you know leaving school when suddenly an explosion happened. my classmate was killed 10 minutes later another explosion happened and then a 3rd one everyone was screaming and i was blood everywhere. the violence comes a week the u.s. and nato troops began their final exit of afghanistan some fear that could leave people here facing more scenes like this one as militant groups and afghan security forces battle to gain political power. from kabul joined by journalist t.v. this is the 2nd attack in 10 days where the u.s. pulling out is the security situation where something now i think this is a curious situation has always been bad. obviously you know groups will try and show their strength even more now but to say that it worsening is kind of a misnomer because. you know it's not it's not as if the u.s. forces were outside girls' schools in the past you know hospitals in the past or

protecting civilian institutions by any means or as if you know this neighborhood and particularly didn't become a constant target of the so-called islamic state during the last 5 or 6 years when the u.s. was still here so no i think it's a misnomer to say that it has to do with the u.s. withdrawal that's good to know about that target seems to have been a girls' school what does that tell us. you know i was talking to some of the families today. and one of them in particular actually 2 of them and 2 of the mothers were saying that you know their daughters their children were saying that you know we don't want to go to school anymore school is dangerous you know please don't make us go back to school they would wake up in the middle of the night asking where they are making sure that they weren't back in school. and so this is really the case and if you look at what happened in logout about 2 weeks ago where

it was young male students who were targeted you know it's very much. seems to be focused on the future of this country and the people who want to do better for this country who want to again you know these are one of the port this is one of the poorest communities in kabul especially within the community that about 30 you know i was unpaved dirt roads mostly mud houses the young students and low god were also you know you're from the district so they weren't very well to do either but all of these students are examples of young people trying to build themselves. and so you know this is a way of instilling fear in people who are trying to do better with what they were given despite all of the difficulties journalist t.v. in kabul thank you thank you. the stories making headlines around the world these are also the courthouse that the they could be the

fictional listing in families from east jerusalem homes to meet for jewish status tensions are still daily concentrations between security forces on the stadiums i'm sure it's up to. russia mocked the 76th anniversary of its victory in the 2nd world war with the massive display of military strength and must was right square more than $10000.00 service to is yes i read comes up to russia last large numbers of troops on the border out to the ukraine. demonstrators have taken to the streets of paris on a friend cities to call for more ambitious measures to fight climate change the government has a bill in the cabin in house gases activists say that as a nation doesn't go far enough. spain's 6 month long national state of medicine in dog fights in the current virus pandemic to an end kraus took

to the streets to celebrate a nighttime catches right left along with domestic travel restrictions spain's government defended the relaxation in action of its stabilized. while wealthier nations ordered vaccines for the assets and many developing countries are still scrambling to secure those as the world health organization says nearly a dozen countries many of them in africa still waiting to get any vaccines out whole the african continent though as vaccination rates 12 wide not central africa is one of the countries in the wait in line. at a dismissal hospital in chat's capital in jemima there are no debates over how to best roll out vaccines to everyone there are simply no vaccines at all. not even for the doctors and nurses. when i hear that in other countries they're finished with the staff they're finished with the elderly and carry on with other

categories well here even people who work in health care are not vaccinated honestly it saddens me. chad is one of 5 african nations according to the w h o still waiting to get any doses that's in spite of kovacs the un backed program to ship could 1000 vaccines worldwide has expressed concerns about receiving the astra zeneca job fearing it may not protect against a variant 1st detected in south africa this lack of infrastructure and the delay in signing indemnity waivers with manufacturers has contributed to the supply lag and because they've had to wait several doctors at this hospital have fallen. for that and i think it's once again unfair and unjust and it's something that saddens me and i don't even have a choice in the 1st vaccine that comes along that has authorities ation take it. chad is expected to get some biotech pfizer doses next month if it can put in place

the cold storage facilities needed to preserve them in a country where temperatures soar each day over 40 degrees celsius that's more vital than ever. now to some other developments in the pandemic infections in india have risen by more than 400004th consecutive day the country's health minister reports that more than 4000 that's in the past 24. commission says it will not renew its. scenes when the current contract runs out in june the e.u. recently launched the legal action against the feeling to that level vaccine doses german residents fully immune to corona virus will no longer be subject to nightly use aren't scenes from today that includes people to box induces or have recovered a virus. john chancellor is stepping down. and there is no shortage of people looking to fill his shoes. for. the.

for the greens now the social democrats have chosen the chancellor candidate in key figure in the german government a grand coalition but lacking in the polls have any chance at all. we all have choice now the official chancellor candidate for germany's social democrats and the man who says. threatened it again i want to lead a government that moves our country forward and government that turns ideas into action instead of being hesitant doubtful and dragging its feet too far to for hidden fear at sunday's party conference in berlin he was backed by 96 percent of the delegates sheilds is currently chancellor angela merkel's deputy and finance minister before the pandemic he was a staunch defender of germany's strict fiscal policy but during the covert 900 crisis he pivoted taking on record debt to safeguard the german economy but the

road to the chancellor ship is a long one. the s.p.d. has seen a relentless decline in the polls since the year 2000 from 43 percent down to just 14 percent right now serving as junior partners in 3 so-called grand coalitions under anglo-american has come at a heavy cost the s.p.d. is the oldest party in germany found it moved in 150 years ago to represent the workers' movement through post-war chancellors have belonged to the party. the happy days can return all of sides is convinced if the s.p.d. can focus on 3 big issues the spec respect a policy program for the 2020s anteroom that. the s.p.d. is currently ranking 3rd behind the rivals from the greens and the conserved. but shots hopes that being the only candidate who served in national government will eventually given the edge that comes with me in the studios to the viewpoint of

correspondent nina. nina some see the german social democrats feel kindly in the coalition government of michael c. do you. is that too strong or would you say there are many people even within the s.p.d. who are now speaking of fears that they might not make a 2 digit result in september and if you look at the s.p.d. you know i said it in the report it's the oldest party in germany it has a strong tradition it's family rooted in oh it has 400000 members still and so it is something where many people are surprised that they just simply cannot get their message across anymore and so that they will probably not get a very good result that even having to fight for a set position now even though they've got this proud history so yes maybe it's good for them to be in the opposition so marigolds air is coming to an end elections are expected in september what should we expect well 1st of all i think for an international audience it's important to remember that all the parties that

have a realistic realistic possibility of entering the chancellery still firmly pro europe so that is something that is an important message or all those policies have ruled out governing together with the a.f.p. that is a very sick and he europe and immigration policy but then it comes down to the interesting race of who will actually succeed until america last chance that in there we're looking at something where the s.p.d. for the 1st time in post-war germany is not playing a role at the moment it is going to be between the conservatives and the greens and so you know maybe we'll have a young green woman chancellor but of course you will also have to find some sort of a coalition partner and here is where the s.p.d. could ultimately still play a role so a lot of mathematics played without him but it will be interesting to have thanks very much for that. let's go to

sports now on in german football by munich as they got champions for the record 9th time in a row oh yeah outlast that's how it's always been found before they had even take the ball is out today a stock's one good 2nd phase lives as fairly as the day it means by and how for of things of the 2 games remaining that saw the champions in oxy moved past the destroyed ones got back 6. you're watching the news for better then after next docs film on destruction ignorance for news headlines out of top of the office more now web sites t w dot com and you can follow us on instagram and twitter that's the style i did my get you there that's what.

you feel worried about the plan. to. be on the green fence post and to me it's clear remains true. joining critique dive into the green transformation from a tribute for the council. the

21st century human world is insatiable. with a constant demand for more technology more convenience and comfort more products on more shelves a lifestyle that also raises a growing number of issues what exactly is happening in the fields and farms that feed us. and in our medication. hasn't just realisation turned our world toxic. it's an issue of growing global concern. us citizens on the streets accuse industry of hiding the truth from us as the corporations defend then deny how are we to judge which side is right.

so we turn to science asking researchers to be the arbiters of this argument. surely they should know best except that scientists who do step into the prey are then themselves targeted and are subject to influence corruption and infiltration. we're living in a world where there are many people who have a vested interest in fighting information fighting scientific evidence and discrediting even the notion that science could provide the truth about the natural world there are tensions only seeking to science the 1st step is to identify these attacks and then expose the machinations of those trying to stand in the way of knowledge and in that context it's essential for us to understand who these people are what they do why they do it and how they do it. we have to

understand how it is that the public sometimes participates in the spreading of this deliberate ignorance so we need to visit this landscape of manufactured ignorance. like most of the developed world northern greece has seen a collapse of b. colonies a phenomenon that's been observed since the 1990 s. it's become a textbook case for the manufacture of confusion and culturally induced ignorance. here too it began with an enigma with experts on able to explain what was happening and why it was a complete mystery why was so many bees suddenly dying he's a t.v. reports showed beekeepers in a complete despair the deputy you would be looking i don't believe. then a suspect was found a new generation of insecticides in our fields the latest innovation of the agro

chemical industry products containing multiple active ingredients every syngenta formulation is the result of years of careful investigation and thorough research by our scientists a coincidence that bees started dying in their millions once these new products were being sprayed on our crops active ingredients which is why very quickly a suspicion started phoning in that direction could scientists solve the case. bonnie hunt you know has been searching for the truth in research at her bee hives and in the lab we scientists with the help of beekeepers must find the answer. what began as scientific research soon became a game of cat and mouse. normally scientists have the peace and quiet of their labs to examine data from field studies. the mass death of bees is just one of many but nominate experts have been asked to

explain. traditionally science has the role of highlighting natural mechanisms and reaching an explanation for the slightest observable fact. this is how science normally progresses by solving more and more mysteries. and in principle our knowledge of the world we live in increases however this fine principle sometimes has a few hiccups. for scientific observers the case of the vanishing bees is emblematic of this with something like. you should have been able to investigate it by collecting data by fall though the evidence where it's taking the the crux of the idea is that when we find the evidence that tells us what's happening we tell the truth the whole truth and nothing but the truth and we let the chips fall where they may we commit in a way sort of committing to accepting the truth of those findings. but in the case

of the b.s. that truth took a different course. in the early to thousands countless official reports pointed to the toxic effect of even very low doses of new nicotine noids and b.s. and yet 20 years on there is no universally accepted truth no consensus on the link between these pesticides and the disappearance of bees what explains that divergence. you need to be a very shrewd observer to see the whole picture of the moment the big problem appeared there was 4 to 5 times more research into causes not linked to pesticides . or natural pathogens like varroa sima and different viruses. but also bad beekeeping practices climate change the loss of habitat not lighting the asian

hornets and other invasive species like the small hive beetle i think basically research is much more intensive in causes unlink to pesticides than into pesticides themselves. as is shown with a quick search in a scientific study database. as soon as pesticides were suspected there was a dramatic rise in the number of public and private studies focusing on alternative explanations 2010 the veterinary authorities were confused. about. any definite organ pursue. the more studies there were the less beekeepers could make sense of it all it seemed like a paradox until researchers discovered similarities and an older case lenny you see a flourishing of new studies emerge in any particular area a little bit ironically it creates the appearance of being dedicated to pursuing

the trail but it takes me directly back to the case of big tobacco we need to like that i can. end up trying to head up the bill in the 1950 s. tobacco still enjoyed the image of a completely harmless stimulant to be. the backbone. ok. but that carefree attitude would not last. as this product contains scientist in december 953 the tobacco industry was in big trouble right researchers have found that painting mice with tar from cigarettes cause cancer. a revelation that sparked an embittered controversy if. the tobacco companies had a real crisis because they can't contest the evidence and say it's wrong they

can just say we don't know and so the winners of all the major cigarette companies got together in new york city for. a meeting subsequently took place at new york's plaza hotel between the bosses of the 7 major manufacturers collectively known as big tobacco. imagine the scene. you know. let's get right to the heart of the matter the meeting would go down in the annals of ignorance it is a challenge to every one of us and we are all in this together unified in light of this threat to business the corporations came up with a plan they launched this campaign in which stays said you know we're aware of the science we think there are problems with it and as a matter of deep concern to us. now we are beginning a campaign to spell out that basic point so that no one will fail to get it that he

decided to make a public statement we are pledging aid and assistance to the research effort into all phases of tobacco use and health for this purpose we are stablish in their joint tobacco industry group the tobacco industry research committee. going to take. the press publish the declaration tobacco industry to start scientific research. and. believe me friends just feel it has for your smoking pleasure and protect every advantage known to modern science jester. if you scientific back. then these are plas. opening up a center of research on tobacco didn't turn to 3rd of the knowledge to produce

knowledge that would disprove established facts. so they were using scientific methods to refute established science. that. it's really using science against itself the explicit use of science against science i think does represent a kind of watershed to systematically fund the scientific research in order to undermine science effectively fighting fire with fire that's a watershed moment. so after they decided this how did they operationalize one of the things that tobacco companies funded a lot of that's what i call distracting research. the labs backed by the cigarette manufacturers set up research projects known as special projects or s.p.'s an entire arsenal geared to diverting scientific findings. they covered lung cancer in nonsmokers for example looking for links to residents working conditions and

personal habits. they experimented on rabbits to see a blank cancer might be caused by toxins or viruses. as big tobacco generously financed hundreds of studies. some proved useful such as research into the precursors of cardiovascular disease. but other studies bordered on the absurd such as contact with a go core tomato juice allegedly leading to skin tumors or the link between lung cancer and baldness or even between cancer and the month of birth with march supposedly putting you at greater risk. goes on the idea is to say there are only kinds of course if you like it is to spread ignorance i clouding the issue with them on. drawing suspicion to other potential culprits is an effective strategy especially as lung cancer could be attributed to

a combination of factors identifying a range of risk factors and pursuing multiple avenues of research is perfectly normal in science but it can also be extremely handy for creating confusion. it then becomes almost impossible to determine the true guilty party and that's the point that's extremely well understood and that designed a play book for pretty much every other science denial that that house. this is a story about tobacco is a story about acid rain this is a fairy about the ozone hole this is a story about pesticides this is a story about climate change in its own eyes this you know a contraceptive pills i mean we have now seen this strategy used over and over and over again. about buying time the same as oddly it's a winning strategy in the case of tobacco it's 70 years already and it's still

going. in the case of the dying bees scientific insights have likewise been deliberately suppressed. with all that's gone on i'd say we've wasted 20 to 30 years. so we're talking about decades of just information and decades of delay. in the meantime the companies are still waiting gobs of money. but eventually a scientific law i constructed over several decades can start to develop cracks.

40 years after the 1st alerts on tobacco a humble employee and the us turned whistleblower and changed everything. a box of documents was sent to the university of san francisco. professor stanton glantz was in for a surprise that day i made 121994 a box of documents landed in my office for an anonymous source these or internal documents from at the very highest levels of the tobacco industry their senior scientists their senior warriors their senior management their senior public relations people talking very very frankly about what they knew about the dangers of smoking. the documents were an unexpected treasure trove for the professor. it was like

a new world stumbling into a new world stage as the leaked documents increased in number the truth broke and the tobacco bosses were cornered gentlemen the recent disclosures of documents have shaken my confidence that your companies care about the through these documents suggest possible manipulation of scientific research by industry attorneys if these things are true then you should know the discussion of behavior is unacceptable and will not be allowed. based with damning evidence the corporations were forced to make decades of secret archives public and the collection what started out a few 1000 pages is now up around $93000000.00 pages. these documents are now kept at the university of san francisco archives they contain the details of a massive manipulation of science the tactics deployed. searchers recruited and the

sums of money involved among the documents was an internal memo from 1969 that summed up the strategy of the tobacco industry. is our product since it is the best means of competing with a body of fact that exists in the mind of the general public it is all for the means of establishing our contribution. the key strategy is the creation of doubt about science doubt is a perfect weapon it's effective but also punishes because doubt is legitimately part of science in fact it's an essential driver of science we investigate things because we have questions about them because we're curious or because we doubt the existing explanation is adequate so we need doubt in science would do it the word doctor is key to science we always say science doubts there are 2 types of scientists feels you can establish the science where we no longer question that the

earth is round all that apples fall at 9.8 meters per 2nd squared galileo measured it and we can measure it again but it won't change the results yet but here there is no doubt down to exists in ongoing science or even what we have studied in proposing hypotheses so the strategy of doubt is about saying that established accepted science is still subject cause we don't. do it so what the tobacco industry did was to take a virtue and turn it into a vice. the use of scientific method against science itself and spreading skepticism through dissent from ation. but this massive rebel the tory documents in turn inspired a new field of study. how many of you before this week knew something about the history of tobacco yet most people they only a rescue shows or students how to identify the methods used in a story called obstructions of science the discovery of this long history of

deception. it has led to a new field of intellectual study a new academic field and it's called agni taller g. and that means the study of ignorance. magnet is an unconventional field of study as academics attempt to unravel the mainsprings of our ignorance to look into what we don't know. we were laughed at it 1st because people thought it was not academic to study the absence of knowledge to study ignorance but i think people are are laughing at that less now and starting to be a bit worried because we sense and they realise how pervasive the problem might be . what are the obstacles to knowledge. a question of growing relevance prompting those who study ignorance to find a public voice. over the course of this talk oh introduce different ways of

thinking about this ignorance and particularly this phrase strategic ignorance we're going to ask you to think about example in your own life a strategic ingrid's. individuals a new understanding of ignorance is emerging until now ignorance mental not knowing what we might know one day thanks to research but now we're beginning to see that you can actively produce did you see what the issue now is identifying obstacles to our knowledge things that help the progress of science deliberately or not perhaps in some cases it's about what we prefer not to know unraveling all that is no mean feat which is why agnew tala ji the study of ignorance needs to progress methodically and it's a fascinating field of inquiry with contributions from psychology sociology history political science current science computer science network science there are lots

of disciplines involved that can help us understand how ignorance being manufactured and how we can protect ourselves against. magnetometer is still in its early days and has a lot of ground to make up. the generation of strategic ignorance is being constantly perfected. and to bunking it often means plunging into the details of scientific practice. there's a constant stream of innovations on the market accompanied by a fair share of scrutiny are they a threat to our health and more importantly what are safe levels that's the big question the one at the heart of a fierce dispute. thanks. to. one such dispute began in this laboratory one day in 1989 carlos sonenshein

and ana soto are both biologists. for years they had been trying to solve the mystery of cellular proliferation in cancer. suddenly before their very eyes some control cells cultivated in a test tube began to multiply for no discernible reason. it was a real. investigation. trying to find out where it came from because that is the 1st you had to do identify what is the source. they reviewed each piece of lab equipment. after 4 months of growing suspense they finally had their culprit. the centrifuge tubes. they contained a material that should have been inert but wasn't. the plastic additive in question contained and dispersed

a substance that acted like the hormone estrogen. were very fine we thought that this was a big deal the question now was what other products might contain the substance. toys disposable bottles food packaging and in all the plastics that end up in the environment and what impact does it have on our organism. is a big question is establishing the doses through which the public can be exposed without a major risk to our health and that question really is the mother of all battles the impact of product x. on our health is studied by toxicologists the accepted rule is centuries old it's simple and seemingly makes good sense the effect is proportionate to the quantity consumed. it's true for sugar and fats and applies to pretty much any product. the golden rule of toxicology says the dose makes the poison which by extension

means that anything below that level isn't a poison. according to this rule of plastic with the care. touristic sub the hormone that ends up in a baby's mouth shouldn't pose any problem because the quantity of synthetic estrogen ingested is miniscule. true or false this is the crux of the controversy. an experiment was carried out at the university of missouri by research record fred von sol he was the 1st to carry out a controlled experiment on lab animals to try to evaluate the activity of a common plastic called bisphenol a business as the structure. and estrogenic drug they are using a sex hormone to make plastic this is insane. professor

frederick bansal and his team spent years observing mice exposed to different doses of bisbee na to measure traces of the product they explored what happens at the limits of detection using ultra sensitive machines and what they discovered sent shock waves through the scientific community in fact the damage to the reproductive system was occurring at 25000 times below what had been considered a dose that would cause no work that we were absolutely shocked to see how this was huge for several reasons. the most important being some of these substances can have bigger effects at tiny doses than with stronger doses. and why is that important because regulates 3 toxicology tests the home from this

of these molecules at high doses and never tests or extremely rarely tests the hopefulness of these molecules at the tiny doses to which humans are generally exposed. except that at low doses instead of acting like a typical poison bisphenol a is an end of current disruptor it alters our hormones the molecules that regulate among other things our reproductive system even in the tiniest observable doses it can have devastating effects in other words researchers began to come across some bury unexpected relationships between the dose and the effect of a product and this was shaking up the world of toxicologists we were rejecting their dogs the ecology community have not accepted it and they said we reject this the resistance among toxicologists was understandable it was

also convenient for the manufacturers of plastics it's not always that people intentionally want to rail science some people unwittingly through no fault of their own can a time be pawns in other people's efforts to pretty strategic ignorance. at the same time the plastics industry gives financial backing to alternative studies which its representatives used to defend their simple thesis that low doses cannot be dangerous more than 100 independent studies have shown that real life exposure to be is about a 1000 times below the safe intake limit set by you i'm saying one thing industry is saying another and there needed to be explanations of how. the difference was occurring eager to understand from solve collected studies

published on the subject and as a true agne tala just he set about explaining the disparity in their conclusions during that time i didn't get a lot of sleep i drank a lot of coffee. is conclusion 93 percent of publicly funded studies indicated harmful effects at very low doses of this being in contrast to none of the studies financed by the industry eventually discovered the primary reason for this difference instead of an outright lie some creative trickery and the private sector lapse they put a lot of time and effort into figuring out how do we do a study that shows no effect. the 1st step is to find the right test animal model using catalogues of laboratory mice and rats which can be chosen according to their biological parameters. they

can be customized to fit the requirements of the relevant experiments and are then dispatched directly to the researchers lab. and history groups were using very strange animal to try to show that bisphenol a cause or if you are interested the showing that between the early is not. you would say. that bisphenol a does not become a mr jinnie. so you have to be very careful about the mother you choose because you can choose their own model and you can choose their own model because you don't know or you can choose the mother because you know too well how can you do this. test rats tailor made to manipulate the results and prove the innocence of this being all a another successful trick by the illusionists of science.

so the most insidious offensives are hidden in the details. research protocols for example that outline the planning of a study and are delicately put in place. it only takes one corrupted protocol or a broken rule to stall scientific progress. what's at stake here is evidence based policy making whether a policy is faced on the best available evidence over the policy is designed to satisfy a particular industry in their pursuit of profit. the manufacturers a big difference have a target a democratically elected politicians who can decide whether a suspect product is banned or authorized. at the afternoon. press see your sister was sure the moment we give up.