listen. to the girl. listen to scupper the a. lead. subscribe to a documentary on to live. what makes a volcano erupt. how does too much food affect the balance of our gut flora. and which animals have the most successful relationships and says to those questions coming up.

well come to you tomorrow today the science show on d w. in the past half century the human diet has undergone huge changes not just in industrialised countries many developing countries are also seeing big changes in the amount of food available to people. at the same time if these city and intestinal disorders are on the wrong. scientists in germany are studying the effects of a calorie rich diet in a surprising place. the lentils he is one of the biggest lakes in northern germany. here too biologists are investigating a revolutionary idea. that getting help from tiny creatures in these plastic test tubes their hydras or freshwater polyps but they

turn out to be a good model for understanding how the micro biome of the human gut works like our intestines the skin of the polyps is covered in bacteria the researchers want to know whether the amounts and kinds of nutrients in the lake influenced the organisms health ones of this year. we're interested in knowing about the balance between an organism and its bacteria how they interact and if there is an imbalance whether it triggers disease. when we put hydras or freshwater polyps which other bacteria. on the outside into a more nutrient rich environment like this you trophic lake we see that the creatures become ill. tim lush made from kill university and his colleague peter diners have another hunch that this might be similar for people could excessive food intake flow the bacterial colonies and got out of balance. over the past 50 years food availability has grown enormously in industrialised

countries at the same time there's been a dramatic increase in gastrointestinal diseases such as crones disease. why is there. to better understand the relationship between bacteria and their host the researchers have started a feeding experiment with a freshwater polyps in their lap. one group of bacteria is fed a more protein rich diet for humans this would be the equivalent of eating a lot of dairy products and other animal proteins. in other group perceives a rich and complex mixture of carbohydrates fats and proteins similar to an unhealthy diet with lots of meat and sugar. how did the polyps bacterial colonies in the 2nd group change due to their excessive diet. list

washed it was amazing how quickly the entire system reacted within 24 hours we have served a drastic change in the composition of the bacterial colonies a strong increase in bacteria and initial signs of illness in the hydros themselves is. one of the signs of disease can be seen here in fast motion the hydra polyp cell material breaks down that tentacles get shorter within a single day. to learn more about the different types of bacteria that were fed the researchers cultured them for 24 hours in a nutrient medium. what changes did they see. as a good what is it was it really was the control group looks like usual probably a lot of corby dr doctor that as always if you climb the menus eat your lunch while nothing unusual was detected in the 1st group of bacteria the overfed bacteria reproduced extremely quickly. to identify the micro biota exactly

the researchers come to the bacteria and analyzed their d.n.a. that finding overfeeding resulted in the uncontrolled increase in certain kinds of bacteria what other kinds were displaced but what does this have to do with humans some life you can be seen in many illnesses including in inflammatory intestinal diseases for example that they're often associated with are accompanied by changes to the micro biome which raises the question is that the calls are just a symptom. and to the city folk here and his friend. peter dinah's and tim lushington suspect that a micro biome that has been thrown off balance by an unhealthy diet could itself of course diseases. using a c n n any as an example they demonstrate which reactions extreme overfeeding of the micro biome could lead to. the anemone and the bacteria that live on it have been

exposed to excessive nutrients. and this is what happens under liberace conditions if the creatures get sick from an imbalance microbiota they do everything they can to bring their bacterial colonies back into balance. they completely shed their. good human clean their sick gut flora by fasting for instance. you dick was good for various studies about people fasting we're not doing studies with humans but they seem to be parallels to our experiments when it comes to for. lasting or duction of food intake the got bacteria are no longer nursed so strongly by our food. instead they have to focus on sources that are available such as the intestinal mucosa. ones in the. dom. so could abstention bring an overfed micro biome back into balance research is still underway but it seems clear that both in quantico organisms and humans the

micro biome reacts more sensitivity to diet than was previously thought. once upon a time computing is was good. no not these computers these computers the time computer described the job done by people carrying out mathematical calculations by hand for example hundreds of women worked as human computers calculations like the article nasa. nowadays that's jobs that done by electronic computers and they're growing ever more powerful. what will the city of tomorrow look like how does a galaxy of all of and what weather can we expect for the next few months just 3 of the many questions that might be answered by germany's new home supercomputer inched up gart in this case scientists from the university of one time are tasking the computer with simulating extreme weather conditions for the rest of the year

while detailed forecasts are not possible the system could identify major weather events several months in advance. finest with the idea is to use a global model and what's called an ensemble approach used to compute uncertainties what is coming extreme weather events and assessments we can see whether we can expect droughts or heavy rainfall or major storms which occur relatively frequently in europe. using an older computer scientists have mapped no. of the planet but regions around the north and south poles are still missing and that final 17 percent is crucial for a workable weather simulation. and that's where the new computer comes in it might need 2 weeks for this highly complex task but that's still 4 times faster than its predecessor so just how fast is the supercomputer.

sometimes with. them so you can do a direct comparison and say that the processes are similar to our own personal p.c.'s similar because they're a little more involved just in one system here you have the equivalent of 15 or 20000 p.c.'s insisting that it was also right here in stuttgart that one of the world's 1st high performance computers that crane 2 was built that was 1985 what was back then cutting edge technology had roughly the same computing capacity as a modern smartphone and that. is because in the us this is to forget that in the 1980 s. the cray tus were extremely fast machines. and since then technical developments of unable to us to go smaller and smaller. were at the end of a 35 year evolution or a speed has been doubled every 18 months it's really difficult for them the super computers have also become more energy efficient although they still need as much

elektra city as a small town with 40000 residents but they're simulations can help make wind farms for example more effective. this footage is from the predecessor of the new computer the aim here is to calculate when turbulence and how it impacts on potential interference between individual turbines. and supercomputers are helping to improve those simulations the scientists already have a preliminary 3 d. model of particulate matter pollution and write down to each street. this data might later be used to create a prediction model for the level of pollution on your own doorstep the scientists also want their models to be accessible to the man and woman on the street. as one will see them 10 or 15 years ago these systems were only seen in research and to a degree in industry but today we have simulations that are far less. technical and

all the more relevant for the general public the fate of the photo. as seen in this depiction of an entire city in which residents can glide from a to b. but some simulations are simply there to behold such as this recreate the birth of a galaxy a picture that would not need a 1000 words but 10000 years on a regular home computer. if outlet is right why are great but only very. good to you have a science question you've always wanted answered we're happy to help out send it in and if we answer it on the show you'll get a little surprise as a thank you. can on just us. you'll find us at our website d.w. dot com slash science or on twitter. iverson

kingdom wants to know. why do volcanoes erupt. they look so peaceful until then not dozens of volcanoes erupt every year. most live at the scene where the tectonic plates of land open if an ocean push against each other or move apart making the earth's crust unstable. fall cain has other planets way of letting off steam. the earth is made up of layers in the thick mantle around the core and beneath the fin outer crust rock melts into magma under great pressure and temperature. the magma expands and pushes upward when it breaks through the surface it's called lava. there are different kinds of all kind of corruption if a massive column shoots into the sky it's called a plenty an eruption. when the magma heats up water causing an explosion of steam

it's called traffic. subglacial ones occur when larger meets ice usually under a glacier. these are just 3 examples there are several more categories. conical may be the iconic form but in fact will cain has come in many shapes and sizes when lava breaks through a crack in the earth a mountain can form quickly or it can take tens of thousands of years. it depends also on how many eruptions occur and how much lava comes out. the temperature of lava usually ranges between $51200.00 degree celsius depending on the chemical composition of the rock from which it formed. when does sound become noiseless. i the answer could vary

according to individual taste and cultural norms but physics ses noise it will not pressure waves propagating through the air and impinging on the. sounds of intensities of more than 85 decibels can harm your hearing and your health for example in the workplace. are open plan offices an endless nightmare. a source of perpetual stress. relief work. of germany's federal institute for occupational safety and health endorsement lars of all for his team are looking at why working in a busy office can put a strain on our health especially when it's very noisy. via the internet you can be serious with symptoms such as agitation anger and mental distraction this harms our psychological well being and it needs to be taken seriously.

but what does this look like in practice we do a little informal experiment bianca is an experienced secretary who is used to stress. she gives us a sample of saliva so we can measure the concentration of the stress hormone cortisol. we then leave bianca alone in a small quiet office to do a performance test at the end 4 hours later we get a 2nd saliva sample. the next day the idea is going to take another test but this time in a busy open plan office would she feel more stress and with her cortisol level be higher the researchers and have developed a program to model the noise in an open plan office before it's even been built the arrangement of everything from desks to printers to room dividers makes a big difference this is what it sounds like an accordion configured open plan

office. and now with room dividers. if you've. been funding now software helps make people who are going to design an office more aware of the issues we can only work with representative examples of office design that's a limitation because reality presents a far broader range of factors that we're unable to incorporate the. so after the test in the quiet individual office bianca now has to deal with the noise of his open plan office where she again gives the saliva samples. she feeling more stressed than on the previous day. bianca's cortisol level did rise slightly joining her for hours in the big office in the single office decreased over the same period of time though the initial level that day was a lot higher our experiment is more of a snapshot than hard evidence. just. my

research is if you have to conduct long term studies on how working in a big office affects stress levels it is however clear that less noise is much better than lots of noise in an office environment. this is a very good. sized. you have to look very closely at what actually goes on the nature of the work what kinds of communication and social interactions take place and you really have to involve the staff listen to what they say their needs actually are. i gleason. c.s.m. am is a consulting an architecture company in munich and this is open plan office the team designs offices for other farms. whether an open plan office is a blessing or a curse for the people working in it depends on the space available and how it's

crafted and used. then i'm going to name an unfit aunt if a company wants us to design an open plan office just so it can save space and costs. it's already game over and it will not go well for the one. nowadays there's a lot of emphasis on teamwork and corporate settings staff are expected to be flexible and no longer bound to a fixed workplace. but i'm stiffed with a pen a laptop and a phone i can work anywhere i may still have a desk but my workspace might well get smaller and smaller than my client at the same time we need to create other spaces that are a lot larger than this and. that means rooms for meetings where an entire team can discuss and plan together. and small quiet corners to talk without disturbing everybody else. as well as ones where you can be alone.

we need to create such spaces as well not just rooms for team meetings people need to be able to take a break and get away from the others us and be alone somewhere quiet and peaceful and. that means escaping the bustle of an open plan office the researchers in development have developed concentration tests to determine what kinds of noise cause the most stress so always a question of volume quiet noise this can be very annoying to such as the dripping of a top. of envy or if it's very noisy while you're trying to concentrate your performance will probably decrease. back to bianca to see what that means she took our test twice 1st alone then in a busy office that. while on her own she completed 11 out of

26. but in the big office only 10. the difference may appear minor but if everybody's performance declines by that amount you have a problem as almost on with the basic open plan office you may save a little space and cut some costs but if your company's efficiency drops 10 percent that would be a disaster. that is to say sound planning pays off. not just for company bosses but also for this stop. bringing up davies is just full females not necessarily studies show that change it doesn't predict who is better at caring for children instead who have a spends more time with the kids adept. that can be measured in changes to the brain and hormone levels and not just in humans let's take

a look at parenting and relationships in the animal world. squirrels are classic loners in the animal world both males and females spend most of the year foraging for food alone each marking their territory with scent from glands on their paws. mating season is time to account for their insecure food supply the animals typically reproduce twice a year so should there not be enough food for any young in the winter there's always a 2nd chance. this australian species of bat lives in a kind of harem. that's do not normally commit to long term relationships but in this case it is common for one male to hang out with a number of females. the advantage is that while the females are out looking for food the male guards the offspring and a kind of kindergarten. some chimpanzees

species live in groups with up to 80 members monogamous relationships are unknown here scientists refer to polyamory. the males go out hunting together and also defend their territory together. the alpha males do not tend to mate more frequently than their breath rent isn't that a disadvantage. to be mentioned this see. him pass the males mate with a number of females who in turn made with several partners the males don't know which of the young are their own. as a result the males are friend due to all the young chimpanzees. and that reduces the risk of the young chimpanzees being killed you want your true tone. so a range of different sexual partners can only help to ensure a group survival. this penguin is busy incubating an egg together with its partner

both of them are male. ensues this behavior often raises eyebrows but in fact it's not uncommon. homosexual couples are especially prevalent among bird species. male flamingos have been observed stealing eggs and then incubating them together. with giraffes homo sexual relations are actually more common than heterosexual ones and there are also seen among cows and other domesticated animals why is that. some i know this was what i think so. it seems to reduce sexual tension on the side at the same time because the benefit of the learning effect as a by much but some species the animals have difficulty raising their 1st offspring so including nestled ng. so this gives them the opportunity to get some practice

to. it was recently discovered that female albatrosses often raise their young with each other a surprising revelation for researchers and when they cannot yet explain. in the aquatic world it's often the fathers that take care of the next generation. probably the most famous example our seahorses here the man's carry the eggs and their power which until they hatch. and with means a labyrinth fish or guru armies the males also assume parental care duties in addition to building and tending to the nest they guard their young from predators and found oxygen rich water over them. by then fish and by demise most species of fish of extra no fertilization yet once the female has

released the eggs the male releases the semen over them the female is done 1st as it were and can therefore leave the male alone with the young. clownfish change gender tracking down a partner in their coral reef habitat is difficult so if the mother female of a group dies the dominant male in the group will replace her that option of changing sex enables the fish to continue reproducing. but the nuclear family does exist too in the animal world given its live in close knit units of mother father children in the wild the apes mainly eat fruit but the supply tends to fluctuate. one tree alone would not provide enough fruit for a larger group but a small family on their own would have enough to eat. animals have developed some pretty inventive mating patterns and family structures the assumption is that they provide advantages because sometimes we don't know what

they are. that's all for this week knows that you could join us. back next time with more exciting science on tomorrow or today until then good bye.

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