and moved out of our regents during interglacial period in evidence from the co aside indicates that in the end a thought spread their activities over several locations. for example, the current excavation was set up at a place where these early humans butchered the animals. they killed just wants to do. this was an intermediate site they use for a slaughtering anymore on the wall. they killed the animal somewhere else and then brought the carcasses year motel in on afterward. they probably took me to a base camp that was a little further away who called the bus, the pursuits jump accrued while you're on interested. if we've recovered items that indicate that these people made their weapons very quickly without a lot of extra work i didn't actually id was to complete the assignment in what was for them a short period of time when they thought, please. so he can, if i want to show you, man, scientists have now determined how the science we used and how long they were. all

key pied. ready for the oldest layer is around 124000 years old will do more. they went there twice a year, is the newest stratum, which is about 121000 years old. was used for 10 months at a time people whether it's clear that neanderthals were able to adapt successfully to their environment by restricting their activities to specific areas. you told them, i mean they were nomads, but they lived in a rather limited region where each site fulfilled a specific functions almost like expecting raw materials or slaughtering animals. and they created living spaces and sloped areas that protected them from high winds . and they knew how to make good use of these narrowly defined area materials recovered from the co sign highlight an important feature of neanderthal

culture, the nomadic way of life. this phenomenon has been confirmed by evidence found that the law side on the island of jersey, the 1st scientist who visited the site at the turn of the last century, discovered the remains of numerous, woolly mammoth. most of these items ended up in private collections. ah, this is the only one that remains in the hands of scientists. we don't know precisely how the tools getting hold of the mama that we bought into the car. but we seem that probably hunting numbers of them in that landscape, or maybe also scavenging them as well, but they certainly not bringing them in any great distance. the neanderthal hunters trapped their prey in the rugged jersey landscape and then

use flint tipped weapons to kill them and flint tools to butcher them. but no items made of flint have been found on jersey. so where did these essential tools come from? we know from the flint that's carried in the journeys people are making up for maybe 20, maybe 30 kilometers away from our 2 round guns, the old and the westland fresh clint outcrops. to make those journeys you, your tracking in may be over a couple of days, you're carrying your tool kit with you. you're working it down as you go and you're not replacing it with, with local rule materials. so it's like these are deliberate moves to get to places that, that, you know, with the retail, it gives us an insight into, into man, to, to joe graphy, the wise man to mapping their world radio ah,

materials excavated that co and le, could indicate that neanderthals learn to plan their activities, such as hunting in areas where they lived. these level of sophistication does not correspond to the stereotype of neanderthals as crude lo, brown cave dwellers. single question being in the tellico undertaking some planning in their activities. we know that there are hunting big game, we know the hunting, mammoth bison horse that do that. you have to do some timing for that because it's going to be a group cooperative activity. you need to speak with her. they're going to be exactly how you're going to have them in then also need time hagan to dispute the food and bus routes. so clearly that got to be planning that we to see that from the basic awkward clearance that we set that that we get planning allowed the neanderthals to optimize key activities like hunting. this was an important

development because there was so few of these early humans is pretty much the name. the. it appears that they lived in small groups with perhaps 20 or 30 people. and a large class might have 2 or 3 families to t all day in the small groups moved over relatively large areas, a sort of a thought in all there were only a few tens of thousands of people in an area, the size of europe that we know when she proficient ruled it's unusual that such a relatively small group of people scattered over such a large area, kept coming back to places that were far less spectacular than the clips of jersey . in southern france, excavation were continues to grow more drawn. a kate like structure on the road river that's does in the end of the shelter. ah,

the mac is the project leader. he says that the evidence they found here indicates that this was an important stop on many neanderthal migration. on the home faces north towards straw river, which deposited sediments in the cave over thousands of years. some vienne human. the 1st arrived here 120000 years ago possible. we recovered items from the cave that date back 80000 year. it's a marvelous archaeological repository that covers the period from the 1st settlement to the extinction of the andrew halls. 42000 years ago. you just, it's the only one of its kind in the world in the, in these layers that sediment, mack and his team have found a lot of evidence showing that neanderthals lived here. they stayed only briefly,

sometimes just a few days. but they apparently came back again and again throughout the course of their existence, the archeologists have discovered gaps of several decades when known and fools appear to have been present here. the mac believe that over 80000 years the mon drum caves were occupied frequently by nomadic groups with the number. no, that's what makes and the, and it's all a no matter how did they follow hers or animals like horses, why center reindeer room and you can see that they had good reason to migrate to model community. when we talk about no matter what we mean, populations that are thoroughly familiar with a specific area that could be relatively large. surely talking to you, most people done, the groups of man or thaws,

apparently met regularly in specific places with the hope. excellent example. once a year they'd gathered to exchange information and members of their group or especially young people. sedition, there's evidence from the c, drone cave and wayne that neanderthals also exchanged women. when you really come to shorten group me up, if you will. they live together in small groups and reproduced amongst them, and that could cause genetic problems. you need a healthy gene pool needs, constant imports and exports of material to oh, for example, i might exchange my sister for someone else to be shown us. this would help to enhance the group. i'm a genetic continuity who genetic. he's had it up on the eggs up the pizza cutter. not a typical gathering place was like this on the lad applied to the various groups met their over tens of thousands of years different for the specific purpose of population exchange. short sure of these and immediately the article

the survival of the tribe was essential. that's also why groups of neanderthals met often to hunt migrating wild animals the local name. we found evidence that certain objects were transported from far away or in a completely different direction. for example, when that came from 300 kilometers farther in still more 300 kilometers, farther west, or 150 kilometers farther north, don't put them. it's not possible that one group would cover such a large area and it's annual migration of the stuff that's thousands of kilometers and it doesn't fit in annual cycle calling us up. oh no he's. i can hardly as the evidence indicates that there were several groups and each had its own territory that lead up to the 12 and once or twice a year. they meet at one place to engage in the common activity. she does activity could mean these meetings would produce the desired

results only in the various groups could communicate with each other. this raises the possibility that neanderthals had developed rudimentary language skills. i think to be able to anticipate upon your social activities, your hunting activities, approaching it must imply pretty sophisticated systems communication. it doesn't mean it's that's a competition language like we have in terms of words and grandmother and so forth . but it means the voice case for communication ah, scientists have been studying what sort of language than the end the thought may have spoken. in any case, these ancient humans do seem to have had the physical capability to speak

me. we can reconstruct the basic shape of the neanderthal vocal apparatus. and it seems to be fundamentally similar to ours. but maybe the voicebox was a little bit higher in the throat, which would suggest the voice was a bit pitched. doesn't quite go with the butch neanderthal image of them having high voices, but maybe they did. but we know that the bones of now and it's all seem to be functioning like ours do for sound transmission. the same range of frequencies. so the hearing certainly would have given them the same capabilities as we have in terms of hearing language. so i think all of that suggest and it's always had a basic language to, into each other. they had speech capabilities. so it seems likely that neanderthals were able to communicate with each other, but did they use language in a form that modern humans would recognize communicated?

o'connor, long did communicate. so they did have language capability complex. it was a complex and sophisticated form of language that allowed groups to exchange information with each other and that was crucial to their survival. the 2 single planning yesterday, or the crux, is whether they're using words in the way that we use words. and those words were then combined with complex grammatical rules or syntax to be able to convey complex ideas. now, tubes information, i suspect not in any in still, neanderthals were able to communicate among themselves, but was formed. it is language actually take music through me because it's hugely important, especially emotion,

huge important social bonding as well. to go hunting, guys, work in the team. i'll go the answer constantly. you're going to stay a bit, just the right time to hit that bison. because if you don't get trouble to death, so how are we going to build up that trust? we haven't got words. i think we sing and dance together. i think we see still see that the modem of singing and dancing together. build up trust bills, common bond that sense of the group that i think critical to the survival who scientific analysis of neanderthal brain cases and comparisons with those of modern humans may help scientists to better under stand the speech capability of these pre historic people. oh, brain case is very different from that of anatomical

model. newman's, for example, of flat forehead and strong grow riches along gated flat scowl is a robust meal. he died at an age of 42 years. the shape of brain is very typical and is unique. under the forces of words, the multiple logical structure of the on the brain cases is strongly different from that of an a. tell me, kelly. modern humans bots as the internal structure isn't well known. yes. ah, we may never be able to create an anatomical profile if the neanderthal brain ah, but scientists can use the knowledge of modern human brain structure to study that of these prehistoric people, especially their cognitive abilities. ah,

there's only 2 of that commission. my mission is part of my brain and as part is to what i've followed her through the part in fact my developed environment. but then it's also all the other support around me. you know, i'm not very clever unless they've got a smart phone in my hand. these days or rule over book and so forth. so competition is really a combination of your material culture. you have the sessions, arm and when you're bothered inside of, you know, the end of the launch prints. they may have been become network differently. but without that material started to scaffold that development and scaffold the support the thinking and without words to do that, i think there were inherently inhibited, ah. but despite the limitations cited by professor

mison were the neanderthals able to develop a culture as we understand the term today. experts opinion on this topic is divided since there is no hard evidence of songs or dances. if indeed they had any some scientists believe that the archaeological evidence indicates that neanderthals were capable of creating works that may be described as art. one of those scientists is british pre historian, mat pope, who knows the flint deposits on the south coast of england quite well. toby's part of the team that studying the site at la copa to sombre lud. he and colleague, becky scott, will carry out further excavations. there within la cop, perhaps the 2 most famous strata graphic level is within the to bone

heat. on the west, the mall of the cave. they were piling large amounts of mamma and a small amount of why not sure if they could be just the remains of boot animals neatly piled up in just a very ordered behavior. they could be stuck piling them for other uses this these, but it keeps go even further in the ordering. the way the skulls of mamma to place around the outside of these bone heaps. the way that ripped, driven on and into the sediment, almost to fencin and constrain the bone heaps. and in one case, a really even driven lewis go into the sediment underneath goes beyond simple, tidy. this goes beyond stockpiling material. they're creating something, even if it's just to kind of routine habitual behavior, even if it has no symbolic meaning. it's still monumental. what they leave behind.

it would still, if you saw it today, look very, very striking me the evidence that neanderthals were capable of planning and building structures is rare. so the discovery of the bruno kill cave in 1990 in france is of a row and valley calls to sensation. in a space located more than 300 meters from the entrance archaeologist discovered several structures made of broken stella minds. there are rings of this material as well as random piles. the ring structures were later determined to be approximately 175000 years old. me. some scientists say that the neanderthals

who built these structures had developed a complex level of social organisation. me as a parallel between the both and the phallic, my circle. okay, both in a way are inexplicable in their order both a very, very structured because really go deep in the cave. they're not using food refuse, but it shows that they capable of working together to create a structure out of chaos without any obvious function. we've got lots of words for those sort of behaviors in our, in our own language, we can call it symbolism can call it are, you can reach listed behavior. i don't see those words very helpful. i think it is something very, very human to try and monumental eyes landscape, monumental eyes landscape without writing traces own interventions on it. a rare indication of neanderthal abstract expression was discovered at gordon's cave on

the broad to peninsula in 2014 ah, a series of intersecting lines. the press dubbed it histories 1st hash tag. it's not clear what the symbols mean. the some experts like ludovico li, mac, caution against speculation. dick leave them with math. there is evidence that early homo sapiens may jewelry. they took the teeth of carnivores that they drilled holes in them and created necklaces. also physically, we found none of that among the angels, no jewelry necklaces, b, it's or anything that might require drilling. and scientists have examined countless artifacts from that period to be humans, wear jewelry and clothing to show off. to do these items, shape our mental cultural and social universe, which we then present to others. neanderthals simply didn't do that, you know, the thought on the bus or future archaeological discoveries

may prompt skeptics to change their minds. but this discussion also raises an important question. how closely to the end, a thought resemble most people science company changes. how are we in this is the details. at the same time we want to bring them close to us. we seeing them is very modern in terms of their behavior. we should never forget the fact that if we were confronted by one, if we encountered one in the street or in the landscape, we instantly noticed differences in their mythology and their face in their bearing in their gait. the, the 1st humans of the species, homo sapiens, arrived in western europe about 50000 years ago. these development appeared to seal the fate of the neanderthals who were far less sophisticated

studies of the mon drug cave. the reconstruction of settlements there and the discovery of flint objects indicate that homer's sapient came to western europe into wades. the 1st consisted of scouting parties. he used advanced flint tools that grew disappeared after about 10 years. and then the end of those gradually returned to the mon drown size. sapiens returned to the region a few 1000 years later, around 42000 years ago. you have a and a for this to have was home to both the, the last in the and her thaws and the 1st and the modern human on. they probably traveled north from the mediterranean and through the round river valley,

they settled their goals and it's likely that they came into contact with the andrew false system complete. this was just about the time that the previous residence of this region, the neanderthals started to die out. there's been a lot of speculation about why and how these happened really in the district of the nation would be denice anderson had been there for doesn't even hundreds of generation luma will not, she cannot be suddenly on that with the arrival of homeless sapiens disappear jimmy the 5th, if they never return to the games where they have lived receipt of these. and that is the 2 studies that the scientists in france, other parts of europe and western asia, have concluded that the neanderthal population became extinct about 42000 years ago . the monk c lynmore delete connection of the

tom. hi him is an expert on carbon 14 dating. he's a professor of archaeological science at oxford university and says that recent scientific studies have provided new information on why and the end of the goals died out. and that's why originally thought, based on working in this area, i think that he was kind of swinton and the other cells would get relatively sick. but actually it seems to be a lot more in the population in different parts of europe. of course, because the dna is telling us that these 2 populations not, i mean, met for the engine, which as a increase layer of interest and complexity at the same. so i think under the su, just 4000 years in which we see model humans in the living or the laughing in europe, there was a slow and gradual disappearance at the end. it's operates me

as in the end, us all started to interbreed with homo sapiens. their numbers grew smaller and smaller until they eventually disappeared altogether. i think there was some extent to success. they survived for to, to interest them years and to huge amounts of climate change in the very challenging environments. but the culture remains pretty stable for 2000 years. they're making basically the same types of tools. they would quit tools, but the amount of innovation and creativity is, is minimal. neanderthals and homo sapiens co existed across eurasia for several 1000 years. these ancient humans managed to survive, major changes in climate, but they failed to adapt to the arrival of a superior species. the school there was

a point where there was a group of people in surviving the same landscape who were superficially so similar to us, but maybe did things in a different way. it's like, it's almost like playing hunter. got there a thought experimental, something i just, i just think it seems incredible that at one point we were the only human species that will be s as we are today lawyer. so i think that the way that we look at the end are thaws, says a lot about how we deal with other issues. and this raises the question of how we treat other members of our b c. today people are always talking about the cultural shock of migration, and i think the situation is exaggerated, but it's still reflects on how we deal with other pop community. from time to time, archaeologists find new evidence that helps us to better understand how neanderthals lived. but these are just fragments from the long history of the species.

ah, modern humans inherited part of the genetic code from the end of holes. perhaps that's why many of us are fascinated with the relics of these ancient people. and the similarities that neanderthal share with modern humans if they had managed to survive, the world would likely be a very different place. neanderthals developed to distinct social intelligence and were much more attuned to their environment than was the species that replaced them . we can only speculate on what influence the neanderthals might have had on the cause of human history. for better or for worse. ah

ah the ah, the way the watts se by and when the 9 consecutive lead time. and we would really say struck the season and where was the competition wayllace back and just season,

you know, when the 30 minutes on the w. a football or without a team trainee without emission a student without classmates. young wants to get out and trying new things for themselves, but the pandemic is forcing them to keep putting life on home mosque in the pandemic shop. 90 minutes on d. w. the news me species. an expedition

introduced the secret language of wales. exciting part of underwater listening. if you're giving you a window into their, their life that you would never, you will never see your company, your research team to the pacific to the language of wales starts june, 4th on d, w. ah, this is the news and these are top stories. the u. s. has marked us and 10 re of one of its deadliest racial atrocities. in 1921, a white mob looted and burned a prosperous, black neighborhood in tulsa, oklahoma, known as black wall street official deaf toll is 36, but historians believe the real figure can be as high as 375. france and

germany are demanding answers following reports that denmark help the u. s. by on european.