from not mordaunt and after slavery money flowed back up rivers to all well. and. it had such repercussions on inland areas that it became a national objective look at the 14th new dads to win the sugar war he would need a powerful fleet. the king ordered the construction of $500.00 galleons the atlantic became a theater of a naval war between france england and the netherlands a bitter fight in which each sunken ship was a total loss for the respective countries economy. it was very

expensive to build and equip a $74.00 gun ship and pay its crew. if not more ultimately who bore the cost of financing these wars the financing of ships and assholes it was mainly for to buy french presence also as a force in. the slave trade fleets were protected 16000 galleons were already protecting dutch commercial ships while the 3000 light and fast royal navy cruisers terrify their adversaries france paled in comparison to these our modern us. each nation needed a fortress in africa if it were to compete in the atlantic race just like on the caribbean islands these fords were the bastions of the trying. are trained. as military bases they offered a secure store for bartered goods and captives before departure by scene.

in less than 80 years 43 such forts were built from senegal to the niger delta every stone every being every element of masonry was transported by boat from europe and. most of these fortresses are built by state individual capitalists or even groups of trade in capitalist did not have that kind of money in order to build those sorts of fortresses the english already had 13 the dutch 10 the danish 5 even the prussians with their 3 forts surpassed the french on the gold coast in today's gonna the fantail and ashanti rented europeans plots of land to build their forts the europeans established trading posts and fortresses all along the atlantic coast from the a way territory to the congo kingdom equitorial africa became the world's principal source of slaves. in this

accounting document written in 1688 we learned that over an 8 year period it shipped 60783 slaves. cost the royal african company 8 to 12 pounds sterling the equivalent of between 950 and 1500 euros today they were all bought with trade goods the demand for slaves was so high that the europeans pressured their african partners to help them plan rationalize and industrialized their system of mass deportation. slaves were often bought on credit. and sold out amount throughout european ships would come they would have a whole cargo full of textiles a different metal wearer. tobacco whatever and they would be given to go boucle merchants extended to them on credit and then the

merchants would go inland with those goods and buy slaves and come back the biggest impact was the level of of. the level of violence the rising level of violence the level of uncertainty. that permeated society everywhere and also the opportunity for new new big. to emerge new powerful leaders somebody gets a hold of more firearms somebody gets more aggressive they build their own personal chief supt and suddenly they're powerful. among these leaders was on to a duke a major african trader from calabar in what is now nigeria in his diary he spoke of the methods he used to terrorize countess kidnapping detention and murder.

about 4 am i caught up awful rain i walked up to the city train asked where i met all the johns and. we got many to cut off hats. and. 5 am when we got into happening snakes. 15 asked about that day. very clearly these sacrifices were in town to as a form of terrorism that were meant to make it very clear to the population who was

the boss and who was naught them very much the way. the mafioso type organizations . behave in terms of making sure that the members of the association respect whoever the godfather it was and if anybody steps out of line they can be assassinated or killed and so they don't step out of line obviously. for the benefit. of a handful of enterprising and unscrupulous profiteers the entire continental economy was transformed on the coasts african brokers knew all of the inner workings of the sugar plantation. a slave ship from some a little lucky 7 feet docked at loango in the kingdom of congo. its captains drawings provided exceptional details of the negotiations between europeans and africans the merchants from the coast knew that the matthiessen

a fix captain was in a hurry he had to arrive in the west indies before harvest time this was the time of year when slaves sold best and when the best sugar was available so they deliberately prolonged negotiations to drive prices up $312.00 captives were rounded up in $116.00 days. he said my feet arrived in sound amounting now haiti one year after leaving france only 9 captives had perished a good ratio for the crew who celebrated their success. in the drawings of the matisse afaik and no allusion to the slave suffering appears they were dehumanised shadows tallied and lined up like barrels at the bottom of the hole to. the transportation of human beings turned into a nightmare. it's very important to understand that

violence on board slave ships would be used electively in other words no captain wanted to kill the entire allotment of people on board because that voyage wouldn't have no profit so when there was resistance what the captains would do is organize a spectacle in which a small number of people would be executed and if st. leave vicious horrific ways as a means of terrorizing everybody else all of the enslaved would be forced to come up on deck in order to view these executions one slave ship surgeon said that frequently the decks the main deck of the ship would just be completely awash in blood and the aftermath of one of these failed recalls revolts were common and they were almost always suppressed but the captains would use that situation to kill a small number in order to intimidate everybody else sending the message that if

you resist us this will be your fate. and i've also suggested that the slave ship created categories of race for example the multi ethnic africans who are loaded on board a slave ship go aboard as ebo or are fun today or men day but when they come off the ship they are unloaded as members of a quote negro race end quote and the same parallel process goes on among the sailors these motley crew does they are english irish also in some cases african they leave their european port but when they arrive on the west coast of africa they become the white people.

on caribbean beaches captives disembarked as blacks in a world dominated by whites. to providing an outlet for a society founded on violence and race the carnival maintains the memory of the days when the super industry imposed its. rhythms rights and seasons and set the pace for island life. 2 was it was an era when drummers announced the end of winter and the resumption of cutting when fleeing slaves covered themselves in the glasses to help prevent their recapture. 6 should be changed only. what progressively distinguished atlanta it slavery what made it different from

other systems of slavery was the construction of race silicon solution and a hoss simplist it was precisely this superimposition that developed between physical appearance with its own term and status for nikita behind them at the extremities of this continuum of the both status and color there was the white man and the black slave. long met it lives club. so. the term winds did not exist prior to slave societies. loot them the law in super sleep that's why it's developed specifically in the antilles so you can see our vice all this atlanta area words to the construction of the racial categories that we still use now. we use them as though they hadn't changed throughout time when in fact

they have. thought the. race was a weapon of submission mentioned to carve into flash the supposed inferiority of some people and the infinite superiority of others. cut off from their roots and their families the black slaves were reduced to a servile mass without names and without orientation. the plantation was a machine that devoured its workforce it needed a constant supply of new arrivals. land owners want to transform the slaves bodies into tools and plantations whipping and torture were used to deprive them of their humanity. in this garden of torture the masters authority was absolute.

so you take for example a character like thomas this award and you can almost see in his diaries the escalation in the violence that he has to mete out of the things he has to mete out to the enslaved to keep them working on the plantation herb. arrived as a foreman on the new foundation but in 2 weeks ago. had to carry out justice in the negro who understood. we civilly with him and rubbed salt. into his word. 3 days later the body of another slave who had his feet was brought to us by cut off his hat and with the body in public that mostly only way to exert control of the new us. and this is

a family reason was adopted by all the colonies. in force and condition of the negro not relent to us being knighted only strengthened pardons and held them back . these kinds of tortures and these kinds of punishments this kind of brutality actually became commonplace on these plantations where you had white people working out among armies of slaves who they feared they could not control the sound of the screaming and the stench of the burning bodies that also became a fundamental feature of the jamaican landscape right that is what plantation society is it's that smell it's that sound it's that fear and terror that

compelling people to work and to obey their masters there's no way to separate vaca and of terror from the labor on the plantation from the profits that labor produced . but the plantation owners could not squander the slaves they had bought on credit the state had financed the shipment of slaves and wanted its return on investment. the plantation society relied solely on market forces violence was a necessary cost and that's included in balance sheets it took 4 years to amortize the price of a slave after that they were valuable only insofar as that they could hold a machete this was the price to paint so that europe could each. i don't think that it's possible to reduce another human being to a mere cipher to

a mere extension of your will and that's where a lot of the tension in the possibilities for slave revolt and resistance come in because if my purpose is to subject you absolutely. but you can never be subjected absolutely we're always going to have conflict at the extremes of human domination even in slavery we find there is always resistance there is always tension and there's always struggle. throughout the caribbean escaped slaves took refuge in the heart of the most remote forests they were called marooned slaves in reference to the spanish word cement on which originally designated cattle that had escaped into the wild in these isolated places they began to organize resistance in jamaica they included captain leonard parkinson the leader of the maroons and grandy nanny and ashanti known as the maroon priestess. in barbados noosa and igbo war chief

through the rebellion the insurgents found a name and identity. all throughout the mountainous areas of jamaica you have these communities of formally in slave people who have escaped and they learn the territory they learn to cultivate crops there and they learn to fight as well harassing plantations taking gunpowder getting new recruits and maintaining a building communities in the mountains where this becomes increasingly a problem for the british and by the 2nd 3rd decade of the 18th century it breaks out into major war and the british aren't even sure they're going to be able to maintain the island. the uprising spread to other islands and then to the coast of africa wars rage in the slave capturers hunting grounds notably in senate gambia

where muslim religious leaders blamed slave trade goods for corrupting society. these outbursts of violence plunged the sugar industry into a crisis which also had an impact in europe a growing number of voices expressed outrage at the horrors of the slave trade. in all of the major slave trading ports everybody knew the truth of the slave trade and i'll tell you one way in which they knew it. slave trading vessels had a very specific smell and you could never get the smell out of the wood. in fact it was said in charleston south carolina which was the major port for the importation of slaves into north america that when the wind was blowing off the water a certain way you could smell was a slave ship before you could see it what that meant was that in every port

these these ships these ships of horror that stank of human misery. that this was all very well the world. suddenly information about the slave trade and its characteristics the experiences of enslaved africans in the course of the middle passage came increasingly to public attention in the late seventy's eighty's abolitionists campaign this place particular emphasis on the middle passage that's when polemical arguments began and many pamphlets being published on the case being augie slave owners realizing for the 1st time that they're going to have to make an argument about the legitimacy of colonial slavery. 'd 'd

'd within this context in 783 a court case involving lloyds and the slave trade company enjoyed significant publicity in britain. abolitionists used it as a platform to reveal the slave traders barbaric practices. the so-called zol massacre which took place in the early seventy's eighty's was a very important event it basically consisted of a slave ship captain throwing a group of living africans overboard in an effort to collect insurance money now this was this voyage went on and it only came to court a couple of years later because one of the in the insurance company refused to pay and when this event came to court and abolitionists named granville sharp shows up

at this court case and the question being were they actually property or not and sharps i answer is this is mass murder. this is just plain mass murder this is not about property rights these are human beings. ringback and the judge actually upheld the insurance companies and which refused to pay the insurance on the murdered africans and that was vaso who brought this to the attention of granville sharp it was ground 0 sharp then turned it into a big issue that helped to mobilize public opinion in britain. was one of england's most fervent abolitionists born in nigeria he was deported to the caribbean at the age of 11 at the age of 21 he managed to buy his freedom while passing through england in his autobiography published in $789.00 he recounted his

experience of the middle passage down in the hold and delivered an impassioned plea against slavery that's a held up a mirror to the nations that had reduced him to the rank of a marketable object gentleman. such a tendency as a slave trade to debauch man's mind and heart in them to every feeling of humanity . it is a fate on a deal is mistaken avarice but it drops the milk of human kindness and turns it into god. which violates not 1st natural right of mankind equality and independence and gives one man a dominion over his fellows which god could never intend. yet how mistaken is the avarice even of the planters our slaves more useful by being thus humbled to the condition of brutes and they would be suffered to enjoy

the privileges of man. which. by the time gustavo of us are spoke out and 7897700000 africans had been deported 1000000 from senegal india. 3.4000000 from beneath and beyond the 3200000 from central africa and close 273000 from eastern africa. while david eltis and the emory university research team have established precise deportation figures the income amassed by the slave trade is still being estimated

historians are trying to assess today how much profit the slave trade yielded for banks and insurance companies. the slave trade is not only. the foundation of american capitalism it is a foundation of all of european in atlantic capitalism because it created this massively profitable economic system that link the countries of north western europe to the americas through the plantation system the great scholar activist c.l.r. james pointed out that the slave system created the greatest planned accumulation of wealth the world had ever seen up to that moment in time and this of course is a very important part of western prosperity. between 1633 and britain's abolition of the slave trade and 1807 english and then british

companies deported 2000000 755830 african captives most of them died on the plantations more now from working in the sugarcane fields all of this for the sake of profit. in 2007 at london's westminster abbey hosted a bicentennial commemoration of the abolition of the slave trade in the presence of then prime minister tony blair and queen elizabeth the 2nd one guest human rights activist toyin at the 2 disrupted the ceremony. certainly. in the us a little. bit political because we're not for the. we're just trying to discuss. the.

matter not it's not the answer. but. what. the. wow. one of. the plantation owners and slave traders could not accept losing the hard won caribbean the immensely lucrative driving force behind the rise of global capitalism. at the beginning of the 19th century they sought to thwart the wave of protest in civil society by that time slavery a practice that dated back to the dawn of humanity seemed immoral to belong to the past britain had understood this before the others and was thus one step ahead of

its rivals. it was preparing itself for world domination. and childhood like no other. for years roman limaye was sexually abused by his father. is not an isolated case but only a few of the victims have the courage to speak about incest. the frenchman has

decided to break through the wall of silence. and 90 minutes on d.w. . more than a 1000 years ago europe witness. it's a huge construction boom. christianity firmly established itself. both religious and secular leaders are eager to display their power. to trace begins. who can create the tallest biggest and most beautiful structures. still facing builders and architects compete with each other going to. space how massive churches are created. a.

contest of the cathedrals flame the 12th d.w. . this is the news live from germany's chancellor faces lawmakers to explain how troubled spawns i make policy on the fence the european union's decision to procure vaccines jointly despite growing frustration over germany's slow rollout in a 3rd wave of infection. also coming off. of all bus.