i. mean. we are years actually on fire. they still water that has evaporated from rivers lakes and oceans and return it to the earth in the form of rain. sounds cover more than half of our planet on any given day. what secrets do they hold for research. in this and more coming up on today's program. hello and welcome to tomorrow to day your science show on d

w. cirrus clouds are located high in the sky 8 to 12000 means his about the. civil stratus clouds us like even though that. started out the dark reign felt at just 2 to 5000 meters. then there are human as clouds 0 cumulus that look like floating cotton balls and the low all enveloping strong to scouts to name just a few if you. how does a full and what role do they play in the earth's climate those are the questions that cloud researchers are seeking to answer with. countless clouds form and float above the atlantic and they reflect back light from the sun and thus help keep the atmosphere cool. could they be used to combat global . was the answer so far is we don't know it's extremely hard to model the

behavior of clouds they still appear to be unpredictable they constitute a major mystery for climate science. barbados and ice several 100 kilometers off venezuela's eastern seaboard. the caribbean nation belongs to the lesser antilles group of islands it's very windy there and a hot spot for cloud research here scientists are tracking the complex behavior of cumulus clouds. on the windward east coast where the easterly trade winds more in off the ocean the max planck institute for meteorology has a cloud observatory. reversed serbia and stevens research focuses on low level cumulus clouds. they are always in motion and have a major impact on the climate. that makes them important for the future of the

planet with. a change in low clouds like this by a few percent going to have as large an effect on earth's energy budget as a doubling of the concentration of c o 2 so all of the human activity that we've had since the beginning of industrial times to they is still not even a doubling of the c o 2 concentration and that could be countered or doubled by just a few percent change of more or less quads of the crimes that we see. in sounds amazing but there isn't enough data so far to model the relevant processes accurately this project was designed to help remedy that deficit all kinds of measuring devices for deploying a laser shoots 29 kilometers up into the sky and measures water vapor and aerosols radiation and temperature the research ship meteorite was also packed with instruments some had never. diplo agency before.

the boreal unmanned aerial vehicle has to be catapulted into the. search planes flew circles the international team pulled out all the stops to gather data about the child. the project name is you recast. and then add a space center's halo added off to comply for 9 hours at a stretch. well we don't measure the crowds directly we infer their properties indirectly and to do that we need to look at them from many different angles you can imagine getting to know a person from. indirect relationships you'd like to ask lots of people what that person is like so here you would like to ask lots of instruments how they see the cloud because you're only measuring it indirectly and so that's why we need to look at the clouds from many sides with many different instruments with through many different properties and that's what this aircraft is so good at doing. many

factors determine the formation of clouds among them droplet size particle density circulation patterns temperature and radiation. even if their size. we don't have a low flying in circles to the east of barbados. or we're trying to characterize the large scale air mass of the euro zone this is the circle we're flying. over here to the east we have some ships and unmanned surface vehicles. and an american plane is over here also flying circles. so we'll have a nice comprehensive view on the truth of that. every 4 minutes a dropsonde was ejected from. the dropsonde. seal data on the vertical summer

dynamic structure of the trade wind atmosphere. and they will help reveal the life cycle of clouds in space and time even that of the dynamic fragmented cloud formations that satellite pictures do not capture. the meteo was equipped with a doppler radar. it measured to among other things the rate of vertical motion of droplets in the low level cumulus i. like the hardness they're showing them at the experiment is all about these small cumulus clouds we want to find out about how they will react when it gets warmer on earth what kind of clusters will these clouds form but sometimes they're close together sometimes far apart they change in size to influence each other this is what we're trying to find out with this experiment you know by the

recommend me of. a team from hamburg university investigated another important issue the role played by the interaction between ocean and atmosphere in cloud formation is not. the scientists collect meteorological data with sensors attached to an outbreak at the bow of the meets your and another one high up on the past. the key question here is this does global warming mean that more water in the oceans evaporates and thus boosts cloud formation or does it mean that low clouds in particular dissipate faster. the research requires nerves of steel. it's unusual for it to rock so much with old days waves it's very very windy should a. and i haven't come up yet so often i found it quite challenging. to be and

stevens is cautiously optimistic that perhaps the world heats up more clouds will form and help cool it down again but she doesn't know for sure nobody doubts and so it remains essential to do everything we can in the fines against climate change. factory farming is one such driver of climate change the near and slurry as well as the digestive processes of callous and sheep all produce the greenhouse gas me thing. the way animals are foamed is also driving more people to become vegetarian the demand for veggie burgers and nuggets is on the rise. the 40 w.'s keo durga shares her take on the hype surrounding big and meat substitutes we wanted to know what our viewers have to say. we asked on facebook what you think of the good meat

. norman civilian says nothing compares to a good steak preferably done medium read. him on some toes a writes that he tried eating burgers made of kosova they tasted similar he says but there was still something missing. a rose sunda via vega has been a vegetarian for 15 years his best decision ever he says thanks for your comments and now his keel. can you tell whether this is doing better is beef how these or this chicken or any of these sandwich mean. we're talking about. plant based meat alternative. the companies producing them say they're going to replace meat entirely. but it also.

real me so what's the deal with. actually specify body. i'm on my way to. the vatican and vegetarian meat i'll. get sausages you name it all i need to free. now meat alternatives are not new but this recent generation of extremely need like subsidies arguably originated in the us with pioneers like beyond. but before all of these high tech innovations different cultures have had their alternatives for centuries because it was cheaper for religious reasons. a lot of

which i'm sad to say has been bastardized in the west in dry land or to something like this not necessarily the most appetizing and definitely a far cry from real meat but they were the only meat substitutes available on the market for a long time. and then came the veggie burgers patties made out of vegetables tasted like lead to produce so they were not designed to mimic the taste of meat the new generation of fake meats revolutionized the market by trying to peel to meet. the market value of plant based needs worldwide was estimated to be worth around $11000000000.20 and it's just almost tripled over the next 5 years with the biggest growth expected in the asia pacific region with western companies branching out globally and luke. brands popping up worldwide. so how do plants become

this much like meat. well it's hard to get details from the manufacturers a lot of the information is proprietary. made of the soy sauce but most products start with concentrated or isolated soy or wheat protein the manufacturers then probably use extrusions the ingredients are mixed needed and rapidly and the pressure that's also how becomes conflicts the product on the market also have oils added in for example from some flowers or coconuts as well as added minerals spices colorants and bind it is impossible burger has one ingredient that the of as. a plant based chemical compound that makes the blade. on the other hand some companies have said this sites on replacing chicken instead of beat for example like meat. we want to do is we want to have ingredients which are kitchen

recognizable ingredients that we want to have. which is a natural process without any chemical part of it. leads live kindly which includes the brand like meat chicken looks like feels like it tastes like chicken but taste isn't the only reason these products are flying off the shelves it's because they cased similar while supposedly being so much better for the planet so it is actually true impossible foods claims it's back to has 89 percent less global warming potential uses 96 percent less land and 87 percent less water than a conventional beef. can be said to choose to have substantially lower environmental. inventions and this is rachel she studied the environmental and health effects of different plant base. meats but she says let me

substitute have a slightly higher impact. non-processed your complexion if you look at chicken the results are less pronounced but still quite clear rachel sometimes made a study shows that on average meat substitutes emit 43 percent less greenhouse gases you 77 percent less land and 76 percent less water compared to chicken. but that's not all the producers are claiming what if burgers get healthier and the food had no plaster on those. groups saying that's not much difference. so chance told me that this is it. he's a researcher and doctor who conducted a study on the health effects of me told. me. it was just. a little bit. more so but

the studies that have been conducted this far show that there is no. pressure ever and sponsors of salt are small but a recent stanford study made. for 8 weeks instead of meat which led to better cardiovascular health experience that they are healthier however we need more studies. traditional value of chicken substitutes also can be similar even better than the real thing so this can actually vary wildly depending on which product you look at meaning do you need to read the fine print to make sure you substitute is healthy once you can substitute had almost one and a half times the calories and nearly 3 times more fat than the meat it is trying to replace but one thing's for sure can contain antibiotics alternatives to this ng.

and that it. takes to. show that eating processed meat can be linked to cancer heart disease diabetes research is needed but in this all studies show this doesn't seem to apply it directly to plant based alternatives. so if you compare. this to be focused directly these help. but that doesn't make vegan burgers a healthy food they still high in fat and the fact that you usually eat them with sugar resources and fries on the side doesn't make them any healthier and yes eating whole grains and unprocessed legumes is better for you and better for the planet no question but on the other hand if you really want to about that and you have a choice why not take the ones that are better for the planet and same goes for all of these other products. any replace meat is a win for the environment. and now for

a look at one of our planet's most fascinating spectacles viola potent lights. those that the north pole are known as the northern lights but they're not the only ones this week's question comes from king mischka. are there also polar lights at the south pole. for some reason many associate polar lights with the far north there they're called the aurora borealis some peoples living there traditionally associated the lights with the spirits of the dead. but such spectacular light shows also occur in the far south visible in southern australia new zealand and the dark. the southern lights or aurora are the same kind of phenomenon as the northern lights but they are not mirror images of each other. their common source is the sun intense

explosions on its surface solar flares generate solar winds blasts of charged particles that zipped through space at incredible speed some head toward the earth . the earth is protected by the magnetic field surrounding it the pressure from the solar winds compresses this protective shield and diverts the showers of particles toward the north and south pole. in the process electrically charged particles electrons impart energy to oxygen and nitrogen molecules they bump into in the atmosphere that excites the molecules when they return to their normal state they release photons bursts of energy in the form of light oxygen glows green in red nitrogen violet. fluorescent tubes work the same way. we can only see polar lights northern or southern when it's dark and there are more hours of darkness in the winter so that's when there's more of

a chance of catching a glimpse. since earth's magnetic field steers solar winds to both poles the lights do indeed also occur at the south pole. as one researcher put it polar lights are like the sun blowing us a kiss. on his right why. do you have a science question you'd like us to answer they don't get in touch you can send us a video text over there if it makes it onto the show we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you. come on just tell us. you can find more interesting science stories at g.w. dot com slash science and on now twitter feed. increased drought in spain is a challenge for many wine grove is that's prompted some to experiment with the star

shows instead in the indian district of hyderabad special purpose greenhouses are helping to protect crops from drought conditions and in the money in town a final some cotton farmers a switching to minutes. all over the world farm is faced with climate change and having to respond. the same applies in germany too. once again. the situation is dire no clouds in the sky for johann gattis it's the 30 year of drought in a row 50 kilometers east of berlin in the village of benefit to the farms potatoes corn and wheat and more than $740.00 hectares of leased land the drought is taking its toll on. him tide of voices that we have periods of 68 weeks with no rain at all on top of the long hot period seen in the last year's heisman hot subjects the crops to even more stress. each year we've lost several 1000 euros

in profits on each tech tear of potatoes or head. to curb his losses gattis has been farming a wider variety of crops instead of the typical for now he grows up to 20 crops including sunflowers millet soil and buckwheat they can survive long dry periods and thrive in the heat. which isn't funes we try to diversify our risk with these different crops. we always want to have a few that can endure extreme weather conditions like those we've had in the past few years. with a. moderate 2nd thing is an agronomist. he helps gattis and other farmers on their search for alternative crops in the state of brandenburg. his recommendation so. well there still is just as well what's astonishing is that in comparison to other crops soil can thrive in relatively barren dry soil even in

these very warm temperatures is nevertheless it still a plant that requires water just a different time than other crops one cycling travels along the bone dry roads of brandenburg on the way to mention bad to the life at the center for agricultural landscape research. here plant breeders and soil scientists work together with still ologists geographers and hydrologists the scientists are researching agricultural land and how it can be farmed sustainably with a central topic of climate change they have $150.00 have tears a field to experiment on. at the touch of a button it rains here markets conkling can also simulate a drone he wants to find out how suing grows best in sandy soil. is to spit out some money since it's difficult to manipulate the weather we simulated on these fields that we've installed canopies that stop the rain from reaching the ground

but then we take a look at how that impacts the surface temperature of the plants and the moisture of the soil. which is we're interested in determining how much water the soybeans need and during which phases and fozzy in the systems business which today. is a late summer rainstorm sufficient or should farmers irrigate before then. sandy soil is especially problematic because it stores water very poorly the sand here it is less humus forms and the faster the soil dries out. the research center analyzes erosion water use soil quality and climate data in order to generate growth prognoses for the most important crops. the results on for a sobering glimpse into a future blighted by climate change red and yellow indicate the. corn crops are likely to sink by at least a 5th the prospects for wheat are also ground. myself going on there i gave the

saw on the basis of our results which show that crops react very differently to climate change we recommend that farmers plant a wider variety of crops on their 4th autumn unsub own that diversifies the risk and give a super easy for you so on that we also recommend dividing fields into smaller plots you go trying to go on both his team mates who doing smaller fields and a wider variety of crops that's exactly what researchers at the center are trying now and they're growing 9 different crops on plants and just earth ahead here each the choice of want to plant where was the result of careful analysis. of your home and finish it cut to home for good we did extensive mapping of the soils properties and demarcated different parts of the field. we use this information and several years of yield data to divide the field into different sections disfavored or daughter tired and tired of i should be some are better suited for certain crops and crop rotation and the higher quality soil and other sections are better for

plants that can thrive on barren soil video gutenberg and so what's called this experiment is designed to take 10 years the hope is that by the end of that period the soil will have been enhanced thanks to the faster crop rotation and will store more water and be less prone to blow when he is down. field and get this can't wait that long. he's currently experiment with growing number at. here is millican make do with little water and the whole thing does what we hope that we can be successful with it in the next few years when the force and. the climate crisis will change agriculture. that's unavoidable the farmers who can't adapt will face hard times in the future.

that's all for this week see you next time on tomorrow today until then take care and keep asking questions.

they come without warning their impact is devastating. intense plasma outbreaks might make her look tricity communication that most of. what causes these mysterious phenomenon a space probe is meant to find out. solar storms. in 15 minutes on 2.

people in trucks injured one trying to flee the city center more and more refugees are being turned away for more. than a monetized still seem. to be predominately like us demonstrators. people sleep in an extreme trench. cutting 200 feet on. the road more than 300000000 people are seeking a few. minutes from the law because no one should have to sleep. make up your own mind become w.v. . made for mines.

good. morning. i cannot sleep because you know. zuma. in those polls smolin. only use the moon's. use in the low. for the weekend. to sing the. parents. couldn't sleep. in the school.

this is t.v. news live from berlin new clashes break out in jerusalem palestinian protesters face off against israeli police ahead of a contentious march through the city united nations security council hold an emergency session to discuss the violence. also coming up grieving families bury their dead in afghanistan after dozens are killed in multiple explosions on saturday bus.