w. out to send us few photos and videos of what's happening where you are. and you're up to date up next on d.w. all the latest on the pandemic an alcove tonight in special dug away. the fight against the corona virus pandemic. has the rate of infection been developing what does the latest research say. information and contacts the coronavirus update 19. on t.w. . and you you know years and years we can hear you and how last year's german chancellor will bring you i'm going to map call as you've never heard her before

surprise yourself with what is possible who is medical really what moves and what. to talk to people who followed her along the way admirers and critics alike how is the world's most powerful woman shaping her legacy joining us from eccles last i. heard immunity could be our best chance of getting back to enjoying ourselves together if enough people have the antibodies for covered 19 the entire population can be protected but is that an impossible dream can global herd immunity ever be achieved without it with a pandemic ever be truly over as vaccinations ramp up these are the questions being asked around the trucks.

from robots in berlin welcome to the do we use coded 19 special now we've been hearing the term herd immunity throughout the pandemic in the early days when some were suggesting we should let infections run riot to achieve it as fast as possible and nowadays with vaccinations making it possible to boost the population's protection in a controlled and or the safer way but how does herd immunity actually work let's have a look. what is herd immunity. if many in a herd are immune to a disease the pathogen cannot spread further that's when herd immunity is achieved . why is herd immunity important. we can use it to protect the weak babies for example they're too young to be vaccinated against some disease it's for people with chronic diseases as well because they can't tolerate vaccinations those with

a weak immune system such as after chemotherapy also benefit because herd immunity reduces the risk of getting infected. how many have to be anyone. that varies depending on the disease the important factor is the reproduction rate of a pathogen it indicates the number of people on average that one infected person will pass on a virus to the higher the number the more infectious it is for measles the basic reproduction rate is 15 for cover $1000.00 it's about 3. how is herd immunity calculated. danny simply with this formula where it h. is equal to one minus one divided by r.'s 0 for the corona virus that means that the herd immunity in each is one minus one divided by 3 which is 2 thirds that means 2 thirds of the population must be immune to have heard immunity and germany that would be over 50000000 people. what conditions must be met.

the prerequisite for herd immunity is that the antibodies we produce an infection need to protect us in the long term with covert 19 it's not yet clear how long someone who has survived the disease will be immune what is certain is that people who have been infected are protected for at least several weeks. let's speak to edwin michael he's an epidemic ologist the university of south florida college of public health thanks for joining us on the call the 19 special you've been modeling timelines for immunity so i suppose the place to start is. is it possible to achieve it and if so when and if you look at the models which are in the predictions of you know the fraction of people that we need to demonize to get herd immunity that is a function of you know the competition rate it is a function of the efficacy of the vaccines you know so those 2 will vary between

places and if you look at how people are mixing if you look at you know the the normal models of a you which is the worst case scenario if you assume people are mixing randomly then you can work out what fraction of people might need to be immunized to get herd immunity and that works out far. between 80 to 95 percent. 80 to 90 percent of the people need to be vaccinated to get herd immunity not answer your question we are now above 50 percent just above 50 percent of people who are immune year in the u.s. you know it's a combination of acquired immunity as well as vaccine india's immunity so that means we have to go you know another 30 percent of the people need to get immunized you know to achieve herd immunity can be acute herd immunity well that's going to

depend on people taking up the vaccines and that pick up is slowing and also there's a substantial people who are going to resist getting the vaccine now anyway just to have a night of states where there are a we're just talking about the united states can you name it i am and you know how to me it seems like a tangible concept there although that there are a lot of people who still need to be persuaded to get the vaccine to get there but what about for the entire world can i mean is it realistic to say that you can get there for the entire world. yeah i mean if you look at you know if you look at vaccination rates you know and see huge difference right between countries the top countries would be israel has been you know united arab emirates you know and among the major countries is the u.k. and the united states you know and they are reaching 50 percent of both already and if you look at europe and the european countries in general the other european the

e.u. countries is between 20 to 30 percent you know and so there are a long way to go so you know just so the countries that have started back in 18 very early of reach very high levels of immunity already the rest of the country africa's going to be a concern not much is not and you've seen what is happening in india with just below 10 percent of the population being immunized you know and in danger with that is you release ocean right here is you're going to get the kinds of spikes of the waves that he had seeing in india which is devastating you know that country so you're right there's a long long way to go before globally we're going to achieve herd immunity and so i can when my mental her niceness come if. we're talking about herd immunity to specific strains of coronavirus only talking about to take to every possible

incarnation of the smelter and a virus that's a really good question you know and that is going to depend on the kinds of immune responses which are been in use by the vaccines right and if you look at a vaccine yes the m.r. and the rx in there are you know the immune response you know is induced a spike protein yes but you know that is a whole range of immune response of spike of good is not just one particular response to the spike protein. so if you got another strain on last that strain you know the mutation the strain is completely novel and completely you know elsewhere from the spy code in you know that is going to reduce the accuracy of the vaccines you know it is you have to go see rates which is going to govern the traction of people there be need to immunize now evolutionarily you know getting to that kind of in a brand new straight you know it's

a long shot you know for the wireless as well so we could us right now was initially nothing could be looking at needing multiple herd immunity is right it is not actually they are aiming to end this pandemic with had immunity is that we need head immunities to the various different variants yeah i mean yes because africa's is world very you know. between strains you know the vaccine or to disease and that's going to dig you know the amount of people that you're going to need to vaccinate but in general you know really even if it can present in a difference in the africans the rates you know of the vaccines against the different strains we're still looking at dad you know that window of you know 80 to 90 percent right of people who need to be vaccinated and are most of the universe to have if because you look at it you know globally if you want to see the end of

this pandemic it's a global phenomenon but we'll get there one day hopefully when michael from the university of south florida's college of public health thanks for joining us thank you for now you may be one of the lucky ones who's already been vaccinated against covered 19 if so you may have also asked yourself today's question for our science correspondent very quickly. how long with the vaccines of protection. we don't know yet and even when we do know more there won't be a single answer to this question since about a dozen different vaccines are currently in use around the world and since they're made by different manufacturers and are based on a range of different platforms they almost certainly won't all protect people for the same periods of time on average what we can say is that the makers of some of

the 1st vaccines to enter use widely last december are now reporting back that levels of antibodies have generally remained quite high in recipients which is an indicator that those people are still well protected 6 months after getting their shots those results have researchers hopeful that immune response at least that induced by those that seems will last at least a year and possibly a lot longer but developers aren't leaving it to chance and most have already started modifying and testing the next generation of vaccines some of which specifically target variants of concern trials involving a 3rd booster shot with them are ongoing and don't forget. though there is no sign

yet that vaccine induced protection is beginning to wane even if it does that won't happen overnight and even if immunity does start to drop faster than predicted health care authorities would notice it early and a lot of the experts i've read seem to be pretty confident that we'll be able to perspire and quickly. eric williams there if you got a question for derek you can submit one through our you tube channel we're putting as many through them a many of them to him as we possibly can and before we go things are starting to look a little bit more like normal in the spanish capital madrid where the 1st bull fight has been held since the pandemic began seating was restricted and spectators wore face masks as they watched master doors take on 7 bulls in a charity event to raise money for out of work both fighters temperatures were taken of the dog and another tradition was also back animal rights protesters

outside raising their objections while remaining socially just. not so for me and this colleague 19 special if you do want more check out our website so next time you buy. what does it actually mean to be daunting is amazing to us. we travel to the northern reaches of breaks in just days before scotland's general election. pledging that he will then think about their time then and how do they feel about being out of the united kingdom. for it seems guilty crazy to frame. w. . eco india. how can

a country's economy grow in harmony with its people and the environment when there are do worse look at the bigger picture india a country that faces many challenges engines people are striving to create a sustainable future clever projects from europe and india. in 60 minutes on t.w. . trading trades. that you love for a few weeks extravagant outfits and the glitter glitter glitter. they're fighting against prejudice i don't hold cable like i did nothing just

dancing up and formed recognition. for little stars on the big stage. strokes my 17. w. . above. scotland is wild expansive and beautiful. a land of breathtaking countryside. and bustling cities. global of life and of course full of scots many of whom are wondering these days what it actually means to be scottish. because there's always that says if community in the chinking that's deference scottish people an upright mysel. people just tell you how they feel they don't want to go

about it said enough lot of the worst over stapled if you like to. do england i think is wrong or the other way from the plane many scots feel they are fundamentally different from their english neighbors and want to be governed differently as well and particularly since breakfast. once grounded mainly in the realm of folklore the idea of the scottish character may now have serious political ramifications for the united kingdom. and. the 24 year old sophie galt doesn't need

a home office her workplace is already isolated and very well ventilated. it's in the middle of scotland in the heart of the highlands at the foot of ben alder. and. sophie spends the whole day outdoors among the mountains long heat and more like. you know the basics. but. it's everson from the tiniest blade of grass right up to the clouds in the sky. like. feeding the horses is also one of her tasks and even unskilled workers can help her . fingers and the others are already waiting. in the summer the working pony has carried the deer carcasses down the mountain. in winter they need

more to eat than the barren highlands can offer. the young scots woman says that becoming a deer hunter was the best decision she's ever made. him. there is something i'm really proud of. wildlife. wildlife is it can see the stars in the distance. even more there's always that sense of community in the us. i praise myself and. humor. so if you work on a private estate your dog when you're in the highlands it non pandemic times it's a popular destination for hunters and holiday makers. but sophie sees herself as a paid environmentalist. whether she's reforesting or

restoring pete moore's she sees her job as serving nature and the land 'd 'd. hunting as part of the. ready ready winter impacts older animals in particular ready today so if he spots a herd that needs. there's there's definitely a few although heinz field or leave i would have preferred to take out there was a lot more congestion over the winter than a younger hind would and so they could walk to them before they get to that stage before their stuff and as what we pride ourselves on doing as well. it may seem cool to shoot the animals let's call it one has the highest density of red deer in europe and they breed like rabbits. left unchecked sophie explains the population would grow so fast that the animals would over graze the lamp store or succumb to diseases.

but these hinds are in luck today they're too far away for sophie to get a clear shot. they've just got a bit of darwin's. a little bit of a fright but they know there's no threat so they've already we are in full view here in full sight and if we start walking towards them they would be in a way they wouldn't be holding welcome back until. stalking them would take until evening. since it's not possible to shoot today it stays quiet on bed all day. but this refrigerated rooms contents are testimony to sophie's hunting skills. sophie loves her work caring for the animals all she has to do is rattle the food box and they come running down the mountain.

right at the front is sophie's favorite amish. sophie's job may seem cut off from the world at large but she's always thinking about the bigger picture. when i know in 10 years the things i'm doing in the job will affect everything from on the system to the wider scotland and not some object thing and that's i suppose it's a bit of a legacy. as we see again and again on our journey it's hard not to fall in love with scotland. and the desire to express this love is not just felt by scots.

fishing dirt out of the water raking up leaves maintaining the concrete. keith who is english and david who is scottish have spent many a weekend doing this for the last 20 years. these mysterious mounds which the men treat with such love are part of the world's largest 3 dimensional map of a country. it's in people's in the scottish borders region. when keith 1st discovered the map i want to walk in 1907 it was completely overgrown. looking down into the undergrowth and i i noticed the shape and. the shape of the mole of galloway which is a very conspicuous peninsula on the southwest side of the scottish coastline. and at that point i thought well no i've just got no right to not a nation. just out of curiosity i thought but it can't be if it were then if i wore

. north west i should find an island and to cut a long story short 10 minutes later i had walked north discovered ben roland walked across around the more climbed over ben nevis and arrived at the north coast of scotland at the lighthouse to ensure realising that this was a. relief model of the whole of scotland. the relief model features all the mountains and loss of the scottish landscape. a nuclear engineer set out to find the creators of this patriotic work to no avail. was lost in the local memory. and. being. offended me because a lot of creative design effort went into producing it who had made it and why and it eventually led to me discovering my

colleague david cameron. david cameron is a retired architect from edinburgh is this part of the tree. that the relief was the brainchild of yon tamasha a polish 2nd world war veteran who had married a scottish woman. became a successful local hotel and bought the barony castle hotel in peoples. he wanted to create a monument to express his love for his adopted country. calling it the great polish map of scotland he had his compatriot cousin yet a tough us client to build it. and. david had met cousin yet to try farce in the early 1990 s. . the polish photographer was quite elderly and hadn't been to scotland for a long time. he asked david to search for his relief map.

this was. trouble all told tall weeds a pool of water on the left here. and cartridge shells everywhere from cleavage and shooting and the same and i reported back to him and he was so sad about it it looked so they're put all this time and do it all these trips over and so i had just made this rush promise. david hadn't got very far with his promise until keith stumbled upon the map. them but 2 men found it a charity scotland and in 2018 the relief was finally fully restored. at the time britain was still a member of the e.u. with scotland in the same political union as poland of course this is no longer the case heading for troubled waters here because i i have supported breaks it very

strongly for a long time and still do so this is where david and i diverged i think it's romantic idea that experience has shown to be totally impractical and i think the european union is a dysfunctional mess showing no signs of getting its act together i'm not going to accuse keith of having narrowness of mind or anything like that but i think. shall we say although we're one aisle and i think somehow my impression is that the english people inshallah. and perhaps. more so but looking at least that's how i like to think of it more and more scots believe that their country would be better off if it were as independent as it looks here in this pond. david is no fan of the government of london and

believes in the fundamental differences between the scottish and the english were ignored. but he sees a total detachment from england as an impossibility if only for geological reasons . i think is wrong or interesting in a way that scotland in fact is you know logically part of the north american plate. and at one stage there would have been a sea between scotland and england when scotland. england england went underneath and then volcanoes came off the line and so were silver stapled if you like to. do england i think is rather difficult to get away from the . problem that the shetland islands do not have. they don't fit on the relief map at all they're so far north of the scottish

mainland closer to norway than to edinburgh. yet shetland is still quintessentially scotland with its beautiful landscape and sparse population. the sense of community here is important and people take a great deal of pride in their small islands but there's a lot of curiosity about the wider world too. shetlanders have been buoyed by their oil which was 1st discovered here in the 1970 s. . the revenues from the oil industry have been invested wisely in the local community to build roads and public institutions. now with an eye on the future shetlanders are slowly transitioning to wind power. yet fishing is still the major source of income and shut down. more fish are caught

here than in england northern ireland and wales put together. victor lawrence and isn't catching anything at the moment. he's been stuck in the harbor for over a month. before he can take his ship the radian star out along the west coast for self employed fisherman means a spare part from sweden the them. the trouble with. such. a stupid thing. to do but if. you know what you mean i don't. know. the majority of the fishermen all over the united kingdom voted for it. because it isn't the only one who disapproves of european colleagues

encroaching on british waters. with their huge ships they take more than their fair share of the cash. yeah yeah. but. the church bells in the crowd town hall of blair wake are still like big bad. but now that britain has detached itself from the e.u. and scotland wants to separate from britain the desire for independence has spread to shetland to. steven and the other local councillors think that shetland should liberate itself

from both britain and scotland. the benefit to the local community like it should. we want to get. away from the westminster parliament. but these are life. any local political accountability. victor wants no more discussions about independence it costs him 1000 euros for every day he spends at sea in fuel alone he has 2 children and doesn't want any more uncertainty about the future. up on the. tree of the thought.

that you always. feel. solidarity and sticking together are things scots talk about often. but ideals in reality are not always aligned. glasgow is certainly familiar with this. the old working class city is a tough place. glasgow is struggling to combat drugs violence and unemployment. is scotland's biggest city it's also the center of design culture and literature. on buchanan street in the city center we meet up with janie god like. the comedian is well known all over the country. in 2020 she won the scots speaker of the year award. the 59 year old has lived by the river clyde all her life i love the freedom

. this is the this is. what you get that's what you. get that's. glasgow was a poor so and it brought in so many people from all over the world and the school. that is well you know we have problems like have a set. in the world but the one thing about this people just tell you how they feel they don't go about. on the floor. you don't get. this is done. janie grew up poor married young and ran the public her husband for 15 years. when they had to give it up she became a comedian. for many here she's become the voice of scotland funny honest and unpretentious

. but some people cannot stand her. all my boyfriends. one reason is that she's anything but ladylike. going to meetings. when we swear especially a female because if you're a portion female and yes waiting is sounds like you're just being cheeky but if you're a female and you're. really nina. like everyone else in showbusiness jamie's life has been hard hit by the coronavirus. this is the biggest audience since march. i guess anyone from outside. how you did one is a. tough tough. but

her online audience is larger than ever. in deep jamie's popularity has grown along with that of nicholas sturgeon the scottish 1st minister. the coronavirus statistics are not much better in scotland or england but sturgeon's empathetic manner and factual information of one people over. janie does a boy so for a sturgeon's daily briefings in her own words the 1st minister started to do these daily briefings i decided the message just became. enough where can i get the us to be attention you know get attention for it so i started to do us and see the things she's really wanted to see like status but i'm going to die i'm going to stick my top the clock. i became her. translator basically i don't buy it. i'm going to do with trade for the country i

found rush things through and people die almost. see that you're going to begin with but it's this thing. for months a consistent majority of the scots have said that prime minister boris johnson is going too far. the english politician is extremely unpopular here. jenny also hopes that nicola sturgeon will win the election to the scottish parliament to me and that there will then be a 2nd referendum for scottish independence. that has made a fundamental difference to the situation. we were told by content of 14 we people who support and the bands as we've done the pendants they will protect and keep it up. and it's basically a mom and dad same like going bad terribly when you wake up you will have a pony and you're going to bed you're sleeping. and there's just

a cushion in the shape of a cat instead and that's. just light they lied and they lived in the light and that's what they died. for cheney scottish independence is the only way forward. more and more scots are dreaming of being able to vote directly on the issues that affect the. whole. the coronavirus epidemic has forced a folk singer to give to stay at home and in this village. he normally tours through the country and sings. during the lockdown he and the other inhabitants of wanlockhead the highest village in scotland altitude was decided to start a revolution. for hundreds of years one like head is belong to. aristocratic family . now the community wants to buy back 15 hectares of land from the current duke of

a clue. well why is this has. it done to history buff you know why is that why is all this land here as is the lot just a private london out in the u.k. because there's a jerk of a clue clue as we call them and why what did he do to get it what's it done to keep but what's it done to improve it the done nothing all he does is like mel to recently like to shoot bugs the sky and get tax relief from the london homes you know say the done nothing what. certainly nothing for the community. lincoln richfield moved from england to wanlockhead scotland. to live in a civilized country at last as he puts it. we're looking at this area here would mean we end somewhere along that horizon line there

the land that we will be hopefully boy. one 3rd of scottish land belongs to just a few large landowners. who didn't have a revolution. here not that kind of revolution you know these landowners go back to the norman conquest so. it's a it's a long time situation really. you know you're not going to get me to say much about me. instead of chasing the feudal lord off with a pitchfork and the old fashioned way they want to offer him 1600000 euros for the rugged land the barren hills and a few sheep. in the 18th century when it was worth owning a village but then duke of the clue built mines and smelting plants there. thanks to its lead in gold reserves wanlockhead was dubbed god's treasure trove.

but clue also ran a hunting lodge here. these days the tiny village is of little interest to the duke . but the wanlockhead locals love their village on their part which is after all the highest pub in scotland. during the pandemic people are keeping their distance . the only 2 tourists are from england they're impressed by david lincoln's bold plan it's the affordable housing. the decency to the internet. and just looks interesting for young people. so maybe that's why one of the things we want to do is try and create 2 local jobs. so i think what exactly is an amazing absolutely amazing. tool choice you. can go to the. place of people working here. you know you'll be wise for

what you're doing your job and you live here and do your job one market is not alone and it's endeavor all over scotland local councils have now bought up some 3 percent of the land. the scottish government to supporting this late land reform as best as it came. if an application is convincing the state will finance the acquisition and that. is only about half of one long heads $200.00 inhabitants have voted to pay off the duke lincoln is worried he might not get the necessary funding but he's firmly convinced that his project is part of an overall trend. this is a very different country to england with. substantially different values. much more school is much more in tune to europe than england and i'm an englishman that's why i live in scotland so it's just a natural step. to go from there and here.

well. the thing is next. year hunter so if he thinks that independence is a question of attitude. like most of her fellow scots she wanted to stay in the european union. while a slight majority of scots feel that brooks it is a good enough reason to separate from britain so few would rather wait. and call myself small ish 1st before i do a british style love and. i absolutely love it as well but i can see where people are coming from western with and that's right now and if there is to be another referendum i don't think now is the time i think we'll that that's the hend thing. and then once we know where and where were our feet our. independence and self-determination mean different things to different people.

geography and history brought the scots to a point where many can picture a future outside the united kingdom. which only recently only through english voters became a reality was supposed to make britain more independent. but what it has shown most clearly is just how different scotland is something that could spell the end of the united kingdom in its current form.

because india. how can a country's economy grow in harmony with its people and find that when there are doers look at the bigger picture india a country that faces many challenges and whose people are striving to create a sustainable future clever projects from europe and india eagle. and 30 minutes on w. . planted by law enforcement and forgotten by society. discarded children on the streets of the philippines searching for homes but what they find is persecution in prison and violence. a film about minnows homeless children who are fighting for survival every single day. in 74 when its own d.w.

literature invites us to see people in particular. i like to see her son as the kids find strength growing up her. objective is to share work and find beautiful. to do the books on you to. believe. this is news and these are our top stories the european commission has outlined plans to reopen europe's borders travelers who are fully vaccinated with an approved coronavirus vaccine would be able to enjoy the new freedoms travel into the e.u. with current limited to visit his from just.