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planet is training under the effects of climate change many researchers believe we have to intervene to prevent 0 plus from happening by so many people it might sound a bit like playing. manipulating oceans seeding clouds. creating a sunshade for the op to solve these are just some of the ideas. you can't tackle something of this scale this go moving this fast. just science modifying our climate isn't hubris in iceland researchers have already timed greenhouse gases into stuff. then you can see sort of white spots and that's what this is a to be injected into the part of the reservoir that's the solution to apply definitely in my opinion this to. light a large scale. scientists want to interfere with the arts processes.

can geo engineering save us not just by getting harmful c o 2 out of the atmosphere but also by cooling our planet. we're on our way to meet some researchers pursuing radical i.d.'s. i worry that climate change has become a kind of political abstraction people have lost track of the drive to protect their bar but they love david keith of harvard university as one of the most controversial climate researchers believes it's high time we had an emergency plan his idea is to create a sort of screen using dust particles which would reflect the sun's rays weakening or even hold in global warming. first big pilot project names copecks

keeps being postponed and there's still too much opposition. what it hears is that something that might in combination with emissions cuts reduce the overall climate risk maybe substantially that's the evidence we have for climate calls so the question is to what extent that solar church or reduce climate rest actually harm people if art like extreme storms extreme temperature sea level rise those are research questions that we don't know the answer to. so called solar radiation management is a gamble little research has been dom on the risks and yet it could be a last life line when it comes to turbin global warming. in practice it would mean at least 10000 aircraft injecting the stratosphere every 2 years the planes would release sulfur particles as evenly as possible at altitudes of molten 10 kilometers . these particles would reflect one or 2 percent of the incoming sunlight.

the fact that dostum the stratosphere cools the planet has been shown by powerful volcanic eruptions such as pinatubo in the philippines in 1991. time but lobel temperature dropped by no point 4 degrees. so much and you have to put in there well it depends how much solar we want so there's no right answer to that but you know the quantity will be measured in something like a 1000000 tonnes a year which is that of a well it's a lot of not a lot. it's we're putting billions of tons a year of c o 2 in the atmosphere so one of the ways to think about it is there's a $1000000.00 to $1.00 ratio between the amount of warming power of c o 2 in the atmosphere and the amount of kind of cooling power of say subzero gas or some other material in the stratosphere so a 1000000 times it's not technologically a lot it's doesn't cost a lot but it's

a real direct perturbation to the environment there's a net tell us also that the stratosphere is just a place you should not interfere because it's so sensitive you're speaking as if the alternative is non interference but the c o 2 is already in the atmosphere even if we cut emissions to 0 tomorrow which is basically impossible but even if we cut emissions very quickly which we could do that doesn't make the climate all go away and humanity is a long way from 0 emissions once we started pouring some far into the stratosphere for some change would have to be replaced regularly otherwise temperatures could rise to levels even higher than they would be without the many pilate. the technology present skeptics. my biggest fear is that climate change will advance to the point where this planet can no longer sustain human life. climate tactic is true jan a few years the. so no geo engineering will change weather and precipitation

patterns damage the ozone layer and produce more asked to drain some studies show some interest for dru geo engineering is worse than climate change itself and even researching the matter sees dangerous governments are watching this closely well companies are watching this closely the military is watching this closely. so there's a political experiment that's happening that says you know what what if we could go this route and you're opening up a pathway and the further you go down that pathway and the more you make it seem real so it's an experiment as is as it is is research but it's also political theater you have that you will never stop people from thinking and from searching for ideas and solutions so the idea of engineering is already in the world so you can't stuff that. you can't stop the idea of doing it in airing from existing but but what you can stop is it being considered a good idea many people including me have talked about how an equal solar

geoengineering is how it would help one place and hurt another but actually in climate models when we put it even amount of solar geoengineering in it seems like really every major region in the world has their climate risk reduced service station with this leads to a planetary wide experiment you have one planet and you're risking the whole planet to do that experiment for sure solar has risks but not doing so as you are trying also has risks. we're increasingly aware of the facts of climate change we can't accurately predict the consequences of geo engineering. we're on our way to visit an environmental activist who's committed to strengthening nature's own capacity. to know what my biggest fear is. is that the history of the collapse of civilization. is really repetitive. and we're seeing. the tail

end. of. the most expansive. civilizations. in human history. in remote south america chris tomkins and her husband doug have given vast areas of land back to nature together with the governments of chile and argentina they created 13 national parks an area the size of switzerland. the 1st was patagonia park since the death of her husband chris tompkins lives here alone. she's told us to come right on into the house and to please take our shoes off oh. it's the. local. split the end of the world yeah christine tomkins was head of the outdoor clothing company patagonia husband

had founded the brands as the north face yet in the 1990 s. they left the business well and went on to invest around $350000000.00 in nature conservation i don't believe that technology is some sort of techno fix that will fix all the technology that got us here in the 1st place look if i thought that was even remotely possible in the short term i would say great and then i really do say well then why are you showing up so late because the party started a long time ago there's a way to turn it better there are no messiahs when it comes to this you can't tackle something of this scale this go moving this fast. just science would wilson said we should give i think having earth. back to nature in

this size and scale you do it can there make an ecological difference you can enter these places a new understand what is was could be. and that's an enormous enormous contribution. i have begun to see the value in things or major the value of things more by their absence. chris tomkins imam's the destruction and inequality in the wild in her mind entire regions should be protected from humans and especially from the clutches of a globalised economy you. cannot save us from climate catastrophe probably not but maybe there's more to it than that it's about spacers where natural systems can regenerate where we can say for things that represent life on this planet.

just that. we believe that all life has intrinsic value the 9 human world is struggling and much of the human world is struggling so we see the health of all life on the planet guy in the wrong direction and have done for the last 30 years say. they call this. the entry. and it is high in my interest to. believe that cancers where we weren't humans are in the new world is not even sure i. want to stop means for our approach to fighting climate change is it better to

leave things alone or to intervene and try to limit warming to give ponds and animals in our presence climactic zones a chance. in davos a meteorologist is investigating another way of cooling. the item on a good listeners or one of my biggest fears about climate. change is that water supplies will become even more unequal we had droughts more floods and especially in terms of our droughts that they'll be moved climate refugees and more wars fought because of climate. thinks it's possible to manipulate cloud formation in such a way that global temperatures for the likeliest candidate seem to be cirrus clouds so those more serious clouds have a greenhouse effect be they hold more heat radiation in the earth's atmosphere than they reflect sunlight it's the only type of cloud that we know has

a warming effect. sirus of been streaks of ice counted for many kilometers above the earth's surface other to you directly if you got rid of all cirrus clouds you cancel out the doubling in c o 2 levels above these. counts have a big influence on climate and temperature the lower ones cool the un they should definitely stay but serious clowns have a woman to fact live for when i snooped clear i am present in the am right when an airplane's turbines condense water vapor. cirrus clouds form naturally in cold humid conditions although they do reflect some sunlight back into space they only allow some of the thermal radiation from the ark to escape so on balance the heaters are in order to cool the planet serious counts would be prevented from forming likely parts of the atmosphere could be seeded with

desert danced for example the ice nuclei would grow faster become larger and fall to earth as hail the radiation balance would change and the temperature would drop a little. live for the whatevers and the advantage of sahara dust would be that we know. it wouldn't do too much to the ecosystem it would have no side effects of. that when it comes to testing this method out a small scale test would get lost amid the noise of natural variability of the clouds you know you would really have to do something on a very large scale to see if it worked i'm not sure that that would be possible political. because who would make the decision lies which bodies would decide which individual countries would do something like the land good as it was my home.

and in any case who would benefit from it in order to answer that question or they can no man wants to learn a lot more about. this measuring device attached to a balloon uses a laser to examine individual cloud particles it's not clear that thinning out serious pounds in central europe would have an overall benefit and if the seeding was done incorrectly it might cause even more cirrus to form but perhaps this method of halting warming would be effective in the far north. it would definitely make sense to seed arctic cirrus clouds especially in the winter. olympics because we have no sunlight during the winter months so it would really just be canceling out their warming effects and yes we want to preserve the arctic sea ice of course but there are economic interests in the arctic being never good so who wins out in. manipulating the

warming serious clowns who still theory but making fun the clowns rain down in order to prevent damage from hail has long been practiced in germany so called health lions like all get macone show that weather isn't just a question of things so what's in there or go. you've got the liquid. and acetone solution with 3 percent silver iodide issues good nurse tomato toward the other got a pumpkin and a valve controlled from inside or behind is a combustion chamber and there's an added miser nozzle where the mixture ignites the room. these days people across the won't manipulate the weather china has a huge government agency that sends rockets into the clown's how and whether the silver iodide works hasn't been conclusively proven it probably creates more ice

crystals which become rain more quickly since launch scale hail damage in the area around dawn now edging on in 2006 there have been no more instances in the region with the total length of the figure because of turbulence the plane gets pulled upwards and also pushed downwards that can cause stalling you have to make sure the structure doesn't get overloaded avoid that the clouds don't pull you into areas where you aren't in control and you have a. whole good macone finds where other pilots wouldn't he tries to spread the silver iodide into opterons that way it can rise and get distributed into the cloud from a bomb. in one sense climate is nothing but the sum of weather events to change the climate weather has to be manipulated on a large scale and permanently hellfires only owned to influence weather on

a local level. but with the vibration it what we're doing isn't exactly geo engineering or. it's more like protection or trying to change the material state from solid to liquid in that sense the impact on the atmosphere is relatively small if you think but in general i don't think it's a good idea to interfere with the. they're globally. worn out. by the others but the guys they're letting a genie out of the bottle and it could have its revenge if things change to the point where people can't control it anymore i don't think anyone wants to experience that. people will probably be prepared to take bigger and bigger risks as the effects of climate change while some. laziness on melting everywhere like the amish in the swiss alps the mountains

a crumbling. village in the sickly a moan to your bed one day when i think of the climate and global warming i also think of all these steep mountains where rock falls and landslides can happen i worry about the people who live there. switzerland is one of the european countries most affected by climate change. only if you want to glacier yes you know who go to that song has been observing the honor for a long time over the last 6 to 8 years the glycine has again accelerated enormously. so well to decide the glaciers terminus has receded 3 kilometers sense $870.00 now it loses an average of 50 or 60 meters of length a year to meet the police sometimes $100.00. and so it was this size fits all how many years until it's completely gone ashore in this. thank you based on models i

think in 80 years that will be a long way so really tiny line about a person it makes your heart bleed it's to think and it hurts to think of a glacier like this which is huge and very beautiful and picture it being drawn to the effects and. the mounting isn't just an aesthetic problem a mountain where on the most flow has started to move and incredible 150000000 cubic meters of rock has become to slide. since 2012 it's happening faster and faster cracks of foam and dozens of meters deep in time mountain could come down on the glazier before humans began warming the won't the on nach was about 400 meters thick a field that is 400 meters of ice gives about 30 bars of pressure so

that 30 bar pushed against the mountain because that pressure is now gone as the glaciers melted the mountain is sliding down to the glaciers terminus so it's just sliding away which tense is the only unimaginable forces this is fos it's almost 2 kilometers wide and 1.3 kilometers long and then everything is moving that's unbelievably big. red zone listens to the mountains using geophones g.p.s. devices measure the displacement while satellites observe with radar even if the great catastrophe combi stopped the swiss want to be prepared when the mountain collapses they spend 250000000 swiss francs a year on securing that mountains this is only. enough for us as nationalists what's happening is extremely striking because you rarely see it it's unbelievable that new fractures are occurring not only in existing weak areas but

also right across the ghanaian the hard. nice sort of. nature is telling us something saying don't turn the heat up any more right right like we're being shown how it will be if we keep on like this yeah. getting the genie back into the bottle here is no easy thing in peru researches are asking how the oceans might help us avert a climate catastrophe they're also on a so i and the ocean is such a fascinating. and beautiful habitat impacts on the society worry that my grandchildren won't be able to experience it and its beauty in all its richness and for literally. from the rain research or 3 bezout the plan isn't to cool by reducing some light not to mitigate the greenhouse effect itself. he wants to influence the oceans in such

a way that they absorb greenhouse gases from the atmosphere and so reduce the very thing that causes the temperatures to rise. as an h. the guy said you do it by sr i'm excited about the idea some rescinded so many people it might sound a bit like playing god let's but after all we change so much on land. or wildly active and don't think twice about land clearing here or creating another manmade ecosystem their system of power but when it comes to the sea we find it hard to say why we shouldn't make sensible changes just. the oceans are already a gigantic c o 2 reservoir 50 times larger than the atmosphere they already absorb a quarter of our greenhouse gases is that the limits of the oceans potential or is

it possible to make them do a little more. than. just . rivers al had sun international research group of 60 scientists and technicians they want to understand how climate change is affecting the special current system off peru. that's best of us the best thing we can do now is to really tap these options and not wait any longer because in 10 years we're going to have to start and. blowing them in 10 years we'll have to begin climate engineering measuring these so-called negative emission technologies somehow getting c o 2 from the atmosphere and storing it somewhere else otherwise we're not going to achieve the climate target set in paris technically not to have my. idea is to want to officially create a system like the natural one caused by the who pulled current off peru which

ensures rich algae growth fish and other marine animals benefit to a small government it's an incredibly productive system here nutrient rich water from the depths is brought up through what's called upwelling that creates a lot of fido plankton growth leading to a very efficient food chain the boat. could be replicated as a kind of global and conditioning system to access the deep water hoses up to 100 meters long would be lowered into the sea. the cold nutrition rich water would be pumped up points. floating wind turbines could provide the required energy. when it reaches the surface the deep water would cool the app but above all it would the to lies the layout of want to climb tong would begin to ground absorbing c o 2 from the ass and when it died it would take the greenhouse gas with it into the

depths. there's already a lot of upwelling here but the question is could we do it in regions that are completely unproductive today we call them oceanic deserts they're not dry but they're nutrient poor so nothing grows steve but they make up a good 50 percent of the oceans these so-called deserts since the idea we're looking into is this if you artificially create upwelling there you could absorb more c o 2 and you could also boost the fishing yield. there would have to be thousands of these systems in the oceans to make a real difference. limas military court or 3 bizarre shows us his experimental sent ops the aim of his research is to better understand marine food chang's.

he combs the floating ranks calls on. this is walk onto crucial systems for the op whining of deep water would look like. fish with a small technically speaking it's possible the question is whether you want to do it which is the potential of the oceans is huge the supply of nutrients in the ocean depths is virtually an exhaustible not so when i shop. for free visible hopes that a significant portion of human made greenhouse gases could be absorbed into the oceans in this way his experiments have already yielded an important finding in order to observe. more c o 2 than is transported upwards from the deep water the pumps and the hose systems should be repeatedly switched on and off this technique would achieve a 4 fold increase in the c o 2 uptake of the oceans in these areas as a positive sign to fact fish populations would also be stimulated. but

nothing stays on the seabed forever it would be a case of buying time time we desperately need so far governments haven't thing against with the topic of jr engineering there are important questions to be answered like who would decide what measures to pursue who would pay is the un the right institution so what i'm worried about is that my granddaughter who is just 2 months old she will live to the end of the century and i don't want her to live in a world where somebody else decides to spray into the stratosphere and call the cleric without asking her. passion or lives on like geneva he was the right hand man to un secretary-general ban ki moon now he had so non-governmental initiative fighting to increase the political awareness of geo engineering. scientific technical engineering issues related to these new technologies are sometimes quite

challenging but the governor's issues are even more challenging this is part of the culture of managing climate risk that we have to think about and we need options probably and we need more and we need them sooner because we are a couple. of individual nations manipulated solar radiation on their own passion or fear is that it could unbalance the climate in other countries. what is a plausible scenario is that a country. that is very badly affected by climate change for example a group of small island countries will fix it if they decide to do it and solar radiation modification is at least a direct costs scientists tell us it's not that expensive so as a medium sized country could do it and wealthy individual could do it save the

world it could be done by a major nation today yes. which brings in problems right of course but but that's true of all sorts of things so there are lots of things in this world that could be done you know out of the day that are done david you can all look people in the and i and say the u.s. government you know will do this unilaterally but it will be fair to the whole world you know i don't think that's at all to that's just that's a realistic scenario doesn't it it's again able to take advantage of the weather is something that of course gives the nation an advantage if they can do it but i think it's already being done today because the moment you see the louds to make it rain then the water that might have been bound for a neighboring country is gone up by one club you have a company that can that can go you know in the same way that arms dealers go around the world and say oh well if you want to if you want to be safe you know buyer technology. such unilateral efforts could jeopardize the

climate of a neighboring country although the intergovernmental panel on climate change has warned of the risks it doesn't rule out geo engineering as a last result. is something the intergovernmental panel on climate change says must happen in order to prevent global temperatures from rising century after century. all c o 2 that humanity has released into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels has to be removed. we've come to iceland to find out how. in iceland's. largest geothermal power plant it's already being achieved on a small scale. what i'm most afraid of off when it comes to climate change is. we will have a large global refugee problem not it will turn nations against each other this is

class was from climb while tests it's technology it's like a vacuum with circuit in here this you know 2 is sort of sticks to our surface of a specific chemical it's in the ceiling that they're on the. and then we get the c o 23 air out on this side. so it all comes through here and it lowers it from $400.00 parts per 1000000 through to less than $100.00 so less than $100.00 you know. that's really how i mean the concentration of c o 2 is a very little in the air but still to yeah it's not a little weird which makes air cut your. think a bigger technological challenge than cuts in c o 2 from point sources. c o 2 filters will walk in a similar way there's nothing new about crime watch technology the chemical processors and based on derivatives of ammonia that combined with c

o 2 when the i mean math a full day heated then they release the c o 2 for final storage the process is repeated thousands of times but the method called carbon capture is very energy intensive each ton of c o 2 filtered from the yeah. 2 and a half 1000 kilometer hours of energy a huge amount so it only makes sense in places with lots of excess renewable energy all waste heat like here in iceland with its infinite geothermal energy. can you imagine on earth where we have hundreds of thousands of these machines yeah i can mr you can i can yeah. i can i can imagine such a world where we start to think only locate those units we had we have the favorable theological conditions for c.c.'s it has to make sense of course but i

mean i guess we have to we have to thank big and we have to act if we are to be successful and in mitigating climate change. one beachy each ton of c o 2 filtered by climax costs about $500.00 euro among them where do we put it the researchers in iceland have found a spectacular with a copper thinks experiments the 1st step is to do solve for c o 2 in warm water like soda so we inject down to kilometer to 2 kilometer that. on top of that sits 800 meter of ground water. meaning what we have very high pressure much higher pressure than in here needed to keep everything dissolved so there is more or less there is a there is a live. to escape in here and then we have the

the very exciting chemistry happening as well because what it quickly the c o 2 interacts with the bizarre so in less than 2 years it's turned into a new type of rock and you know once it's rock it's just rock it's not going anywhere. contains lots of calcium magnesium and i am these minerals reacts with the greenhouse gas theoretical storage capacity of the softs on earth are the a minimum an order of magnitude larger than c o 2 that we would admit if we would were all fossil fuel available. which we hope will never happen so far just $12000.00 tons of c o 2 per year are buried here. to make a difference the number would have to be in the billions concern for the state of the art is want striving scientists i'm conservationists like chris tompkins.

but her approach to preserving the beauty of nature could hardly be more different she wants swathes of nature to be restored as much as possible to the way they were before human intervention. so when we got this ranch. all of the one knuckle were forced into the high grounds because this was no use for grazing lifestyle. so this was a big fight. between ranchers and conservationists and still it's in argentina that. ranchers see when i go to his competitors and they want to get rid of them they're everywhere around the world there's this inherent conflict between conservation so. it happens almost everywhere really.

the patagonia park shows want challenges have to be overcome to john back the clock and save what could still be sanct. 600 kilometers of fence sitters had to be removed 30000 sheep song roads dismantled and trees planted. it took more than 10 years just for the grassers to return. bringing back native animals has proven to be difficult. there's now been success with the endangered andean deer humus are also back. after species have to be bred back into the area. here on the argentinian border of the park. only to south america are being raised. nandu. they had completely disappeared from this area.

the creatures are flightless now father son only to warm them through the chilly parts of county and winter. 16 and have already been released into the wild the plan is for a population of $100.00 it requires huge effort to retrieve what was once lost. the impacts of climate change the loss of top predators and how that is a cascading effect over all habitat and how it affects human well being as well all those things. it's not something that's going to happen the future it's happening now you know a lot of people don't believe that's true but they're not believing it doesn't make it a less true are we going to survive actually if you look at that process we've been

through to the earth the damage i don't think that's the question i think that's a very anthropocentric question are we going to survive i don't think all of us will why is that why are we doing this. as the question and all the answers at the moment anyway lead me to sink that where willing to risk everything so that we can have a 2nd refrigerator. you know and that's why people young people and old people are in the streets. because how dare you as that says. and chris tompkins herself who's now exemption

if the younger generation isn't to end up being forced into using geo engineering then climate protection efforts must increase dramatically. and yet the very prospect of technical solutions could stine me afa to c o 2 emissions it's a certainty that some people who want to fight against emissions you know it's like a big oil or fossil rich nations maybe exploit the work we're doing exaggerating how well this works flawlessly through it with lies claim that we don't need to cut emissions that's of course complete nonsense we do have to cut emissions but i don't think the fact that people will put it through sport there's a little bit there's a reason that we should you know hear no evil see no evil try and pretend there's nothing here. he's got the call from the moon i haven't given up hope that will turn things around in time then is the end if we do i think it would be

responsible to do some geo engineering for a ton of it all just to flash in this peak of the warming a little bit to be decent have albums peaked at us up i'd say temporary solar radiation management and because removing c o 2 from the atmosphere will have to be done over a long time as all the sea a to leave a message has to be taken out of the atmosphere would one of the deals geo engineering the terms geo engineering is a misnomer it will never understand it in terms of going in there like engineers stuff we has to feel our way and learn as we go and we'll have to be able to stop at any time without it coming back to bite us all still that's a basic that's why aren't faucets i'll only consider such measures if we know for sure we can stop without negative consequences are done entirely suga help to matusz it was ocean city the science is unambiguous the existing measures on to not to keep the key. i'm stable so it's probably only a matter of time until radical geo engineering comes into play harlow we

are in the next few years it's really sort of proper tipping point on how things unfold and minds are not good and we are ready to drastically change our way of living on windows to museums. put a lot of effort to market and to movies filters but hot available but we need to apply that. huge scale and if we do that that we are certainly will be successful. to destroy beauty to actually destroy all movies. will come around. to contact the school system or sports but it's going to change. the breakdown of social structures in the store and so. on in there is a bonus in the good stuff. that's in all of us. good

for clean attention we should start swinging back the other direction. to good shape. there's no cure for a child to this question how can one lead to normal life with a potentially taken high risk they are working on a vaccine better therapeutic drugs. and new may be able to defeat the virus one day we talked to hendricks today leading. the sunshine the good ship. 30 minutes on t.w. .

we have an important numerous. smoking is healthy post designs are good for the beings global warming doesn't exist. well not yet comes from. the industry is controlling your thoughts and slowly you find. it's not easy to spot. the great books of the 20th century. present day hoaxes. and who's behind the. manufacturing ignorance starts may 3rd on d. w. .

you're watching the news live from berlin honor and a life of public service. britain prepares for the funeral of prince philip the late husband of queen elizabeth will be laid to rest this afternoon in a small private ceremony at windsor castle also coming up. india's capital delhi goes into lockdown as it struggles to contain a surgeon coronavirus cases nationwide more than 230000 new infections are reported in a single day another new record.