the business world was looking for less precarious investments. buying stakes in british cotton mills was indeed far less incriminating. there was no plan in setting up the global economy as we see it today. there were just, you know, manufacturers in britain developing new machines, these machines suddenly needed much more cock. so they tried to buy the cotton somewhere. they didn't really care where it came from, but the place where they found it, where they were able to buy huge quantities ever cheaper prices. this was in the americas, and this was eventually in the united states. in this new industrial society, the supply of raw materials was the key to success. from an economic perspective, the world's leading financial power no longer needed the slave trade. in 1807,

britain resolved to abolish the transatlantic slave trade. the thing that i think also needs to be said is that this was not simple altruism on the part of great britain. in other words, it wasn't simply the humanitarianism of the abolition movement. it's the britain did not warn other imperial rivals to have the benefit of slave labor when in fact they didn't in $815.00 armed with its naval supreme, britain imposed the cessation of the slave trade on its commercial rivals. as abolition took effect among the leading european slave powers, the decision gradually shut down the northern atlantica slave trade routes. but it also set off fresh deportations too and within countries where slave ownership was still prevalent. by grouping together, the captives born on its soil, the united states was also about to enter

a new era of slavery. a fairly small percentage of the people brought over to the americas in the slave trade. actually came to north america, probably 345 percent. and yet, by the time you get to 190825838 very large percentage of the a slave population is in the united states because of natural population growth. so that is a very important part of the story. thomas jefferson, for example, who advocated closing the slave trade did. so at least in part, because he knew that the slaves that he was going to sell from his plantations into the new plantation regions would become more, more valuable. with the closing of the slave trade. the cotton farming concentrated most of the country slave labor along the banks of the mississippi by foot or by boat sold or brought by their owners. 1000000 slaves from

new york, baltimore, washington and st. louis were deported down south. new orleans and natchez became massive slave markets. after brazil, the united states became the new land of industrial slavery. most, the people were between 14 and 22. they were sold single e., and they were roughly of a i estimate half men have women. so if you think about that here, young people taken out of their families out of their communities, shipped a 1000 miles away to really a very exploitative place where they have to form their own communities and their own families from scratch. because that all the cut military that they had in their lie, such as it was,

was taken away. plantation owners saw 2 options for increasing their human life, stock, buying captives of both sexes, and inciting unions, so that they would reproduce the reproductive capacity. the conception of children, the bearing of children to term the raising of children has many meanings. one of them is an economic meaning for slave holders and for the slave or con to me in general. ringback women's wombs were now part of the production system as their masters, enjoyed complete dominion over them. rape is very common. one of the most important stories that we have is that of a young woman named celia. celia lived in central missouri on

a small farm. and she was brought there at the age of 14 and endured 3 years of rape, sexual assault by her own, or poor 3 children. she eventually kills her owner and is tried for murder. they are in central missouri. and while she is ultimately convicted of murder and executed, she's convicted because by law, she is not permitted to assert self-defense as enslaved one. and that no one disputes that she was raped to procure slaves. brazil had to opt for another strategy perpetuating the slave trade. but this time, by what we're now illegal means, despite britain's efforts to put an end to the slave trade, it mushroomed in the southern hemisphere. within 35 years, over 2 and

a half 1000000 men, women and children were transferred from west africa to plantations all over the world. they were soon joined 540-0000 candidates from the continent's eastern coast, where the main market wasn't zanzibar. if you look from 815 to let's about, around 85855, there were actually more slaves transported across the atlantic. did it in the equivalent time in the whole history of the slave trade at the time is supposed to be the indian ocean is one of the oldest commercial exchange zones in the world. africa, and the east have been trading here for over 2000 years. ivory, food products and clothes changed hands along these routes, as well as african captives

driven by western demand. zanzibar became a strategic crossroads. it was here that one of the world's last slave trade ports was about to develop. zanzibar developed in the 19th century, largely as a major center of trade, but also became the center of a large commercial empire. something of zanzibar controlled, not only zines by, but tried to control the whole course like buy a can sixty's. something like 20000 slaves was coming through the answer. but these slaves, 800-6000 maybe. what exported out

in the eyes of philanthropists from the biggest slave trading nations, britain and france, others were now to blame for the cruelty and ignominious slavery. in zanzibar, the others were arabs and swahili traitors, and then slavery became the criteria for creating a hierarchy. the states of the americas, including the united states, were less than britain because they could live with slavery. the brazilians, the cubans, were morally corrupt because they weren't bothered by, by coexisting with the evils of slavery. so they were, they were on a lower standard than the british. africans were ruled out. the

world map was redrawn to distinguish and lightened powers from what were considered half civilised countries, barbarian kingdoms, and lands populated by savages, religions, political regimes and degree of cultural development made up a value system used to rank peoples around the world. according to these standards, slavery had become a backward practice unworthy of a civilized nation. merely fighting the slave trade was no longer enough. slavery itself had to be eradicated. with this global surge in abolition, slavery and institution as old as humanity found itself on the retreat. it began in the former spanish colonies then came the british colonies, followed by the french and finally dutch territories. and all the victory of the abolitionists, all slavery, become

a thorny issue for the united states. how could they renounce slavery when the american economy was dependent on southern plantation owners? in this wealthy elite often considered themselves as the heirs to greco roman civilization which legitimated slavery many were eager to make the connection, expressing it in the architecture and interior decoration of their lavish homes. for them, slavery was a mainstay of the social order. eventually the clash over slavery became one of the primary factors that saw the south attempt to secede from the united states. in 1981. the country was plunged into a devastating civil war. nearly 200000 african-americans and rolled in the northern union army for

african-americans. the war is a war for abolition from start. be they enslaved people who watch who wait, who take their opportunities at every chance during the war. to further the union's interest or free african-americans, a half 1000000 of them, in the north, many of whom will raise troops, volunteer themselves for the union forces, raise money and care for black soldiers when the union army fails to do so hard that we $865.00, after 4 years of destructive warfare,

the us declare the abolition of slavery. at last they would claim their place amongst the supposedly more enlightened nations of the world will not harm her. so workers gain their freedom. but this freedom is very, very limited and it's especially limited economically. and of course then the reconstituted state governments of the american south. they are deeply repressive and they are deeply interested in fixing workers to places not allowing them to work in other sectors of the economy. freedom essential in name only in the u.s.

as well as in france or jamaica laws for bidding. for treatment of freed slaves were promulgated. ringback ringback they were denied their right to vote to legitimate self-defense and denied freedom of movement. many of those who protested were killed. those who refused to work were jailed and sentenced to forced labor race itself without slavery gets reconfigured through the loss through the courts, through political practices and race itself is does that justify slavery, race itself is the basis for confining the now freed population to the south producing the same crops under conditions that are really not free and equal, they become a cheap labor force subject to social discipline in control. so it has a social dimension, but also a production to measure the concept of race bound.

former slaves to specific territories, legally confining them to get out without any hope of escape. former slaves where from then on, subjugated by virtue of their skin, color violence committed by any white person against any black person was permitted by law with emancipation in the united states in 865, with the end of the so the war 4000000 cotton growers enslaved cotton growers win their freedom. europeans by the 806870 is try to find ways to secure a carton. and one of the places they begin to look at is the continent of africa, which has a very long history of cotton agriculture. the abolition of slavery had unexpected repercussions in africa. in the eyes of europeans,

the emancipation of former slaves concentrated along the coast of africa, justified sending in their armies. the belgians then the french settled on the western coast. the british followed in nigeria and on the eastern coast, all in the name of progress and the good of humanity. about the elders, the fight against the slave trade in zanzibar, led to control than occupation, moves in us. although initially there was no intent to colonize this fight against the slave trade, almost inevitably led to colonial occupation. wherever britain intervened, it applied pressure to put an end to the selling of slaves. in $873.00, it negotiated the abolition of the slave trade with the sultan of zanzibar.

this is in some ways ironic that the british came in to abolish slavery and slave trade. but by doing it, it really forced people to say, if we can't export slaves, we will use the slaves within to produce things that we can export. spurred on by these grand moral principles, a number of europeans went off in search of adventure, ready to invest in the raw materials that their continent needed. the missionary, dr. david livingstone, became the figurehead for abolitionist explorers. the people who supported these missions, businesspeople, people with money. so they probably had some idea of why they're interested. it's

not just interested in finding talk of africa. but when it comes to missionaries, living standard was actually quite clear in your what the capitalists, what interested you, the missionary organization. he told them that this is philanthropy plus 5 percent. that there is an interest for you as businessmen. and he said, quite openly, philanthropy joined us to fight against slavery, abolish slavery, because there is an interest for you, or you will produce cloth to sell to the people. some explorers made the most of the local merchants advice and logistical support. among the latter was to put it one of the most important slave traders in central and eastern africa. he controlled an immense territory along lake tanganyika. with the help of tippoo tib

and henry morton stanley went up the congo river and coerced the traditional village chiefs into signing contracts that stripped them of millions of acres of land for the benefit of the belgian king leopold. the 2nd, after landing in henry stanley, penetrated deep into central africa and renamed the cities of kiss on ghani and kinshasa. after himself, he was joined by other european explorers who entered africa from the west. these expeditions marked the transition from evangelizing missions to imperialism. as a young boy began to trade along the central route into it when the congo, he traded over a large area and was the most powerful figure. there also had his own, almost no army. although now in a state of neglect,

to putin house in zanzibar, tells us much about the fortune amassed by the powerful merchant. in his autobiography, he recounted his negotiations with stanley and a belgian diplomat. stanley arrived with a dozen europeans. we met at the consul's and he told me, we wish you to accept to become governor in the name of belgium and your voice, the belgian flying in the districts. or under your rule, i hoisted wanted stanley falls when i arrived and my men did the same. wherever we came. former slaves were enlisted in the conquering armies. weapons in hand, the french, the belgian, and the british went deeper and deeper into the equatorial forest. europeans placed peasant communities under military control and forced them to

produce palm oil rubber, cocoa coffee. and of course, it's very clear. every single state used forced labor all of them. in some cases, this labor strongly resembled slavery, where they would take people from their villages and pay them almost nothing. especially for so-called public works. yet they have to provide for their own food and were later sent back home where some no longer fit in the country. do you feel in this forced labor system? missionary's became witnesses to the farmer's abuses, armies bankrolled by the belgians, terrorized villagers. and quassia rebellions every bullet was counted and to prove that they had used their weapons efficiently. soldiers had to bring back the hands of their victims. a stray bullet meant an innocent could lose

a limb. in funny, just to feel they had to justify domination, violent military conquest. the 1st civilized society africans were therefore instilled into accepting the supremacy of europe to accept the civilizing mission europe claim to could undertake in africa. nothing with its droves of doctors, anatomists and colonial administrators. europe used race as a scientific tool to justify its domination. africa became a high margin, is entity relegated to the very bottom of the human scale in the struggle against slavery. as principles were, the 2 pillars of colonialism,

the continuation of racial hierarchy is often emancipation, if not remotely surprising. because it was all vast. in the way so much the oppositionists thought the numbers of oppositionists who truly had a conception of african culture, african men and women in any way equal to that was relatively small. even the most egalitarian of oppositionists assume that you know, british culture is civilized, evolved at such rights. actual. i mean that's part of the, that's part of our understanding once they had progressed deep into the african interior, the europeans build railways to the coasts. at the end of the lines, the capitals of the new colonies grew, the current blog, douala, pumping water,

luanda, cape town, dar es salaam, oil rubber, cocoa and ivory, were transported to these ports all over the world that went with them at the time of the colonial conquest african rulers with whom the europeans had been trading for 5 centuries, were deprived of all their rights. brazil,

one of the 1st territories to seal large scale sugarcane fields flora. she was one of the last to ban slavery. on may, 13th, 1888. the princess regent of brazil ratified the so-called golden law, ending 450 years of afro brazilian enslavement. moving into what his son used to be thought yours were, but as you don't want a victorious abolitionist movement in brazil was a conservative one, led by whites. the movement wasn't radical, it didn't include black people watching a jew, but as you essentially, it said that brazil had to progress and civilize itself will get acidosis. if it is this idea of progress and civilization directly depended on the elimination of the

barbarity of slavery was yet at the same time, this movement also intended to raise black people from the history of brazil. me, it was near goose. they stay because in a sense they were considered barbarians at the minute in the writings of rhyme window, nina rodriguez, a professor of forensic medicine at the university of buy. here illustrate this point in 891. he reflected on the destiny of slave descendants the negro race in brazil will forever constitute one of the factors are inferiority as a people. it would be important to the time and to what extent this in free r.c. lies in the negro populations, inability to civilize itself and evolve. the whole mixing races compensates this in for you are insane. both the

government and the planters wanted to whiten the population of the former to erase any traces of slavery, the latter to reduce their dependency on these newly freed workers in 891215000 europeans, arrived in brazil 3 times. as many people as in the darkest hour of the slave trade, human trafficking was replaced by the immigration of millions of poor europeans, elemental for racism, didn't cause slavery. it's the history of racism that stems from that of slavery. not the other way around, that. over the course of 12 centuries, an estimated 9 to 12000000 african captives were transported on the transom. herron and eastern brutes. from 1516 onward in 3 and a half centuries, 13000000 men, women, and children were deported to the americas. amidst the pillaging abductions famines,

wars, and epidemics. this globalisation of violence caused the death of an estimated 15000000 africans, direct and indirect victims of imperialism. historians are still evaluating the demographic, economic, political, and social impact of this human tragedy. this criminal enterprise unparalleled in scale to this day. i think will truly be making progress when we all accept the history of slavery as all of our history. so this true slavery is not black history, and it's not just the history of white colonization, but the history of human equality is the legacy for all of us. and it's a legacy we all must contend with. right? not a white person, only thinking about themselves as it is than of a slave holder. but the white person thinking of themselves the descent of a slave to write the black person the of themselves as sons of slaveholders. right . thinking that we've inherited the basic structures of these societies, right?

these basic inequalities. but what we do with that is up to us that can really help us move forward as a society. so for optimizing city that minimizes emissions separates waste. and in the best case, recycle say cammy's visions become reality. they're urgently needed in the city, the living space of the future with room for everyone. to build, resulting in 30 minutes w.

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subscribe documentary. this is e w. news, and these are our top stories. germany is halting the use of astra zeneca corona virus vaccine for people under 60 years. old health officials say there are new concerns of an unusual blood clots in a small number of cases. people under 60 can still decide to take the vaccine as only.