lol lol. you feel worried about the planets issue. i was lucky on the green sunspot cluster and to me it still remains true. joined pretty much of the green transformation from a producer for the council. plane

to the planet just training under the effects of climate change many researchers believe we have to intervene to prevent a must from happening so many people it might sound a bit like playing god. manipulating ocean seeding towers played creating a sunshade for the os all to solve these are just some of the idea of splinter you can't tackle something this scale this moving this fast play it just science modifying our climate isn't hubris in iceland researchers have already time greenhouse gases into stuff on there then you can see sort of bright spots and that's what the c o 2 we injected into the pilot a reservoir that's the solution to apply clef an athlete in my opinion this would be one of these it would be light like a large scale. scientists want to interfere with the arts processes.

can geo engineering save us not just by getting harmful c o 2 out of the atmosphere but also by cooling our planet. we're on our way to meet some researchers pursuing radical ideas. are more the climate change has become a kind of political structure people has lost track of the drive to protect their bar but they lots. of harvard university has one of the most controversial climate researchers believes it's high time we had an emergency plan his idea is to create a sort of screen using dust particles which would reflect the sun's rays weakening or even holding global warming. first big pilot project names copecks

keeps being postponed and there's still too much opposition. what it hears is that something that might in combination with emissions cuts reduce the overall climate risk maybe substantially that's the evidence we have for cloud calls so the question is to what extent does solar charger reduce climate rist actually harm if art like extreme storms extreme temperatures sea level rise those are research questions that we don't know the answer to. so called solar radiation management is a gamble little research is being dom on the risks and yet it could be a last lifeline when it comes to curbing global warming. in practice it would mean at least 10000 aircraft injecting the stratosphere every 2 years the planes would release sulfur particles as evenly as possible a town to dudes of molten 10 kilometers. these particles would reflect one or 2

percent of the incoming sunlight. the fact that danced in the stratosphere cools the planet has been shown by powerful volcanic eruptions such as pinatubo in the philippines in 1991. time but lobel temperature dropped by norm point 4 degrees. so much and you have to put in there well it depends how much solar we wants so there's no right answer to that but you know the quantity we measured it something like a 1000000 tonnes a year which is that a lot well it's a lot and not a lot. it's we're putting billions of tons a year of c o 2 in the atmosphere so one of the ways to think about it is there's a $1000000.00 to $1.00 ratio between the amount of warming power of c o 2 in the atmosphere and the amount of kind of cooling power of say something like acid or some other material in the stratosphere so a 1000000 times is not technologically a lot it's doesn't cost a lot but it's

a real direct perturbation to the iraq there's a net tell us also that the stratosphere is just a place you should not interfere because it's so sensitive you're speaking as if the alternative is non interference but the c o 2 is already in the atmosphere even if we cut emissions to 0 tomorrow it's basically impossible but even if we cut emissions very quickly which we could do that doesn't make the climate problem go away and humanity is a long way from 0 emissions once we started pouring some fun into the stratosphere or some shade would have to be replaced regularly otherwise temperatures could rise to levels even higher than they would be without the many people nation. the technology transit skeptics. my biggest fear is climate change will advance to the point where this planet can no longer sustain human life. by me time to his true jan future. so no geo engineering will change

weather and precipitation patterns damage the ozone layer and produce more acid rain some studies show some interest for dru geo engineering is worse than climate change itself and even researching the methods used dangerous governments are watching this closely well companies are watching this closely the military is watching this closely. so there's a political experiment the topping that says you know what what if we could go this route and you're opening up a pathway and the further you go down that pathway and the more you make it seem real so it's an experiment as is as it is is research but it's also political theater you have that you will never stop people from thinking and from searching for ideas and solutions so the idea of engineering is already in the world so you can't stuff that. you can't stop the idea of do insuring from existing but but what you can stop is that it being considered a good idea many people including me have talked about how an equal solar

geoengineering is how it would help one place and hurt another but actually in climate models when we put it even amount of solar to a sharing in it seems like really every major region the world has their climate risk really just fermentation with this leads to a planetary wide experiment you have one planet and you're risking the whole planet to do that experiment for sure solar has risks but not doing so or jewish or and also has risks. we are increasingly aware of the a factor of climate change we can't accurately predict the consequences of geo engineering. we're on our way to visit an environmental activist who's committed to strengthening nature's own capacity. to know what my biggest fear is. is that the history of the collapse of civilizations is really repetitive. and we're seeing. the tail end. of the.

most expansive. civilizations. in human history. in remote soften america chris tomkins and her husband doug have given vast areas of land back to nature together with the governments of chile and argentina they created 13 national parks an area the size of switzerland. the past was part of growing up park since the death of her husband chris tompkins lives here alone. she's told us to come right on into the house and to please take our shoes off. the. welcome. the end of the world yeah christine tomkins was head of the outdoor clothing

company patagonia husband had founded the brands as and the north face yet in the 1990 s. they left the business well and went on to invest around $350000000.00 in nature conservation i don't believe that technology is some sort of techno fix that will fix all the technology that got us here in the 1st place look if i thought that was even remotely possible in the short term i would say great and then i really do say well then why are you showing up so late because the party started a long time ago there's no way to turn it back there are no messiah. when it comes to this you can't tackle something of this scale this go moving this fast. just science would wilson said we should give i think having earth. back to nature

in this size and scale you do it can that make an ecological difference you can enter these places and you understand what is was could be. and that's an enormous enormous contribution. i have begun to see the value in things or major the value of things more by their absence. chris tomkins i manage the destruction and inequality in the wild in her mind entire regions should be protected from humans and especially from the clutches of a globalised economy here on earth cannot save us from climate catastrophe probably not but maybe there's more to it than that it's about spaces where natural systems can regenerate where we can save the things that represent life on this planet.

we believe that all life has intrinsic value the 9 human world is struggling and much of the human world is struggling so we see the health of all life on the planet guyon the wrong direction. for the last 30 years say. they call this. the end to. end it is i am not interested. and believe that gets us where we want to go as humans are in the new world. not even sure. what is that mean for our approach to fighting climate change is it better to leave

things alone or to intervene and try to limit warming to give ponds and animals in their present climactic zones a chance. in davos a meteorologist is investigating another way of cooling they are. item a no go zones are one of my biggest fears about climate. change is that the ocean supplies will become even more unequal droughts more floods and especially in terms of our droughts that they'll be more climate refugees and more wars fought because of climate. thinks it's possible to manipulate cloud formation in such a way that global temperatures for the likeliest candidate seem to be cirrus clouds so's there is clouds have a greenhouse effect if they hold more heat radiation in the earth's atmosphere then they reflect sunlight it's the only type of cloud that we know has

a warming effect. sirus of wind streaks of ice cloud for many kilometers above the earth's surface as are to you directly if you got rid of all cirrus clouds you cancel out the doubling in c o 2 levels above that. counts have a big influence on climate and temperature the lower ones cool the un they should definitely stay but serious counts have a woman a fact they formed when i snooped clear i am present in the yam mind when an airplane's turbines condense water vapor. serious counts for naturally in cold humid conditions although they do reflect some sunlight back into space they only allow some of the thermal radiation from the earth to escape so on balance sheet or song in order to cool the planet cirrus clouds would be prevented from forming likely parts of the atmosphere could be

seeded with desert danced for example the ice nuclei would grow faster become larger and fall to earth as hail the radiation balance would change and the temperature would drop a little. live there would have us have the advantage of sun her adust would be that we know. so it wouldn't do too much to the ecosystem it would have no side effects of. that when it comes to testing this method out a small scale test would get lost amid the noise of natural variability of the clouds you know you would really have to do something on a very large scale to see if it worked i'm not sure that that would be possible politically. because who would make the decision lies little bodies would decide which individual countries would do something like that in their lands.

and in any case who would benefit from it in order to answer that question or they can no man wants to learn a lot more about clown formation this measuring device attached to a balloon uses a laser to examine individual cloud particles it's not clear that thinning out serious pounds in central europe would have an overall benefit and if the seeding was done incorrectly it might cause even more cirrus to form but perhaps this method of halting warming would be effective in the far north. it would definitely make sense to seed arctic cirrus clouds especially in the winter. olympics because we have no sunlight during the winter months so it would really just be canceling out their warming effects and yes we want to preserve the arctic sea ice of course but there are economic interests in the arctic being never budge so who wins out. manipulating the warming

serious clowns who still theory but making fun the clowns rain down in order to prevent damage from hail has long been practiced in germany so called hail flyers like all get macone show that weather isn't just a question of things so what's in there. you've got the liquid. and acetone solution with 3 percent silver iodide would send. them up with all the other got a pardon and a valve controlled from inside or in the hind is a combustion chamber and there's an atom miser nozzle where the mixture ignites issues in the room. these days people across the world manipulate the weather china has a huge government agency that sends rockets into the clown's how and whether the silver iodide works hasn't been conclusively proven it probably creates more ice

crystals which become rain more quaking since launch scale held damage in the area around on our own in 2006 there have been no more instances in the region which the joke will lead to the figure that because of turbulence the plane gets pulled up towards and also pushed downwards that can cause stalling you have to make sure the structure doesn't get overloaded avoid that the clouds don't pull you into areas where you aren't in control and you have a. holga macone finds where other pilots wouldn't he tries to spread the silver iodide into opterons that way it can rise and get distributed into the cloud from a bomb. in one sense climate is nothing but the sum of weather events to change the climate weather has to be manipulated on a large scale and permanently hellfires only end to influence weather on

a local level. but with the vibration it what we're doing isn't exactly geo engineering. it's more like protection or trying to change the material state from solid to liquid in that sense the impact on the atmosphere is relatively small. giving but in general i don't think it's a good idea to interfere with the. other globally opiates that i could. point out. but i was but the guys they're letting a genie out of the bottle and it could have its revenge if things change to the point where people can't control it anymore i don't think anyone wants to experience that. people will probably be prepared to take bigger and bigger risks as the effects of climate change while some. craziness are melting everywhere

like the amish here in the swiss alps the mountains a crumbling. village on the sickly monteverdi one day when i think of the climate and global warming i also think of all these steep mountains where rock falls and landslides can happen i worry about the people who live there and. switzerland is one of the european countries most affected by climate change. only if you want to glacier yes you know who go red sun has been observing the on action for a long time over the last 6 to 8 years the gracie amount has again accelerated enormously. so now to the glaciers terminus has receded 3 kilometers sense $870.00 now it loses an average of 50 or 60 meters of length a year to meet the sometimes $101.00 who and so this ice these are how many years until it's completely gone shrewdness. based on models i think in 80 years

it'll be a long way so really tiny like about a president maybe you're hardly with us to think when it hurts to think of a glacier like this which is huge and very beautiful and picture at meetings on. the effects of. the mounting grazing isn't just an aesthetic problem the mountain where on the most flu has started to move an incredible 150000000 cubic meters of rock has become to slide. since 2012 it's happening faster and faster cracks of foam and dozens of meters deep in time a mountain could come down on the glazier before humans began warming the won't the on that was about 400 meters thick a field that is 400 meters of ice gives about 30 bars of pressure so

that 30 bar pushed against the mountain dew because that pressure has now gone as the glaciers melted the mountain is sliding down to the glaciers terminus so it's just sliding away extends its own unimaginable forces. it's almost 2 kilometers wide and 1.3 kilometers long and then everything is moving that's unbelievably big for those. who go ahead so listens to the mountains using geophones g.p.s. devices measure the displacement while satellites observe with radar even if the great catastrophe combi stopped the swiss want to be prepared when the mountain collapses they spend 2 $150000000.00 swiss francs a year on securing that mountains this is only. in the wall for us as nationalists what's happening is extremely striking because you rarely see it it's unbelievable that new fractures are occurring not only in existing weak areas but

also right across the goodnight the hard. nature is telling us something saying don't turn the heat up any more right right like we're being shown how it will be if we keep on like this yeah. getting the genie back into the bottle here is no easy thing in peru researches are asking how the oceans might help us avert a climate catastrophe they're also on a so on the ocean is such a fascinating. being in beautiful habitat impacts on this is i worry that my grandchildren won't be able to experience it and its beauty in all its richness and for that i live. for marine research or 3 bezout the plan isn't to cool by reducing some might not to mitigate the greenhouse effect itself. he wants to influence the oceans in such

a way that they absorb greenhouse gases from the atmosphere and so reduce the very thing that causes temperatures to rise. as a nation the guy said you do it rises i'm excited about the idea solicited so many people it might sound a bit like playing god let's but after all we change so much on land. deviates or wildly active and don't think twice about land clearing here or creating another manmade ecosystem their system of power but when it comes to the sea we find it hard to say why we shouldn't make sensible changes the surface of. the oceans are already a gigantic c o 2 reservoir 50 times larger than the atmosphere they already absorb a quarter of our greenhouse gases is that the limits of the oceans potential or is

it possible to make them do a little more. rivers al had sun international research group of 60 scientists and technicians they want to understand how climate change is affecting the special current system off peru. that's best of us the best thing we can do now is to really tap these options and not wait any longer because in 10 years we're going to have to start and. cloying that in 10 years we'll have to begin climate engineering measuring these so-called negative emission technologies and on somehow getting c o 2 from the atmosphere and storing it somewhere else otherwise we're not going to achieve the climate target set in peril is technically not going to have much. to free busy. is to want to officially create a system like the natural one caused by the current off peru which ensures rich

algae growth fish and other marine animals benefit to a smaller government it's an incredibly productive system here nutrient rich water from the depths is brought up through what's called upwelling us and that creates a lot of phytoplankton growth leading to a very efficient food chain the boat. could it be replicated as a kind of global and conditioning system to access the deep water hoses up to 100 meters long would be lowered into the sea. the cold nutrition rich water would be pumped up points floating wind turbines could provide the required energy. when it reaches the surface the deep water would cool yeah but above all it would fertilize the layout of want to climb tom would begin to grow absorbing c o 2 from the ass and when it die and it would take the greenhouse gas with it into

the depths. there's already a lot of upwelling here but the question is could we do it in regions that are completely unproductive today we call them oceanic deserts they're not dry but they're nutrient poor so nothing grows they make up a good 50 percent of the oceans the so-called deserts. the idea we're looking into is this if you artificially create upwelling there you could absorb more c o 2 and you could also boost the fishing yield. there would have to be thousands of these systems in the us. to make a real difference. as military force or free bizarre shows us his experimental sent ops the aim of his research is to better understand marine food chains.

he calls the floating ranks mizo calls on. this is what artificial systems for the op whiling of deep water would look like. turkish rather smoke pot technically speaking it's possible the question is whether we want to do it the potential of the oceans is huge the supply of nutrients in the ocean depths is virtually an exhaustible not so when our ship. wolf revisit all hopes that a significant portion of human made greenhouse gases could be absorbed into the oceans in this way his experiments have already yielded an important finding in order to absorb more c o 2 than is transported upwards from the deep water the pumps and the hose systems should be repeatedly switched on and off this technique would achieve a 4 fold increase in the c o 2 uptake of the oceans in these areas as a positive sign to fact fish populations would also be stimulated. but

nothing stays on the seabed forever it would be a case of buying time time we desperately need so far governments haven't engaged with the topic of geo engineering there are important questions to be answered like who would decide what measures to pursue who would pay is the un the right institution so what i'm worried about is that my granddaughter who is just 2 months old she will live to the end of the century and i don't want her to live in a world where somebody else decides to spray into the stratosphere and. cleric without asking her. passion or lives on lake geneva he was the right hand man to u.n. secretary general ban ki moon now he had so nongovernmental initiative to increase the political awareness of geo engineering. scientific technical engineering issues related to these new technologies are sometimes quite challenging but the

governance issues are even more challenging this is part of the culture of managing climate risks that we have to think about and we need options probably and we need more and we need them sooner because we are a lot. of individual nations manipulated solar radiation on their own yet last passion or fear is that it could unbalance the climate in other countries. what is that plausible scenario is that a country that is very badly affected by climate change for example a group of small island countries will fix it if they decide to do it and solar radiation modification is at least a direct costs scientists tell us is not that expensive so as a medium sized country could do it and wealthy individual could do it to save the

world could be done by a major nation today yes. which brings in problems right of course yes but but that's true of all sorts of things so there are lots of things in this world that could be done you know a lot of these day that are done david you can all look people see them and i and say the u.s. government you know will do this unilaterally but it will be fair to the whole world you know i don't i don't think about this at all to that's a that's a realistic scenario because vets unable to take advantage of the weather is something that of course gives the nation an advantage if they can do it is. i think it's already being done today because the moment you see 2 outs to make it rain then the water that must have been bound for a neighboring country is gaza and on call me good looks have a company that can that can go you know in the same way that arms dealers go around the world and say oh well if you want to if you want to be safe you know buyer technology. such unilateral efforts could jeopardize the

climate of a neighboring country although the intergovernmental panel on climate change has warned of the risks it doesn't rule out geo engineering as a last result. is something the intergovernmental panel on climate change says must happen in order to prevent global temperatures from rising century after century. or c o 2 that humanity has released into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels has to be removed. we've come to iceland to find out how. in iceland's largest geothermal power plant it's already being achieved on a smaller scale. what i'm most afraid of off when it comes to climate change is not we will have a large global refugee problem not it will turn nations against each other this is

class was from climb wax tests it's technology it's like a vacuum with circuit in here in this studio to is just sort of sticks to our surface of a specific chemical leds in the ceiling that they're on the. and then we get the c o 23 years out on this site. so it all comes through here and it lowers it from 400000000 to 2 to less than 100 so less than 100 you know. that's really how i mean the concentration of c o 2 is a very little in the air. but still to our yeah it's very little. which makes their cut your. a bigger technological challenge than cuts in c o 2 from points or 0. 02 founders all walk in a similar way there's nothing new about crime watch technology the chemical processors and based on i mean it's derivatives of ammonia combined with c

o 2 when the i mean mass of full day heated then they release the stand to for final storage the process is repeated thousands of times but the method called carbon capture is very energy intensive each ton of c o 2 fields or from the yeah. 2 and a half 1000 kilometer hours of energy a huge amount so it only makes sense in places with lots of excess renewable energy all white state like here in iceland with its infinite geothermal energy. can you imagine on the earth where we have hundreds of thousands of these machines yeah i can mr you can i can yeah. i can i can imagine such a world where we stand today clearly locate those units we had we have the favorable theological conditions but of course the c.r.c.

test to make sense of course but i mean i guess we have to we have to thank big and we have to our big if we are to be successful in getting one to. match one be cheap each ton of c o 2 filtered by climb walks costs about $500.00 euro and walk them where do the researchers in iceland have found a spectacular with a copper fix experiments the 1st step is to dissolve the c o 2 and won't water like soda so we inject it down to your lawn with or to 2 kilometers. on top of the aft so it's 800 meter of ground water. meaning what we have very high pressure much higher person here than in here needed to keep everything this salt into there more or less there's a there's a lid on the top of. this cave in here and then we have really

the very exciting chemistry happening as well because where it quickly the c o 2 interacts with the purcell fits so in less than 2 years it's turned into a new type of rock and you know once it's rock it's just a rock it's not going anywhere. contains lots of counseling magnesium and i am these minerals reacts with the greenhouse gas theoretical sort of the capacity of the softs on earth are the a minimum an order of magnitude larger than c o 2 that we would make if we would were all fossil fuel available. which we hope will never happen so far just 12000 tons of c o 2 power yeah are buried here. to make a difference the number would have to be in the billions concern for the state of the art wants driving scientists and conservationists by chris tompkins.

but her approach to preserving the beauty of nature could hardly be more different she wants swathes of nature to be restored as much as possible to the way they were before human intervention. so when we bought this ranch. all of the knuckle were forced into the high grounds because this was no use for grazing lifestyle. so this was a big fight. between ranchers and conservationists and still is in argentina. that. ranchers see when i go to his competitors and. they want to get rid of it everywhere around the world there's this inherent conflict between conservation so. i'd have ends almost everywhere really. but odds are gony

a park shows want challenges have to be overcome to town back a clock and save what could still be say. 600 kilometers of fences had to be removed 30000 sheep solved roads dismantled and trees planted. it took more than 10 years just for the grasses to return. bringing back negative animals has proven to be difficult and. there's now been success with the endangered andean dmn humus are also back. other species have to be bred back into the area. here on the argentinean border of the park birds $1000.00 of only to south america are being raised. nando's. they had

completely disappeared from this area. the creatures are flightless their feathers are there only to warm them through the chilly patagonian winter. $69.00 do so have already been released into the wild the plan is for a population of $100.00 it requires huge effort to retrieve what was once lost. the impacts of climate change the loss of top predators and how that is a cascading effect over all habitat and how it affects human well being as well all those things. it's not something that's going to happen in the future it's happening now you know a lot of people don't believe that's true but they're not believing it doesn't make

it has less true are we going to survive actually if you look at the process we've been through to the earth the damage i don't think that's the question i think that's a very anthropocentric question are we going to survive i don't think all of us will why is that why are we doing this. as the question and all the answers at the moment anyway lead me to think that where willing to risk everything so that we can have a 2nd refrigerator. you know and that's why people young people and old people are in the streets. because how dare you as says. and chris tomkins himself has no exemption

if the younger generation isn't to end up being forced into using geo engineering then climate protection efforts must increase dramatically. and yet the very prospect of technical solutions. to carbon c o 2 emissions it's a certainty that some people who want to fight against emissions are those like big oil or fossil rich nations maybe exploit the work we're doing exaggerating how well this works falsely to with lies and claim that we don't need to cut emissions that's of course complete nonsense we do have to cut emissions but i don't think the fact that people will politically explored this a little bit is a reason that we should hear no evil see no evil try and pretend there's nothing here. he's got the whole family and i haven't given up hope that will turn things around in time then is the end if we do i think it would be responsible

to do some geo engineering for a time all just a flash in this peak of warming a little bit as with these never albums peak at bust ups i'd say temporary solar radiation management ed because removing c o 2 from the atmosphere will have to be done over a long time as all the cea to leave a message has to be taken out of the atmosphere held would well i don't think it's geo engineering the term geo engineering is a misnomer it will never understand it in terms of going in there like engineers stuff we has to feel our way and learn as we go and we'll have to be able to stop at any time without it coming back to bite us all still that's a basic that's why aren't faucets i'll only consider such measures if we know for sure we can stop without negative consequences to help them atrocity it was actually using the science is an ambiguous existing measures on to not to keep the . i'm stable so it's probably only a matter of time until radical geo engineering comes into play one harlow we

are in the next few years it's really sort of tipping point on how things unfold and minds are not if we are ready to rock the country changed our way of living on things used to museums. put a lot of effort going to movies for new things but hot available but we need to apply that. huge scale and if we do that that we are so we will be successful. to destroy beauty to actually destroy full movies. from around. 2 contests which is the 1st footstep that is going to change. the breakdown of social structures and so on so. man think there is a bonus to the goodman style. best analysis in the end

if we're paying attention we should search swinging back the other direction. of. the oceans be to your own purchasing power or simply go to any of our to make products made in commission plastic and together we can make them made a little bit better than to hold on to. recycling as an advertising strategy but is that real spot behind us or is it just green washing going to. the closer much.

more than a 1000 years ago europe witnesses a huge construction boom. christianity islam established itself as. both religious and secular leaders aren't eager to display their power. trace began. who can create the tallest biggest and most beautiful structures. builders and architects compete with each other. this is how massive churches are created. contest of the cathedral splay. 12 o t w. this

is d w news live from berlin the end of an era nears in afghanistan the u.s. is reportedly planning to withdraw all its troops from the country by september 11th regardless of the security situation so what will this mean for afghanistan and its people. also coming up the global vaccination drive suffered a setback u.s. regulators recommend pausing the use of the johnson and johnson.