oh, in the african what's the story what i have for their future the w dot com, african megacity, the multi media insight, click and enter. busy think a print is unique to an individual pattern of riches and sorrows that can reveal more than just your identity. when a thing makes even just please in contact with a surface, at least traces of salt in proteins that can now be analyzed using new technologies . that how scientists identify someone's eating habits diseases they suffered from or whether they took drugs even centuries after the fact the following fingerprints into the past

and rediscovering history. welcome to tomorrow. today the science show on d w. busy repositories of knowledge, centuries old books can teach us a lot about the past, as long as we can decode them. cryptographers have yet to decide to the 15th century voyage manuscript, for example. like historical bookstore, molecular, as well as intellectual secret. secrets about the people who wrote them, touched them and left their traces in the form of proteins. these molecules are found in every single cell of the body and each type of protein is made up of a sequence of amino acids folded in a unique way. scientists of any recently learned how to read this data hidden between the lines of old me the so called marco polo

bible is almost 800 years old. tiny slave is that the parchment a roll biochemist pierre georgia, were getting needed to look into its past regard. speciality is proteomics the study of the range of proteins in organisms. he examines documents, paintings, clothing for traces of proteins, and they can be thousands of years old today. so for the bible belongs to the laurentian library and florence its name dr. marco polo because he was taking it to china to the court of cooper con. but what kind of parchment is it made of back then paper had not yet been invented. surface had been examined with instruments like spectrophotometer using ultraviolet and infrared light and so on. but then we proteomic systems came along and examined the proteins. there was a theory that bibles from the period were written on parchment made from the skin

of lam fetuses. it turns out this one was non calfskin by the rigor. he says it's a type of parchment that was only used until the middle of the 13th century in the south of france. this new method, together with textual analysis, have revealed the bible's origins. no one of the laurentian library had ever heard of proteomics before waste any of it, i mean, you know, this was absolutely new to us. we get a hold the academic world, our researchers and experts, manuscripts, something that was completely unknown to them. something we always wanted, that's a physical analysis of our document, e fees. i better, i guess he had a problem. he needed samples that his pershing analyses. and most libraries and museums refused to allow precious works to be damaged in any way. but his solution was found to re guess he's problem and it came from israel ah, in

a televi glare, silberstein, originally from russia conduct per seal, makes research. as soon as he heard about re guess, he's worked with marco polo bible. he wanted to get involved. ah, i go here we go, keep how you close a can extract result of the girl to destruction of object one. think 2nd, think our technology make pretty concentrations means of increase concentration of proteins from 2 types. no sham on said. if you want to keep on examining cultural heritage, we simply cannot continue these destructive technologies like a renaissance gene. it's coming up with avant garde ideas. really, silverstein has invented plastic films containing beads of charged resins that jewel proteins, another chemical from objects they're placed on the extracted proteins can then be

analyzed in the laboratory, his latest coos an examination of one object casanova, his manuscript of her grade to the lower molecule portrait jacqueline was on the miss jacqueline, on the way from casanova. his men was to the shirt, anton checkoff was wearing when he died, little by little silberstein and his team working their way through the literary cannon. another exciting discovery is what he found on a manuscript by russian right. can make calls from you always was a q 2 really curious. what was a source of such a could you these 2 will get for much more good. the answer was found in traces of sweat on the manuscript. g. red shows the highest concentration green the lowest

ball because it was a short time when the v give to the people found the objective information about theresa. so for direct appear with in the particular morphine in the, for in the booker, for reference, hilda stein sent the extracted proteins to rigatti and milan in his lab. but the polytechnic university, the plastic films, are dipped in a chemical solution that detaches everything that has stuck to them. the enzyme trips and breaks down the proteins into smaller peptide fragments, which had been analyzed by a mass spectrometer. major breakthrough by the protein historians had to do with the history of milan itself.

half the cities residence died in a plague epidemic in 1630, where he wanted to find out what the death registers still in existence and kept from the state archives might reveal. with silberstein films, he examined the lower right margins of several pages and found that they bore traces of sweat, bacteria, tobacco, and food, or pitcher cameras on a protein, a protein that data that are passed. course we examined proteins associated with play bacteria. but we also found out that not everyone died on 2 percent of the victims died of anthrax. with this research in which we identify proteins because we have, in a sense, brought back into life the more through our c, mario prison from the grave in which they were buried. 400 years ago. we've brought them back to life. for me, it's quite incredible. equest article in the mail and i,

there would be pierre giorgio regret, he says pershing historians could rediscover all the world history in an antiquarian bookshop in florence. he recently found this book published in venice century ago. ah, probably me, did you said i would probably find all kinds of bacteria epidemics? traces of cholera typhoid who knows, you know, some personnel mix could become one of the most exciting science. they've got the future by costing a new look at the past. in scribes publishes and readers had left information about themselves as traces of proteins on the pages of proteins are found in the sweat the body produces when it's and the strength. and proteins may play a role in the somewhat pungent smell of sweat, but instruct stress plays

a vital role in human survival. since prehistoric times, stress has helped humans to survive. when a predator approaches our brain sounds, the alone releasing the stress hormones, adrenalin and cortisone, adrenalin gives our body a sudden energy burst. our heart rate and blood pressure rise, that comes more blood to our muscles. the stress hormone cortisol is released soon afterward, acts as a stimulant, breathing blood sugar levels suppressing the need for sleep, and reducing our sensitivity to paint. but in the long term, it can ravage the immune system. adrenalin and cortisol and give us an energy rush and activate the fight or flight response. afterwards, our body needs to rest and recover. today's stresses different, often it just doesn't stop. this constant state of high alert can lead to chronically high levels of cortisol. that can make us sick and weaken our immune

system. it can also promote obesity. high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease . ready the good news is there's plenty we can do to beat stress including breathing exercises when to try to. ready ready sit down, close your eyes, take a deep breath. feel how your belly expands as fills your lungs. exhaled quickly. studies show that conscious breathing reduces stress levels. but there is another unexpected factor that affects how we deal with stress. and it has to do with where we go along this fellow is a typical city kid who didn't spend much time in the countryside or have contact with animals. this guy, by contrast,

grew up surrounded by nature. he had lots of contact with farm animals. research shows that people who were raised in the country are less likely to have certain mental illnesses potentially is growing up on the countryside is actually associated with a much lower risk of getting depression. so are people who grew up in the country also better at coping with stress. to find out re bus team conducted an experiment . they simulated a job application interview with 40 mail test, subjects. bottle dating the the why do you think your, the best candidate thing? well, because of my previous experience in the life cycle owner viewers didn't just listen quietly but intensified the pressure by asking the candidates to do some mental arithmetic on the spot to count backwards from 32692163200 21. stop before

that's wrong. the police start again from 326-9000 followed. subjects didn't know the interview was not for a real job. getting the answers right was not important. the experiment was about something completely different, even if it's an standard, it's a standardized test. just it's only purpose is to put people under stress under experimental conditions, to feel apart to kind of from of 20 of the test. subjects grew up in a city and have never had contact with farm animals. the other 20 spent at least the 1st 15 years of their lives in the country and had lots of contact with farm animals. it's already been established that that has certain health benefits as municipal, as i like, you know, with regard to allergies and auto immune diseases. it's been known for years that

growing up in the country, protects people from them and they might even after lunch, i'll fix both things. there are further benefits. residents of rural areas have contact with many non harmful micro organisms that are prevalent in and around animals in their dung, coats and feed researchers call them old friends isn't and boom mix. it's a colorful made of bacteria argue bacteria, viruses, and single cell organisms. all of these micro organisms that were present during our evolution are referred to as old friends. cba and his colleagues 1st identified the effect of these old friends in experiments on mice and moistened with mice. we've demonstrated that when they're treated with these good microbes, there are less susceptible distress. for example, we could prevent chronic stress from causing intestinal inflammation or increase things i be in the mice. hagner,

who does that also hold true for people who grew up in the country. the researchers use the fake job interview to try to answer this question. before the test, they took saliva and blood samples from the participants. a particular interest where the stress hormone cortisol, which is produced by the adrenal gland, and released in greater amount when we experience stress and decided kind interleukin 6, which is also released when we are stressed and it stimulates inflammation. high levels are associated with a whole range of illnesses. simply inflammatory bowel disease and inflammatory disease of the joints, and as to the emotions and with depression for examples, for post traumatic stress disorder and in zion disorder sampling. before the experiment, cortisol and interleukin 6 were present at normal levels in both groups for city kids, and those who grew up in the country. after the test samples were taken,

the cortisol levels proved to be the same in both groups. that means they experienced the test situation as equally stressful, but how did their bodies deal with this stress? the researchers looked at the white blood cells, glucose side. they produce the class of side of kinds known as interleukin, including into lucan, 6 produced in larger amounts when we're stressed by the number of white blood cells and the number of inflammatory cytokines released were higher in city dwellers than in those from the country. and then in 2 hours after the test researchers drew blood again to see if the inter, looking 6 levels had dropped and were returning to normal. the results were interesting via the city residents weren't able to regulate their interleukin 6 level. that means it continued to rise over the 2 hours after the experiment constant, but those from a rule background were able to bring the level down within the same time period.

why was the 2nd group able to deal with stress more swiftly? professor says it has to do with the old friends a contact and it didn't contact with these micro organisms enhances the regulation of the immune system. the rise and interleukin 6 was less pronounced in those with a rural background. and basically, i think so those who had a lot of contact with animals reduced their interleukin 6 level and by implication their stress level more quickly. it's not yet clear whether rural microbes are the only reason for that could extended contact with a pet dog or a cat yield the same positive effects reba and his team. want to find that out. ah, so many of us, one of the most stress inducing cases is the office just as we're trying to rise an

important emails, the phone rings, guys come up, then the text message pings on to your cell phone. oh, i do have a meeting to run to. it's impossible to concentrate and get anything done done also . but how could come from computers, thanks to emotion recognition software? shadley mar, loan is a software developer. his work involves a lot of complex tasks. it can be strenuous and sometimes kind of depressing when you can't figure it out, then you are in a bad mood and his colleague mathias schmidt. my also spends a lot of time in front of the computer. often these multitasking worst case scenario, it hits you all at once, the entire day, long, various stages of things. you could sit down and say, monday i'll do only the one thing tuesday. the other in practice though that's

difficult. they both work for tony. a company that is looking to develop an intelligent software system that automatically supply staff with only as much work as they can complete the employees have to wear a pulse moment while on the job. a video cam films their face said that the supposed to monitor their mood and emotional state based on that data, the software will decide how much work they can handle. at that moment, marco maya helped develop the software. he's looking at charlie's data to try to figure out how his colleague was feeling about his work right then. and what his emotional state was like. if you find the task difficult or easy was he may be at risk of feeling over extended

over a longer period. so ah, to figure that out the computer will have to learn how to interpret emotions. again, a blog, my is one of the test subjects. she's assigned a stressful task. she has to retype various texts. what she doesn't know is that the text will get increasingly difficult. first, she gets the children's story than a text with complex chemical formulas. the pulse moment gives feedback on her stress level. at the same time, the camera monitors the various facial muscles that indicate emotion, like a corner of her mouth, all the area around her eyes. rigging, this expression is fairly neutral, but not quite. often. on the right side you can see she's under stress. can we just saw that the line is trending upwards? what that means generally speaking, is that the task is challenging one and the for that she's getting more stress on.

the other thing that's very interesting is that the video also that's his draw conclusions about her heart rate's this is her heartbeat, regular, irregular, fast or slow. based on various insights from medicine and psychology, we can draw some conclusions about stress levels. the demands being made on her or relaxation. and so even though her expression might be nutro poker face, she might still be feeling stress from the inside and, you know, the flight of responders. do we really want to that a computer peers so deeply into our mind and soul? phillips is alec from the german research center for artificial intelligence. as his doubts. ah, and what does this is used as a form of surveillance? perhaps even with repercussions for the employee, if someone's performance seems sub par, they might be fired about maybe because they're going through a tough time on a personal level on the, the system might detect that,

and that could have negative repercussions for the employee. that's something we definitely don't want to see germany, it's illegal to monitor employees this way. without their permission. will they always have a choice? marco maya says his only goal is creating an optimized work atmosphere system. for example, it would activate cold forwarding in moments of intense concentration. but what many people say is that technology now serves as a major distraction. there are so many different channels of communication, e mail messenger social media. so especially at work it's getting harder and harder to work on something in a really focused deep way over a longer period and sites on it too. but it's become harder and harder to achieve flow. the feeling of energized, creative focus ah, is a twisted sleep that's often described as the optimal balance between boredom and

feeling overwhelmed and stressed. and it's that mid point where i feel challenged but can still master the task of that flow to finish the flow. during a state of flow of brain releases, happiness, hormones hunt beat small rhythmically and skin conductance increases. ah, marco, my wants to use these responses to teach computers to be aware of our emotions and to assign tasks to work as based on what they can master at that moment. who, who phillips on. it also believes that systems like the other useful applications. for example, in traffic and on the road, it might involve a train or an autonomy is driving system where we want to know if the locomotive engineer or the driver is still alert and awake. but there might also be beneficial applications in office settings or provides the company has already carried out

tests in real life offices. the results are still under wraps, but it's already clear that systems like this opposed to change how we work if i was what is read, why do you have a science question? you've always been mulling over every week. we are through a query section by a view at this time it comes from the ria increase the what is a black hole? black holes are among the weirdest objects in the universe. they're trapped and face time, where gigantic amounts of matter are compress to

a point so massive that had curved space almost infinitely, and bring time to a standstill. the border of this bizarre world is known as the event horizon. the german astronomer kosh font shield did seminal calculations of the defining parameter describing the event horizon. black holes are formed when massive stars collapse at the end of their life cycle, or when the compact remains of dense stars merge. that's how the lightweights among these gravitational traps are born. they're called stiller black holes. those gravity ranges from between a few times to some 10 times that of our son, media massive black holes can have up to 100000 times the solar mass. and the really giant, super massive ones look at the center of many galaxies millions, even billions of times as massive as the sun. black holes grow by sucking up everything and there vicinity and even light can't escape the gravitational traps.

and they merge with one another to grow. albert einstein predicted them and his general theory of relativity in but they were 1st detected around 90 years later in the center of our galaxy. the milky way is one such invisible mass that accelerates nearby stars. to incredible speeds, the telescopes around the world were synchronized to capture the 1st ever image of a black hole. the relatively spectacular looking picture shows the place where time comes to a standstill. the dark event horizon surrounded by a ring of light from the hot matter. the orbits of the black hole. it was a milestone in astronomy. me

to send in your questions, just go to our website or find out some twitter. ah, that's it for this week's edition of tomorrow today. thanks for watching. we'll be back next time with more stories from the world of science and technology until then stay healthy. and by, by the, the the the news news

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