because. of largest assault out are you able to just see your arms down just a bit. slowly bring them down to your side. progress is slow but sure invention michael attempts to walk a prank over the abyss are you ok my mother grendel come visit me over. because there's no there isn't a what it is or a yes there is always try to convince you basically there are stages you're trying to get at the surface of them i'm doing so if it's 5 years. what makes virtual reality such a powerful therapy is that patients can do what is impossible or too dangerous in real life. one of the basic things that we can do for fear of biases is it actually chuck the whole book back at. so the further you go the less fear the. feel the emotion of the feeling rushed into my stomach given i've been jumping. on

the counter for 3 michael will leap into the abyss. one to. see if it's not. my thing to scold when somebody says from. one to that. that. if so were it because we thought of the was that. i was out this is all it was was longer so there it cares a few more jumps and michael feels that he's gained some monster over his fear.

now it's back to the gym. patients usually do 8 to 10 v. on sessions before they hope to see a real improvement but michael is keen to try again. to get editions over who want to. come out. yesterday would be to test the guts of the 1st step as you know we got up to today. doubts of 91 holes so 678 die as tracey so yesterday froze here today 1st there that's amazing progress actually since as far as food it's great exercise with just one session michael has nearly doubled his height while no one is saying he's conquered his fear he appears to be

well on the way rationalizations. fear of heights is a widespread phobia good some deep and common fears innate. that is exactly what david rocker's son would like to know he scares by bears for a living to see when fear takes root in the mind. you get a startle response from babies very early on babies will blink and move back from a looming object. that's not necessary evidence of fear it's could just be an innate mechanism to avoid objects that are about to hit you. there are perhaps no other creatures as universally feared as themes. i think that the fact that so many people have fears of snakes and spiders even though they nor the friends many of the faces of the live shows the evolutionary significance of them so that got me thinking what would cause this privileged status for the snakes and spiders and so

i started thinking how would i test that. how that their accent went into the infant cognition that this is maddy yes ok so today we're going to be running mattie in an experiment that tests how babies look at things like snakes and spiders and how they learn about the features on the properties of those things are ok ready maddy there that is like yesterday. were. all. taking trackers that is not so gene for signs of fear he's looking to see what captures the imprints attention. we show babies schematic versions of snakes and spiders and then we track how long the babies live in each of these images competitive scrabble versions of the same age. and we find that if 5 months of age babies will track a snake like image longer than they will scramble versions of the snake and they

would do the same thing for spiders that little read a schematic spider then scramble versions of the spiders but could it just be a familiar pattern or shape that catches the eye so we've tried using flowers they know effect for flowers which is about logically a plausible stimulus no effect for rodents or sharks. so it seems unlikely there is a perfect for a biological plausible shake it seems rather that babies have this very specific bias to look at space snakes and spiders in particular and this correlates nicely with what we know about adult fish westlake the spiders are in the top 5 non-human animals fish at that adults have but rather than proving innate fear david rakoff some believes this is proof of a kind of warning defense system it seems as if there is no innate fish babies have to learn fish but i think that some things have a privileged status when it comes to feeling things like snakes and spiders these

are things the baby seems to learn to fear more rapidly than other things like cars . or cigarettes or god. humans have evolved rapidly in the atmosphere because individuals who didn't die. they were bitten and they die and those genes were passed on. so unless someone around the infant reacts a child won't necessarily be afraid when they see a snake. but as boys and girls grow their differences do arise and david rakoff son has an idea about why. women are 4 times as likely to be fearful of slaves as fighters. over evolutionary time men who were unwilling to protect their family or to go to fight or to get resources or hunt with it but not being selected this makes it said the genes for being fearful that men have been selected against but if a woman dies

a baby is more likely to die than if the father dies so women likely have a valve to be somewhat safer to protect themselves and thus protect their own chart and so the genes for this specialized mechanism fail anybody passed on and spread through. somewhere among the millions of people in the us their lives a woman who knows no fear our identity has been kept a secret for over 30 years you could walk by how on the street and never know. and yet her super power is helping unlock the mystery of how feel works in the mind . dr justin feinstein is one of the few people in the wild who knows who she is and what she's like i've had a chance to work with her both in laboratory settings and also in real world settings for about 15 years. she's known only as an ass am and

she lacks fear because she lacks a part of her grain. she is one of the only humans walking around earth without her make tila. she has this condition known as feet a disease and for a reason that science still has not figured out the condition will go into the brain and selectively calcified the a make the law on both sides of the brain and this is exactly what happened to patient s.m. . there was a lot of people around her who were part of the drug trade she had reported to the police that she didn't want any of these people in her community one day she was sitting outside of her apartment and a stranger comes out of the blue puts a gun to her head and yells at the top of his lungs. and then runs off.

about 20 minutes after the secures the police knock on her door. because a neighbor saw this unfold they were quite concerned. and the police said you know explain what happened who was this guy and she was very surprised to even see the police it didn't register on her radar that this was a serious of that it just occurred. as ams extreme condition man allow science to finally understand how feo walks in the brain. dr feinstein has spent years of his life trying to scare ass am not even the scariest of films like this one to flinch and then he decided to threaten from within. internal threats these are threats that are coming through the body

itself through changes say your heart rate or your respiratory pattern and when the brain processes those changes it interprets it as fear or in some cases even. this is going to measure. heart rate in oxygen saturation just as he is doing with this woman in his lab dr feinstein decided to see what would happen if he interfered with s. ams respiratory system. first time we tried this was with what's known as 35 percent c o 2 when the body detects the intake of too much carbon dioxide it can become alarmed for during and after each breath rate how much inside you feel using this. normally people feel some anxiety. our hypothesis going into the experiment was that would not experience fear or panic to the c

o 2. took a single vital capacity breath of future. and we finally found her kryptonite. elicited immediate fear response. she referred to it as the most intense fear she's ever felt in her entire life. it was extremely eye opening i think if you could of looked at my face that it would have been sort of the look of a deer in headlights and with that one breath signs learned that the amygdala is not the brain's only fear center this fear that your life is in danger and could end at any moment. does not require the. it somewhere

else in the brain this is the quote of what our research is currently trying to do is figure out where is this other pathway besides advancing for science as am is inspiring dr justin feinstein to dream a little to dream about the evolution of human fear what's fascinating to me about s.f. is the fact that she's lived a half a century. without the make. and somehow she's managed to survive and i think that tells us something important about the evolution of species. we still live in a dangerous world threats are always going to be. but we're living in a society that has basically endowed us with all of our basic survival needs. when you don't have to live in a world of saber tooth tigers and lions attacking you. maybe that's one fear is no

longer a necessary emotion. but we're not there. we're all in this together it was the slogan on social media back when the con on a pandemic started. around the world and you since then become clear that the fish are suffering the much economic inequality and tyrus the to reinforce each other. for. 30 minutes on t.w. . more than a 1000 years ago europe witnesses

a huge construction boom. christianity from the established itself. both religious and secular leaders or eager to display their power. to trace began. who can create the tallest biggest and most beautiful structures. builders and architects compete with each other. this is how massive churches are created a. contest of the cathedrals splat full 12 g.w. .

this is the news live from far away and as the penn demick rages human rights suffer amnesty international paints a grim picture in its annual report saying women health workers and migrants have borne the brunt of the coronavirus long governments have used to stifle dissent we will hear from one of its authors also coming up and eruption in iceland enters a fiery new phase 2 new fissures opened at a volcano near reykjavik spewing la.