because they're either younger than my son or as old as my father no law today but they'll be another chance all going well car speed dating in essence will continue in april. you're watching did of you news live from berlin more world news coming up at the top of the hour documentary society torn apart the consequences of injustice is up next a moment is of thanks for watching. it's been robbed of their soul that's what if people experience is when their heritage is taken from them countless cultural artifacts were glued to stolen from africa by colonialists and carted off to europe. what should be done with the stolen art from africa. stolen sold on t w. bit

further good wonderful. imagine you are taking part in an experiment together with an anonymous partner. take off your masks and. you and the other person can't see each other and he will not meet. here's the box you decide how much of 100 euros you'll keep and how much you'll give the other person if they accept your offer you both keep the money if they refuse you both get nothing and i'll bast majority of people split 5050. would you have done that 50 euros for you 50 for the unknown person. ok so it settled all would you have kept more and risked losing everything exactly here to get 60 or you might work 70 thirtieth's already extreme and you can forget 80

twentieth's i guess do you accept that us. the experiment shows that an unequal distribution isn't acceptable the same applies in the real world. but one finds it today people begin to ask themselves if a manager arms 300 times the wage of someone on the production line are they then doing 300 times as much. where do we stand on inequality and we're a society heading. xian compared to previous societies from ancient times to today of course this is an incredibly equal society because. that income inequality is growing we've become significantly more and just in the last 20 years the bottom 10th of the population has lost 10 percent of its income in real terms the top 10 percent has gained almost 25 percent of one.

when does a human sense of justice develop at what age does disadvantage start to bother us developmental psychologist hannah by search is conducting research at the likeness institute in frankfurt today she's testing the sense of justice in children. the subjects 5 year olds tita and dahlia by the ok stand on the carpet and no are also 5 matilda and me are off or have a flashlight i have a task for you because i have a basket with lots of table tennis balls to start i'm about to empty it out and then i'd like you to collect them and sort them the the wife dolls here in this basket on and the orange balls in that basket over there carson and bella. ok let's

start. the children begin enthusiastically there's no time limit no sense of competition. the task is finished when they've correctly sorted all the table tennis balls. 2 to go out. then there's a revote somebody don't look for you. there are questioning looks why does a teacher get more. done zinj do you hear these are for you and 3rd and these are for you is what's the what's wrong the cost at all why do you look so sad is something wrong or care. this is some doubtful

recounting. the kids can tell something's not right. up there. once kids reach late kindergarten age or early school age they're focused on equality things should be as equal as possible whether you like it or not. did you want more of the coins since it is it damn that matilda got so many. why all. a sense of justice is a cool feature of ulmarra lives. and even momentary violations can destroy relationships between people groups and even nations. dance buckler foundation and dissolute of research is social justice income is

influenced by education and other factors in most countries men still earn more than women with the same qualifications in germany the difference is currently 6 percent there's even a statistical measure for an equal income distribution between different social classes it's called the genie. the genius on the gene is an important distribution measure that goes back to the italian statistician karada genie. tells us how income is distributed in society in the deserts of a tired was. put simply if income were equally distributed the genie would be 0. if all income were with one person the genie would be one. so corroded genies coefficient shows the degree of inequality in income

distribution the higher the number the less equal the distribution. germany austria and switzerland are all at just under serial point 3 norway has the best value among european nations with 0.26 the united states does significantly worse when worse are. in the us it's already. 0.39 or of thing in the balkan countries which are less developed the genie can sometimes reach 0.4. that's where it starts to get critical. because the gini coefficient above 0.4 can signal is a threat to social harmony wherever is the size he is increasingly torn apart into haves and have nots social cohesion is at risk. of people who have been left behind economically or living in relative poverty or tend to participate less in

elections for example of a bit and in society generally but. in germany austria and switzerland net income inequality isn't as pronounced as in many other countries. that's mainly due to government redistribution through taxes and social benefits but inequality is growing in the city of ca's who are michelle hartman looks at the widening gulf between germany's elite and other social classes he says that germany had the best conditions for income equality until the turn of the millennium the so-called economic miracle of the 950 s. and 1960 s. boosted private purchasing powerful things like furniture cars and travel there was growing prosperity for all social security and full employment led to a quality of life that was taken for granted for decades. and that's why many people today feel that what's happened in the last 20 years is

a step backwards because people back then thought if we keep doing what we're doing we could completely even out those large social differences. in a 2013 survey almost 2 thirds of germans said that social justice had decreased germany is one of the e.u. 10 richest countries and one of the 20 wealthiest countries in the world. but the income gap continues to widen and in that sense once a year and the last 20 years the bottom 10th of the population has lost 10 percent of its income in real terms and the top 10 has gained almost 25 percent in other words in 2 decades the gap has widened by more than a 3rd and people can feel that changing. the risk of poverty in germany is higher than it has been for many years. well a small group can of food almost anything the larger part of society has less and

less despite decades of work and this does not just apply to germany. 2011 so the occupy wall street movement emerged in the united states a country known for its large gap between rich and poor. gave me about the richest one percent against the rest of the population that image resonated in germany and in other european countries because in the last 20 years we've experienced a watered down version of that in this country and in france even in scandinavia. even if statistics and indicate has confirmed basic levels of social justice in germany a recent study has shown that one percent of the population owns 35 percent of the country's total wealth the month. when you ask people what they think of any quality in german society the overwhelming majority of people born at the top have

absolutely no problem with that for them it's a sign of achievement still those from working class families find it unfair by exactly the same large majority just what would need to change to ease the sense of injustice. germany's constitution guarantees freedom and equality for all citizens as well as the right to participate in society but what's the key to a just society. most good most 1st thing most people would say is the right to education and that's not wrong because education goes a long way to determining a person's position in society that says that education is very closely related to income and wealth usually that fact is ignored or not given much weight of the money and i am if you grow up in poverty your educational opportunities are much much worse for material reason because it's not just about the way schooling are structured i mean i would always put income in wealth as the number one factor then

comes education and after that housing but housing is also strongly tied to income and wealth so then you always come back to income and why the rich. the past 4 decades have seen a reduction in social standards and the introduction of low paid jobs as well as rent increases and the lack of housing. many people are unwilling to simply accept this and it has lead to political policies further to the left and right experiencing greater popularity. it could be an indication that principles of justice are an evolutionary inheritance. back at the likeness institute in frankfurt the young test subjects are still coming to terms with the unfair system of rewards. do you have to do you have an idea how we can solve this matilda do you have an idea of what we could do. to give her one of yours

does that's a good idea. and do you think it's good that she gave you one does not know or can't take it any longer. and what are you doing now yes splitting them dividing them up. after the titans did you split them up equally. but otherwise the other one is sad . and the willingness to part with some of their own rewards the children solve the distribution problem. but are these qualities innate or acquired this question has long occupied the scientific community our youngest test participants could provide dances with the classic hole punch experiment.

oh. my. god i'm punching the pages. you know. have you ever seen one of these the flick of do you want to see. clown. act or put the 2 year olds are more interested in their toys than in the hole punch. but now we hike the whole punch. how will cosmo and euna react.

or the bird. not hey where's my hole punch. up there but i can't reach it what can i do. cause my is quick to help. i'm sure a chair to climb on. so i can reach the whole punch back. bench the share thank you was super thank you. we help of is from a very early age empathy and the willingness to help are inherent in most people these traits develop into a sense of justice only in my field want to help someone or be able to do so we

must realize they are in need we have to imagine ourselves in their place in a sense of justice a similarly we have to recognize that they won't like having less than we had. for a long time research has believed as sense of justice was a matter of upbringing more recent studies suggest that it's innate. it's part of the infield or there's a lot to suggest that we have something inside us from birth developed through evolution of a certain sense of justice a certain preference or orientation towards equal distribution studies with monkeys show it to that awful a glimpse other our evolutionary past to sex the usual experiment is that 2 monkeys do tasks and then get a reward of a new and. we're in this experiment the capitan monkey is to take an object and give it back. as a reward he gets a piece of bell pepper. but logan's reward is

a grape the capital monkeys favorite food. after that liam refuses the bell pepper again and again he wants grapes as a report like logan. and then he usually gets really mad it shows that he's satisfied as long as no one else is getting something better for the same task. even tries to snatch logan's reward. even that's just a very rudimentary sense of a preference for equal treatment and the ability to recognize it but the more developed a more complex and healthy sense of justice is a small includes other aspects like performance and an individual's needs so does everyone get the same or does the person who worked harder get more or the person who needs it more or maybe the one who profit most if they get it from hot or not is a have account these considerations are formed later through education and interaction

with others. for children the matter is simple justice means the same for everyone. the american philosopher john rules developed a famous theory in the 1971. he said that we can retain the childlike idea of equal distribution so long as we don't know our position within society. rules as those experiment went like this a group of people are asked to agree on a fair distribution of income in a newly formed society none of them knows which income groups belong to. they discuss under what he called a veil of ignorance. his hypothesis no one would accept less in the latest social order in. for others to have. so the result must be equal distribution.

such those experiments are difficult to implement in reality in terms of social theory communism so far remains a utopian ideal economist stefan both things there's a very specific reason for that. i think absolute equality would go hand in hand with an absolute lack of reader. if you look at past models of creating very equal societies that is communist systems of they've always come with a lack of political and other freedoms or and if you look at all the political systems and even the philosophical systems that lean towards equal distribution you see they all suffer from the fact that in principle the state has to take on a strong regulating role. stephan voice has designed an experiment from turn rules. has tested it again and again on volunteers to find out when people choose the equality principle and when they choose the principle of performance.

welcome to this economic experiment i am going to show you some different distribution methods you'll then have time to discuss them as a group with. 7 participants to choose from 4 methods of distributing income within they create with method incomes are extremely equally distributed depending on performance in b. and c. the unequal distribution is more sit down while miss a d. distributes the same amount to all. tests of arithmetic and general education will determine who all the top the form is but for now general says they will of ignorance is in place the point choose d. i wouldn't make an effort to do anything because i'll get the same amount anyway but i'd go get a coffee instead of doing arithmetic or the crossword puzzle if they realized i'd

consider that bad but here i think it's ok. that a for it would benefit all of us we'd all get the same. you wouldn't put anyone at a disadvantage. in your monkey engine never know whether you'd really do better at the task than everyone else about if you assume that everyone is better than you then of course from a selfish point of view you'd argue for method day with the or question. as an event doesn't it i wouldn't care how much i got i just want the one who contributes most to get the highest reward from and if we go with method b. or c. and i come 7th that would be fine with me as me all in all i'm president $30000.00 gross a year. yup just that it be pretty bad sure but that's the way it is if i'm not good i get less all related. why follow such a. thing as what if he weren't good simply because he didn't have the right

opportunities just because he weren't prepared for didn't have the right education to master these tasks. after nearly 40 minute debate they're ready to vote. because he's cast your vote without letting the other see. this vote and the following performance test will determine 90 percent of its participants payment for taking part. it's a pretty clear result. voted for. one for c. one for b. john rules this theory holds up the majority votes for equality. i want for variant c. because i think what happens in the real world should also be represented as much as possible in experiments like this. now stefan fall of lifts the veil of ignorance crossword puzzles and arithmetic tests determine who gets what.

the participants have no reason to worry by choosing distribution method the majority voted for everyone to get the same regardless of their performance. then they find out how they did in comparison with the other is. without disclosing their result they move on to the 2nd discussion this will determine the remaining 10 percent if each participant. lets go all right let's go buy them but as far as i could stay with the for example you know me and or if a bunch of us suddenly said i don't want to go with their minds it's not all where the other was i wasn't the biggest fan of di before either but i'd argue in favor of c. like i did before your absolute and all i said i'm not going to close the i just want to quickly point out that your argument was that with method nobody would have

an incentive for the task and you'd rather go drink coffee. you finish the fastest let them chips and that's it and i think you still had an incentive. who thought since we're all going to be ok let's just pick a. system but i don't understand putting such emphasis on all having the same blyton but talkin now basically picking the opposite sold they vote for distribution method see fusty of almost as expected actually it's been proven that as a rule people vote 1st pretty and then for a in the 2nd round so 1st absolute equality and then switch to absolute inequality this time it was absolute equality and then relatively moderate any quality. once a participant knows what position they have reached those in the higher rankings one to secure a better income so equality only works under john rules this veil of ignorance.

the experiment was conducted with 23 groups the result people clearly want inequality based on performance as long as enough basic security is provided that sounds utopian. in fact in some places money is literally being given away since 2014 the berlin nonprofit mine uncommon all my basic income has been randomly selecting people and giving them 1000 euros a month for a year michelle obama is the man behind the initiative. that i have a kind of basic income myself and no strings attached wage from an internet company i co-founded 6 years ago i left the company but still get money as a koa and even though it's not all that much that unconditional money has transformed my life since then i've been interested in whether that's the effect of

an unconditional basically encounter comes as the theory is that financial security allows everyone to live a more relaxed life with fewer worries a universal unconditional basic income has been a hot topic in the west for a long time but some say it would make recipients feel secure and no longer want to work and i know. it's not really shown discouraged at some point that sense of justice will be called upon especially with people who are granted a universal basic income got rid of them and decide to let society sustain them and not to have a job that contributes to society as a whole. you can think of things like volunteer and neighborhood in gauge went on more even taking responsibility and the family. says. responsibility means helping the weaker among us this applies to individuals but also to the state. the social justice index determines how well the 41 e.u.

and o.e.c.d. countries are doing. the case agrees are poverty prevention equitable education labor market access social cohesion and nondiscrimination health and intergenerational justice. in the last survey and 2019 germany came in 10. iceland is currently 1st followed by norway. denmark. and finland. in 2016 finland's government commission the social insurance institute kayleigh to launch a universal basic income pilot project instead of unemployment benefits 2000 out of work finance would get 560 euros basic income what's the point in this experiment

the point is not made that millionaires in this experiment when you get to these experiments but the clue is that you get to keep the 560 euros whether your own take on a part time job of full time job or jobs or whatever whatever you get. there could sing was one of the 2000 unemployed people who received a basic income for 2 years her husband worked at the struggling nokia company once she starts working and then get this extra then it will be like ok this kind of things we can buy for the house. has happened there definitely has left. we have a very kind of limits on that it is not like they're like a brace of ratings so far something like and kind of things you have your own thing going to be traveling adventure me saving some money. for months after the payments

began rose i had a job again. he loved one that it was. but it was really only an attractive prospect because rosa knew her modest salary would be topped up with an extra $560.00 euros tax free. in fact the government's experiment wasn't intended to find out whether basic income would make finland more socially just all with the recipients would be most satisfied with their lives. this experiment is a way to see what should we do what are the actions that we should take and how should we plan our future social security system so that. the needs in future life and future work life and so on but we have been you know talking about the freedom and the equality. kayleigh a guaranteed basic income would encourage unemployed finns to take low wage jobs in their vendor 2017 a year after the program began we spoke to was a. kind of

a feeling you gary is that this just going to get like wipe under the rug like it should. so. yeah which is a bit sad i was hoping that in finland they'd be more like following you know kind of seeing pattinson oh now it feels like it's just like. someone in this for filing the papers somewhere and maybe at the end of the 2 years. in 2018 the project was terminated prematurely according to the finnish government unemployed people showed too little initiative to return to the labor market. sociologist year can ship says the project's biggest problem was that it was commissioned and financed by the government. in finland there was a change of government in finland and the project was reduced to being only for the

unemployed which original plan was to try it out for employed people as well as just. looking at finland's data ship sees positive effects of a universal basic income on the recipients to mention. the sort of people slept better they said that their subjective wellbeing was better and that they had less stress there are. also their trust in state institutions have increased. as adults that's certainly a finding that will remain part of the research despite a small sample group as. good. as in 2021 a german studies beginning with 120 such acts and unlike in finland with a control group surveys of previous basic income recipients reveal surprising findings this is an image mcnish it's by no means the case that anyone becomes lazy

in fact it's the opposite people get a new sense of productivity they live healthier lives they become more social so we want to find out whether this can really happen so we need in parable study to ask i want to know if it's worth investing more time in basic income or if we need another idea to solve the big challenges of our time and. within 5 days more than 1000000 people apply. to mine can't i'm common to take part in the study . in addition to those in the study the nonprofit continues to wrestle of several basic incomes each year. 11 of them she works as a carer in a home for the disabled and is also studying education. she applied in august 29000 and was randomly selected. a 1000 euros a month for 12 months no strings attached.

i truly cried with joy and i wanted to travel. but i also wanted to treat myself to a few things for example barefoot shoes which i couldn't buy otherwise because they're a bit expensive but i can now and lots of other things more training attending seminars workshops i wanted to attend. on without the money it would be difficult with the money i could afford it and we didn't go to qantas. and there are no longer receives payments her year is over it gave her some security but her basic attitude didn't change because of it you are operating having fun i'd always work but the question would be what would i do where would i work and how would i wear it right since the start of the coronavirus pandemic discussions about basic income have also intensified in germany more than $4000000.00 people depend on so-called many jobs which are the 1st to because in times of economic crisis only salaried

employees get compensation for shorter working hours or unemployment benefits self employed service workers go empty handed and unconditional monthly payment would protect everyone but of course there are also disadvantages. searchable in a democratic society it has to be legit. it has to be supported by a majority it has to be affordable and it has to be compatible with a capitalist society the undesirable jobs have to get done too and if you apply these criteria to something like a universal basic income then it often seems difficult. of. the. above discussions focus on how it would be financed. it wouldn't work without redistribution. and when asked whether they would give up

money to make others better off the majority of germany's high earners said no. at the max planck institute for research on collective goods and bone researchers are investigating which injustices divide a society most. norwegian economist run very thought has set up an experiment to find out how much inequality germans will accept. the fact that she's recruited a test subjects they have to solve computer tasks for 5 minutes in return they get a participation feel for 20 euros plus a bonus if they do well that's all the information the participants have. what they don't know is it's going to be really unfair. so today we are trying to study which inequalities do people find fair how much inequality do

they find fair and how does it vary with the source of inequality. the test begins participants have 5 minutes to complete as many tasks as possible the tells us are assigned randomly either mental arithmetic book classifying pictures into categories and. comes up with the whole thing takes 5 minutes but doesn't sound like long but is quite a lot when you have to concentrate for that long to you most especially for the mental arithmetic tasks. border of i'd expect to only get the participation for the movie because i don't think i was particularly good at the math task sort of hard with others and lot of go. run very phone wants to find out how adults respond to certain types of pain inequality. one way of doing that would be

for your own eye to eye. you know i do some work and there be an earnings difference and then i have to decide to reduce that inequality or not but i also have some self interest and we economists know about it so i would also think about what i want for myself now that makes it a bit difficult to figure out what people consider fair so that's why we bring in this impartial observer the 3rd party who can make a decision for 2 other people those 3rd parties are now introduced they've had nothing to do with the experiments so far to test participants are to be paid according to their performance the base a worker gets 60 euros well the other gets nothing but before the payment is made a 3rd person is able to change that decision. to do all of the 3rd party please decide whether to redistribute the earnings between the 2 i work with. these decision makers can allocate between 10 and 60 years to the less productive worker

or leave the entire weight with a better worker. or pseudo i wouldn't say the better worker gets everything and the other gets nothing and under the mists it's unfair that the person who's also worked gets nothing at all. minus a 0 and it also be unfair if i were to sit there and work but the other person did a bit more time to see then he'd be the more productive one so i think it should be distributed but i don't think they should both get the same and i don't i don't put if one of them is more productive then i think they deserve a bit more. if i would say the more productive worker gets 40 euros and the less productive worker gets 20 euro cents or. the next 2 decision makers have to assess a different situation they too have to decide who gets paid what however. after just after completing the task they were told that the earnings would be determined by a lottery both

a person and. he was lucky in doing 60 euros for the task person b. was unlucky and earned nothing in the name. of the independent 3rd parties redistribute this isn't about flaws we couldn't help it and nobody deserves bad luck it's always better to be fair. there's a lot it's not just in china so i would say give both of them the same divide the 60 euros into $30.30 at the city or of places procedure for. the decision makers agree on this week distribution for the researches it confirms that an equal doesn't necessarily mean i'm just one of the things we see in this experiment that maps quite well into society is that people vary and then quality acceptance depending on the source of inequality so when it's luck for instance when there's something that's beyond individual control people who would like to reduce those inequalities more so than they would when the source of inequality is rather

differences in merit but we can also see that these. preferences we measure in the lab they are also correlate with important policy preferences such shows how much redistribution do i want society how broad of a welfare state do i want. this subject so should to get 20 euros but they curious to see how the decision makers have to strip their remaining pay. you're sure had to do the mental arithmetic is this mess of pottage it's more than i expected from this amount but my judge that i was still better than the person i was paired with best of i also wondered how i would decide in a situation like that i'd probably do something similar phase of the image after a lot of. my but it also had to do the mertz and gets 40 euro's for it. better because i don't know now whether i was better than the other person or not but it looks like it at 60 euros i'd say so so i'm also happy that i did so well.

well it from the last free category is also happy that you got it given it was a question of luck nobody had a particular influence on it i think this is a very fair result as if. they felt cripple its today's results to colleagues in norway. and there for the ok yeah. yeah they made exactly the experiment is the brainchild of alexander kapan and better to guardian of the research institute fair in bed and. this is a movie i really love. no anger so that i think i have a future not the case makes the experiments been carried out in over 60 countries with nearly 70000 test subjects the results are almost the same everywhere there's

been in poor house holes in the. percent of these choices to people and it's just striking when you're ask people to make a decision for 2 other people even if they're never going to meet them. they take it so seriously and they really think carefully about what they think it's a fair thing to do. the research is convinced that this experiment reveals important approaches to solving social inequality. people in general make these fundamentalists things in between fear and fear inequalities and unfair inequalities that we have to fight and i think i mean if you want to succeed a meaningful dishes want to succeed and societies want to succeed in infighting in equal inequality be have to really make that distinction really for focus on the unfair inequalities because if we just you have this like approaching that we just have to fight inequality a lot of people resist it because they don't take all illegal jesus as their.

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every day comes for us and for our planet. the ideas is on its way to bring you more conservation law how do we make cities screener how can we protect animals and their habitats what to do with the waste. we can make a difference by choosing reforestation over deforestation recycling over disposable smart new solutions oberstein said in our waste of those truly unique and we know that the uniqueness is why wows us to live and survive gloom ideas from the environment to suit to global 3000 on g.w. and oman.

this is developing news live from berlin setback in the suez canal operators fail in their latest bid to refloat stranded cargo ship diggers drudgeries and tug boats have been trying to free the vessel for days hundreds of ships are now stuck in a maritime traffic jam causing a major headache for global trade. in egypt rescue teams look for survivors in the wreckage of a train.