i learned a long time but when it comes to. perhaps the biggest. i'm going on the average i love that there are pros and there are when you. realize that they're not the way. you read to me then heard me right. herd immunity could be our best chance of getting back to enjoying ourselves together if enough people have the antibodies for covered 19 the entire population can be protected but is that an impossible dream can global herd immunity ever be achieved without it with a pandemic ever be truly over vaccinations ramped up these are the questions being asked around.

robots in berlin welcome to the do we use covered 19 special now we've been hearing the herd immunity throughout the pandemic in the early days when some were suggesting we should let infections run riot to achieve it as fast as possible and nowadays with vaccinations making it possible to boost the populations protection in a controlled and well the safer way but how does herd immunity actually work let's have a look. what is herd immunity. if many in a herd are immune to a disease the pathogen cannot spread further that's when herd immunity is achieved . why is herd immunity important. we can use it to protect the weak babies for example they're too young to be vaccinated against some diseases for people with chronic diseases as well because they can't tolerate vaccinations those with

a weak immune system such as after chemotherapy also benefit because herd immunity reduces the risk of getting infected. how many have to be immune and. that varies depending on the disease the important factor is the reproduction rate of a pathogen it indicates the number of people on average that one infected person will pass on a virus to the higher the number the more infectious it is for measles the basic reproduction rate is 15 for cover $1000.00 that's about 3. how is herd immunity calculated. very simply with this formula where it h. is equal to one minus one divided by r.'s 0 for the corona virus that means that the herd immunity h. is one minus one divided by 3 which is 2 thirds that means 2 thirds of the population must be immune to have heard immunity in germany that would be over 50000000 people. what conditions must be met.

the prerequisite for herd immunity is that the antibodies we produce in an infection need to protect us in the long term with covert 19 it's not yet clear how long someone who has survived the disease will be immune what is certain is that people who have been infected are protected for at least several weeks. when i speak to edwin michael he's an epidemic ologist the university of south florida college of public health thanks for joining us on the call the 19 special you've been modeling timelines for immunity so i suppose the place to start is. is it possible to achieve it and if so when and if you look at the models which are in the predictions of you know the fraction of people live we need to human hearts to get herd immunity that is a function of the competition rate it is a function of the efficacy of the vaccines you know so those 2 will vary between

places and if you look at how people are mixing if you look at you know the normal models of e.u. which is the worst case scenario if you assume people are mixing randomly then you can work out what fraction of people might need to be immunized to get herd immunity and that works out far. between 80 to 95 percent. 80 to 90 percent of the people who need to be vaccinated to get her immunity not answer your question we are now above 50 percent just above 50 percent of people who are immune year in the u.s. . it's a combination of acquired immunity as well as vaccine india's immunity so that means we have to go you know another 30 percent of the people need to get immunized in order to achieve herd immunity can be acute herd immunity well that's going to

depend on people taking up the vaccines and that kick up is slowing and also there's a substantial people who are going to resist getting the vaccine now we were just talking about 90 seconds here there are a we're just talking about the united states can you name it i mean ahead of me seems like a tangible concept there although that there are a lot of people who still need to be persuaded to get the vaccine to get that but what about for the entire world can i mean is it realistic to say that you can get there for the entire world. yeah i mean if you look at you know if you look at vaccination rates you know and i see huge difference. between countries to talk on trees would be israel as we know united arab emirates you know and among the major countries is the u.k. and the united states you know and they are reaching 50 percent of both already and if you look at europe and the european countries in general the other european the

e.u. countries is between 20 to 30 percent you know and so there are a long way to go so you know it's so the countries that have started back in 18 very early of reach very high levels of immunity already the rest of the country africa's going to be a concern not much is known and we have seen what is happening in india maybe just below 10 percent of the population being immunized you know and the danger with that is if you release ocean my here is you're going to get the kinds of spikes or the waves that he had seeing in india which is devastating you know that country so you're right there's a long long way to go before globally we're going to achieve herd immunity and so i think when my mental head nice's come if. we're talking about had immunity to specific strains of corona virus only talking about in

a 2 to 2 every possible incarnation of this now corona virus that's a really good question you know and that is going to depend on the kinds of immune responses which are been in use by the vaccines right now if you look at a vaccine yes the m.r. and the rx in there are you know the immune response you know is induced a spike protein yes but you know that is a whole range of immune response of spike of good he's not just one particular response to those spike protein. so if you got another strain on last that strain you know the mutation the strain is completely novel and completely you know else you have hundreds i could be in you know that is going to reduce the accuracy of the vaccines you know it is the accuracy rates which is going to govern the traction of people that we need to immunize now evolutionarily you know getting to that kind of in a brand new straight you know if it's

a long shot you know for the wires as well so we could actually right now was initially i think i'd be looking at needing multiple herd immunity is right and there's not actually they are aiming 10 this pandemic with had immunity is that we need herd immunity to the various different variants yeah i mean yes because the article says world very you know. between strains you know the vaccine or to ghazi's and that's going to dig you know the amount of people that you're going to need to vaccinate but in general you know. even if i can present in a difference in the africans the rates in all the vaccines against the different strains we're still looking at dad you know that window of you know 80 to 90 percent right people need to be vaccinated at or much of the universe to have it be as you rightly look at it you know globally you want to see the end of this pandemic it's

a global phenomenon but we're get there one day hopefully when michael from the university of south florida's college of public health thanks for joining us. thank you for now you may be one of the lucky ones who's already been vaccinated against covered 19 if so you may have also asked yourself today's question for our science correspondent very quickly. how long with the vaccines of protection. we don't know yet and even when we do know more there won't be a single answer to this question since about a dozen different vaccines are currently in use around the world and since they're made by different manufacturers and are based on a range of different platforms they almost certainly won't all protect people for the same periods of time on average what we can say is that the makers of some of

the 1st vaccines to enter use widely last december are now reporting back that levels of antibodies have generally remained quite high in recipients which is an indicator that those people are still well protected 6 months after getting their shots those results have researchers hopeful that immune response at least that induced by those vaccines will last at least a year and possibly a lot longer but developers aren't leaving it to chance most have already started modifying and testing the next generation of vaccines some of which specifically target variants of concern trials involving a 3rd booster shot with them are ongoing and don't forget. though there is no sign

yet that vaccine induced protection is beginning to wane even if it does that won't happen overnight and even if immunity does start to drop faster than predicted health care authorities would notice it early and a lot of the experts i've read seem to be pretty confident that we'll be able to respond quickly. eric williams there if you've got a question for derek you can submit one through our you tube channel we're putting as many through them many of them to him as we've also become and before we go things are starting to look a little bit more like normal in the spanish capital madrid where the 1st bull fight has been held since the pandemic began seating was restricted and spectators will face masks as they watched master dogs take on 7 bulls in a charity event to raise money for out of work bullfighters attempt just take another dog and another tradition was also back animal rights protesters outside

raising their objections while remaining socially just. not so for me and this college 19 special if you want more check out our website so next time you buy. trick kids. that you love she will fix dravidian don't fits and glitter glitter glitter. for. their fighting against prejudice i got called cable like i did nothing and just dancing and for britney to. be offered. little start on

the big stage. starts mid seventy's. are you ready for some great news i'm christine one glass on the i m f u my country you know with a brand new day wus africa the show that tackles the issues shaping the concert live now with more time to in-depth look up to all of the transcripts of what's making the hittites and what's behind the way on the streets to give you in-depth reports on the inside. w. news in africa every friday on g.w. . where all. the good. men. take on the. old it is where all of the stories that matter to you.

to. believe. me. we are yours actually on fire. thank. you. it's world press freedom day and they're not in coachella we'll be looking at how different people have found ways to tell their stories and make their voices heard despite censorship and oppression. in zimbabwe will meet 2 comedians who are fighting injustice with a surprisingly effective weapon satire. we'll see how director clothes and oscar winning film nomad land are being censored in china. and as an antidote

to journey to fast fun camp places without ever leaving home in our series 100 german must reads. welcome to the show every year on world press freedom day d w awards its freedom of speech prize this year's recipient is nigerian reporter to bora of warri in 2013 of war embarked on a courageous and dangerous project she went undercover as a sex worker to investigate human trafficking in nigeria experiencing violence and abuse in the process the resulting report shed light on the problems facing young women who were louer to live the forced prostitution in europe the report also lead to criminal inquiries and inspired the netflix film or new to re. of warre will receive the award next month during the w's global media forum now let's stay in africa but travel south to zimbabwe where 2 women are taking

a different approach to fighting injustice with the economy in crisis and government critics brutally silenced comedians maggy and gun yeti are airing their dissatisfaction through humor their satirical sketches broadcast online are hitting a nerve the pay as you tube videos have racked up thousands of views. this is a parody but it reflects the reality is and. the regular good. god almighty here tomorrow not that i'm not for to hold my counsel to miss out but. many zimbabweans still don't have access to good health care. and their weekly skits maggie and 2 young female comedians talk about the daily issues affecting their fellow citizens. a lot of women are facing difficulty. delivering their babies. who finding mammy lou was one of the flaw so my giving

bev in public transport was it's. said the channel bus stop t.v. started as an experiment among friends they posted this get some social media and then they quickly grew in popularity. so. they decided to reproduce these conversations skits and spies by the news and real life experiences. just before the start of the covert $900.00 pandemic and even launched a show in a minibus but you to the pandemic that show had to be halted social issues governance mission or governance service delivery so such issues are those that we

cover but there are still to good topics insulting the president for example is punishable by law after the ousting of former president robert mugabe who was in power for 37 years and had hoped for better days but a commie is in ruins and those who criticize authorities are still being silenced. bus stop t.v. offers an alternative to the mainstream news and by disguising their messages in humor they try to avoid government censorship. yes just enough to get your next meal and in the meantime you'll get from a bus stop and you laugh so bad when you make fun of the situation we're not going to give. it a actually telling you things are. like when talking about police violence but what patients i would like to assure the issues that we do not promote violence it's something that the team members experienced 1st hand i was i don't think last year i guess last year. after doing as kids. kids

we were. we're talking about police brutality that's. for through the roof where it was it was tough it was something else. feared for his safety but the reactions of our followers kept her going some are saying you're good at what you're doing really highlighted the same situation in our beloved country. more tragic than fun thank you buster to hear it again while letting this story while letting this sort of state of our nation through committee what we are trying to tell is hid like people are watching people are relating saw is good. young team at bus stop t.v. make people laugh and they give them some form of comic relief they're hoping for change in zimbabwe and as they watch by so many they hope that they too can

contribute to this change. clothes now made history as the 1st asian woman and the 2nd woman ever to win the best director oscar but viewers in her native china were not able to enjoy her triumph the ceremony was censored along with all mentions of sour in the media have film a nomad land which won best picture still hasn't opened there the backlash began in march when beijing discovered an interview the director gave 8 years ago. the world is talking about filmmaker chloe except china where the director of the oscar winning film nomad land was born the reason is an interview style gave him 2013 where she described china as a place where there are lies everywhere she and her film have been censored from the internet in china so have people in beijing heard of her. money sorry i haven't heard anything. i haven't heard her name very young.

this man decides what people in china are allowed to see right after taking office president g. jinping declared that art has the fundamental responsibility to serve socialism he's increasingly been using china's economic might to censor hollywood as well. thanks to the pandemic last year china was the biggest film market in the world with some 2000000000 euros in revenue now or in a situation where offending the chinese government me into training his life it addresses his homosexuality including a scene of a kiss which was removed from the chinese release. a scene recreating a famous music video in which mercury dressed in women's clothes was also cut homosexuality is taboo in china. in

a report titled made in hollywood censored by beijing james taker analyzes the self-censorship by the us film business. hollywood enjoys this reputation of being an industry that speaks truth to governmental power to see that this sort of free pass that the industry overall is given to beijing to influence their movies is disappointing. china's president knows that if he controls hollywood he also controls what the rest of us see and what we feel. is hollywood being willing to change content for the global release of the movies not just the version of the movies that show in china so that the chinese communist party censureship dictates actually affect what the entire world watches the chinese posters for nomad land had already been printed before the banner china's propaganda apparatus loves films

that are critical of the u.s. not criticism of its own country nomad land is unlikely to ever be shown in china. in other news here's something i bet you haven't seen for a long time thousands of revelers attended a music festival in the u.k. city of liverpool without mosques or social distancing the event at the weekend was part of an experiment to test the safety of not scale gatherings ahead of the country's to be opening attendees had to produce a negative 19 test. u.k. police say they are assessing allegations of sexual harassment by as of yet unnamed man that statement follows accusations against actor and director no clock made by more than 25 women bafta has suspended his award for outstanding british contribution to cinema clock is best known for kidulthood adult brotherhood films about bullying and drug abuse among young london is. the pandemic has turned

many of us into chad to it's only able to dream of the adventures we might enjoy if only we could austrian author christoph runs my own has been all over the world for you and he's fictionalized his adventures in a collection of short stories the result atlas of an anxious man is the latest book in our series 100 german must reads. what if you could travel the whole world see every continent and you wouldn't even have to quit your job abandon friends and family or max out your credit cards well i may have an idea. here's a little tip out was of an anxious man by austrian author costar for i'm smart who take you want to world tour you want to have to leave the house for it's more

adventurous than it sounds you'll meet a golf player at the north pole and a welsh birdwatcher drinking whisky on the great wall of china. you'll experience a terrifying drug search on the malaysian border you'll hear an aztec human sacrifice back from the dead playing accordion for spare change 70 very short stories about different places different people different landscapes each poetic tale starts with the words i saw and the sun smiled lets us see with him the wonders and the horrors of humans and nature and their violent collisions for instance a brazilian anaconda the queen of the wild getting run over by a truck the anaconda was still alive and slithered on words slower now without its former fluid grace and occasionally as though seized by spasms but on words nonetheless there was no visible wound on its pattern skin but its spine must have

been broken this queen would now reign only over the realm of the dead with her broken back whom could she hunt now without once raising its head above the foliage the queen crept silently into oblivion. author coastal crime smiles spent decades travelling to the places he describes in the book his adventures will either make you want to go out and collect some stories of your own or maybe you'll just be glad you read his instead. you can find more on all the books in the series on our you tube channel books and check out our website of all the w. dot com culture for more stories including the latest casualty of the kind to make germany's iconic october fest which has been counseled for 2nd year running for more about the arts and culture in berlin.

what does it actually mean to these adult incisive cops minds and we traveled to the northern reaches embrace and just days before scotland's general election. pledge to the people then think about them homeland and how do they feel about the cause of the united. states going to crazy to.

13 years. the of watching of all the to obtain knowledge in the water the food has topped the poorer and poorer countries. valuing education they are demanding good quality education for their children the cost put it more and also realize that if they have to have good quality products and good quality consumers they need to look quality skilled workforce i'm very confident that in 2050 north child or no adult will demand illiterate that is the fundamental human rights that is the divine right which the nature of the body has given to us and those ruled on this

legend of it that i had to look good was pledging of it that i had the freedom that against nature that i just bought.

this is g.w. newsline from berlin tonight hoping to save the summer vacation season from the pandemic of the european union and those plans to welcome tours again national vaccination programs are speeding up and that means europe's borders could be open to travelers in time for the summer politics also coming up tonight a dramatically different scene in india hospitals there are making emergency appeals for oxygen.