what secrets lie behind small. discover new adventures in the 360 degree. and explore world heritage sites. w world heritage 363 get kidnapped now. they storm or so that has evaporated from rivers lakes and oceans and returned it to the earth in the form of rain. down its cover more than half of our planet on any given day. what secrets do they hold for research on. this and more coming up on today's program. hello and welcome to tomorrow today's your science show on d

w. cirrus clouds are located high in the sky 8 to 12000 means his about the. same astrologers clouds are slightly below that sliver stratus of the dark reign fouts at just 2 to 5000 meters. then there are human as clouds 0 cumulus that look like floating cotton balls and the low all enveloping strata scouts to name just a few if you. how does a full and what role do they play in the earth's climate those are the questions that cloud research is a sequel to answer with. countless clouds form and float above the atlantic they reflect back light from the sun and thus help keep the atmosphere cool could they be used to combat global warming. was the answer

so far is we don't know it's extremely hard to model the behavior of clouds they still appear to be unpredictable they constitute a major mystery for climate science. barbados lies several 100 kilometers off venezuela's eastern seaboard to. the caribbean nation belongs to the lesser antilles group of islands it's very windy there and a hot spot for cloud research here scientists are tracking the complex behavior of cumulus clouds. on the windward east coast where the easterly trade winds more in off the ocean the max planck institute for meteorology has a cloud observatory. reversed serbia and stevens research focuses on low level cumulus clouds. they are always in motion and have a major impact on the climate. that makes them important for the future of the

planet because. a change in low power like this by a few percent going to have as large an effect on earth's energy budget as a doubling of the concentration of c o 2 so all of the human activity that we've had since the beginning of industrial times to they is still not even a doubling of the c o 2 concentration and that could be countered or doubled by just a few percent change of war or less crowds of the kinds that we see here it sounds amazing but there isn't enough data so far to model the relevant processes accurately this project was designed to help remedy that deficit all kinds of measuring devices were deployed to a laser shoots 29 kilometers up into the sky and measures water vapor and amber cells radiation and temperature the research ship meets your was also packed with instruments some had never been. see.

the boreal unmanned aerial vehicle has to be catapulted into the. full research planes flew circles the international team pulled out all the stops to gather data about the clouds here. the project name is you recast. and then add a space center's halo added off can fly for 9 hours at a stretch. well we don't measure the clouds directly we infer their properties indirectly and to do that we need to look at them from many different angles you can imagine getting to know a person from an indirect relationship should buy gas lots of people what that person is like so here you would like to ask lots of instruments how they see the cloud because you're only measuring it indirectly and so that's why we need to look at the crowds from many fives with many different instruments with through many different properties and that's what this aircraft is so good at doing. many

factors determine the formation of clouds among them droplet size particle density circulation patterns temperature and radiation. even with their size. we don't have a low flying in circles to the east of barbados. or we're trying to characterize the large scale air mass of. your system this is the circle we're flying. over here to the east we have some ships and unmanned surface vehicles. so i go. yes an american plane is over here also flying circles so we'll have a nice comprehensive view on the truth about. every 4 minutes a dropsonde was ejected from the dropsonde sea. data on the verticals dynamic

structure of the trade wind out most fear. and they will help prevail the lifecycle of clouds in space and time even that of the dynamic fragmented cloud formations that satellite pictures do not capture. the meteo was equipped with a doppler radar. it measured to among other things the rate of vertical motion of droplets in the low level cumulus i. like this one is there showing a math experiment is all about these small cumulus clouds if we want to find out about how they will react when it gets warmer on earth what kind of clusters will these clouds form but sometimes they're close together sometimes far apart they change in size too they influence each other this is what we're trying to find out with this experiment you know by the next moment may i will think. a team from

hamburg university investigated another important issue the role played by the interaction between ocean and atmosphere in cloud formation that. the scientists collect meteorological data with sensors attached to an outbreak at the bow of the meets your and another one high up on the mast. the key question here is this does global warming mean that more water in the oceans evaporates and thus boosts cloud formation or does it mean that low clouds in particular dissipate faster. the research requires nerves of steel. because it's unusual for it to rock so much with old days waves it's very very windy should a. and i haven't come up yet so often i found it quite challenging. byun

stevens is cautiously optimistic that perhaps as the world heats up more clouds will form and help cool it down again but she doesn't know for sure nobody else and so it remains essential to do everything we can in the finds against climate change. factory farming is one such driver of climate change when deer and slurry as well as the digestive processes of cows and sheep all produce the greenhouse gas me thing. the way animals are filmed is also driving more people to become vegetarian the demand for veggie burgers and nuggets is on the rise. the 40 w.'s kyo do of us shares her take on the hype surrounding feeding meat substitutes we wanted to know what our viewers have to say. we asked on facebook what you think of the meat.

norman's of the secret says nothing compares to a good steak preferably done medium read. him on some toes or writes that he tried eating burgers made of kosova they tasted similar he says but there was still something missing. rose sun devolving has been a vegetarian for 15 years his best decision ever he says thanks for your comments and now his keel. can you tell whether this is going back is beef how these or this. or any of these sandwich. we're talking about. plant based meat alternative. the companies producing them say they're going to replace meat entirely. but it also.

took. the. real me. to deal with all of that actually. on the way to. the supermarket. the v. can and vegetarian me file. is not good sausages you name it all need to free. now meat alternatives are not new but this recent generation of extremely need like substitutes arguably originated in the us with pioneers like beyond me. but before all of these high tech innovations different cultures have had their alternatives for centuries because it was cheaper for religious reasons. lot of

which i'm sad to say has been bastardized in the west into dry brown bland or to something like this not necessarily the worst advertising and definitely a far cry from real meat but they were the only meat substitutes available on the market for a long time. and then came the veggie burgers patties made out of vegetables for tasted like legitimate so they were not designed to mimic the face of meat the new generation of fake meats revolutionize the market by trying to peel to meet each of . the market value of plant based meat worldwide was estimated to be worth around $11000000000.20 and it's just almost tripled over the next 5 years with the biggest growth expected in the asia pacific region with western companies branching out globally and local. and popping up worldwide. so how do plants become

this much like meat well it's hard to get details from the manufacturers a lot of the information is proprietary. made out of soya so in a week but most products start with concentrated or isolated soy or weak protein the manufacturers then probably use extrusions the ingredients are mixed needed and rapidly heated under pressure that's also how becomes cornflakes the product on the market also have oils added in for example formed from flowers or coconuts as well as added minerals spices color instead and bind is impossible but a has one ingredient that the others don't have. a plant based chemical compound that makes the lead. on the other hand some companies have said this sites on replacing chicken instead of beef for example like meat. what we want to

do is we want to have ingredients which are kitchen recognizable ingredients and we want to have processions which is a natural process without any chemical part of it talk leads live kindly which includes the brand like meat chicken looks like feels like it tastes like chicken but taste isn't the only reason these products are flying off the shelves it's because they cased similar while supposedly being so much better for the planet so it's actually true impossible foods claims it's burger has 89 percent less global warming potential uses 96 percent less land and 87 percent less water than a conventional beef burger. can't be substitutes to have substantially lower environmental footprint then conventional beef this is rachel santos she studied the environmental and health effects of different plant based meats but she says

the substitutes have a slightly higher impact. non-processed mean that you can actually if you look at chicken the results are less pronounced but still quite clear rachel sometimes made a study shows that on average meat substitutes emit 43 percent less greenhouse gases you 77 percent less land and 76 percent less water compared to chicken. but that's not all the producers are claiming what if burgers get healthier and the food we last had no plastic bags movie from group saying that's not much difference . such as cold good or bad and this is it. he's a researcher and doctor who conducted a study on the health effects of me told time in terms of. just cholesterol i was only there to be sure. but the

studies that have been conducted this far show that there is no blood pressure or whatever these functions are sold or small a recent stanford study made participants eat plant based burgers for 8 weeks instead of meat which led to better cardiovascular health experience they are healthier however we need more studies. traditional value of chicken substitutes also can be similar or even better than the real thing so this can actually vary wildly depending on which product you look at meaning do you need to read the fine print to make sure you substitute is healthy once you can substitute had almost one and a half times the calories and nearly 3 times more fat than the meat it is trying to replace but one thing's for sure can contain antibiotics alternatives to this.

and that. that makes them. show that eating processed meat can be linked to cancer heart disease or diabetes further research is needed but in this short studies show this doesn't seem to apply as directly to plant based alternatives. so if you don't have. to be focused directly these help. but that doesn't make vegan burgers a health food they still high in fat and the fact that you usually eat them with sugar resources and fries on the side doesn't make them any healthier and yes eating whole grains and unprocessed legumes is better for you and better for the planet no question but on the other hand if you really want to go out and you have a choice why not take the one that is better for the plot and same goes for all of these other other. any replaced meat is a win for the environment. and now for

a look at one of the planet's most fascinating spectacles the aura all potent lights. those that the north pole are known as the northern lights but they're not the only ones this week's question comes from king mischka. are there also polar lights at the south pole. for some reason many associate polar lights with the far north there they're called the aurora borealis some peoples living there traditionally associated the lights with the spirits of the dead. but such spectacular light shows also occur in the far south visible in southern australia new zealand and they have dark. the southern lights or aurora. are the same kind of phenomenon as the northern lights but they are not mirror images of each other. they're common source is the sun intense

explosions on its surface solar flares generate solar winds blasts of charged particles that zip through space at incredible speed some head toward the earth. the earth is protected by the magnetic field surrounding and the pressure from the solar winds compresses this protective shield and diverts the showers of particles toward the north and south pole. in the process electrically charged particles electrons impart energy to oxygen and nitrogen molecules they bump into in the atmosphere that excites the molecules when they return to their normal state they release photons bursts of energy in the form of light oxygen glows green in red nitrogen violet. fluorescent tubes work the same way. we can only see polar lights northern or southern when it's dark and there are more hours of darkness in the winter so that's when there's more of

a chance of catching a glimpse. since earth's magnetic field steers solar winds to both poles the lights do indeed also occur at the south pole. as one researcher put it polar lights are like the sun blowing us a kiss. on his great white ladder even. do you have a science question you'd like us to answer then get in touch you can send us a video text. if it makes it onto the show we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you. come on just ask. if you can find more interesting science stories at g.w. dot com slash science and the now twitter feed. increase drought in spain is a challenge for many wine growers that's prompted some to experiment with the style

shows instead in the indian district of hyderabad special purpose greenhouses are helping to protect crops from drought conditions and in the money in town a funnel some cotton farmers a switching 2 minutes. all over the world famous faced with climate change having to respond. the same applies in germany to. once again. the situation is dire no clouds in the sky for johann gattis it's the 30 year of drought in a row 50 kilometers east of berlin the village of benefit that he farms potatoes corn and wheat and more than $740.00 hectares of leased land the drought is taking its toll on. the other side of isaac we have periods of 68 weeks with no rain at all on top of the long hot period seen in the last year's heisman hot subjects the crops even more stress this each year we've lost several 1000

euros in profits on each heck tear of potatoes or had. to curb his losses gattis has been farming a wider variety of crops instead of the typical for now he grows up to 20 crops including sunflowers millet soil and buckwheat they can survive long dry periods and thrive in the heat. reducing funes fishing we try to diversify our risk with these different crops. and we always want to have a few that can endure extreme weather conditions like those we've had in the past few years. with a. mole that's collecting is an agronomist he helps gattis and other farmers on their search for alternative crops and the state of brandenburg. his recommendation so i. their stone is just as well what's astonishing is that in comparison to other crops soil can thrive in relatively barren dry soil and even in

these very warm temperatures it's nevertheless it's still a plant that requires water just at different times than other crops one tackling travels along the bone dry roads of brandenburg on the way to mention bad to the lightning center for agricultural landscape research. here plant breeders and soil scientists work together with still ologists geographers and hydrologists the scientists are researching agricultural land and how it can be farmed sustainably with a central topic of climate change they have $150.00 had tears a field to experiment on. at the touch of a button it rains here markets crackling can also simulate a drought he wants to find out how sewing grows best in sandy soil that she wishes to spend some money since it's difficult to manipulate the weather we simulated on these fields that we've installed canopies that stop the rain from reaching the

ground then we take a look at how that impacts the surface temperature of the plants and the moisture of the soil. which is we're interested in determining how much water the soybeans need and during which phases and fozzy the system is going to switch to. is a late summer rain storm sufficient or should farmers irrigate before then. sandy soil is especially problematic because it stores water very poorly the sand the air it is the less humans forms and the fenestra the soil dries out. the research center analyzes erosion water use soil quality and climate data in order to generate growth prognoses for the most important crops. the results on for a sobering glimpse into a future blighted by climate change red and yellow indicate the. corn crops are likely to sink i at least if it the prospects for wheat are also graham.

was also going to answer i gave notice on the basis of our results which show that crops react very differently to climate change we recommend that farmers plant a wider variety of crops on there for cotton on so bone that diversifies the risk of a super easy question for you so on but we also recommend dividing fields into smaller plots ego trying to go on both as team looks and doing smaller fields into a wider variety of crops that's exactly what researchers at the center are trying out their growing 9 different crops on plants of just half a head here each the choice of want to plant where was the result of careful analysis. of the home finish it cut to going forward we did extensive mapping of the soils properties and the market in different parts of the field. we use this information and several years of yield data to divide the field into different sections disfavored or daughter tired and tired of i should do you some are better suited for certain crops and crop rotation and need higher quality soil and other sections are better for plants that can thrive on barren soil video gudbrand so

what's called this experiment is designed to take 10 years the hope is that by the end of that period the soil will have been enhanced thanks to the faster crop rotation and will store more water and be less prone to blow away as doused. you'll find gattis can't wait that long. he's currently experimented with growing millet. here it's milliken make do with little water and the whole thing that's what we hope that we can be successful with it in the next few years when the force and. the climate crisis will change agriculture. that's unavoidable the farmers who can't adapt will face hard times in the future.

that's all for this week see you next time on tomorrow today until then take care and keep asking questions.

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bullshit. artists and then in one of those home made the top of your list tend. to miss the cut. and what does he continue to impact today. artist 21. am 30 minutes on d w. how does a virus spread. why do we panic and when we'll all be. introduced through the topics covered and we couldn't read your blog. if you would like any information on the crawling virus or any other science topic you should really

check out our podcast you can get it wherever you get your podcast you can also find us at d.f.w. dot com forum slash science. come calling quest for a bit check. of the arab spring began in 2011. people stood up against corrupt rulers and dictatorship. all these moments have left deep banks in my memory. rugby a of those of you shrug it was an incredible feat. think the people who were liberated . they had

hoped for more security more freedom more dignity have their hopes been fulfilled. where does the arab world stand today 10 years after the arab spring. a rebellion starts june 7th on d w. this is the news in these our top stories funerals have been taking place for over 50 people killed in 2 explosions near a girls' school in afghanistan's capital kabul dozens more were wounded the interior ministry says many of the victims were students between the ages of 11 and 15 president afghani has blamed talbott taliban for the attack by the group denies any involvement. israel's supreme court has delayed.