and moved out of our region during interglacial period in evidence from the co, a side indicates that in the end of full spread their activities over several locations. for example, the current excavation was set up at a place where these early humans butchered the animals. they killed mr. dick washington. this was an intermediate site. they use for slaughtering and you know, the law, they killed the animal somewhere else and then brought the carcasses here. even afterwards, they probably took me to a base camp that was a little further away pool counter buskie, pursuits, temper could work for your own interest. we've recovered items that indicate that these people made their weapons very quickly without a lot of extra work. didn't actually idea was to complete the honda in what was for them a short period of time. would you please tell me if i'm only should be men? scientists have now determined how the science we used and how long they were all

keep pied. when you would present, all this layer is around 124000 years old will do more. they went there twice a year. the newest stratum, which is about 121000 years old, was used for 10 months at a time. people want it's clear that neanderthals were able to adapt successfully to their environment by restricting their activities to specific areas. you told them i don't know if they were nomads, but they lived in a rather limited region where the site fulfilled a specific function almost like exacting raw materials or slaughtering animals. and they created living spaces and sloped areas that protected them from high winds. and they knew how to make good use of these narrowly defined area. materials recovered from the side highlight an important feature of neanderthal

culture. then no magic way of life. this phenomenon has been confirmed by evidence found at the law code site on the island of jersey. the 1st scientist who visited the site at the turn of the last century discovered the remains of numerous, willy mammoth. most of these items ended up in private collections. ah, these 2 is the only one that remains in the hands of scientists. we don't know precisely how the tools are getting hold of the mama that we see brought into the call. but we assume that probably hunting numbers of them in that landscape, or maybe it will say cap engine them as well. but they're certainly not bringing them in any great distance is in the end, the full hunters trapped their prey in the rugged jersey landscape. and then use

flint tipped weapons to kill them, and flint tools to butcher them. but no items made of flint have been found on jersey. so where did these essential tools come from? we know from the flint that's carried in the journeys people are making up for maybe 20, maybe 30 kilometers away from out around the old in the westland fresh clint outcrops. to make those journeys your, your tracking in may be over a couple of days, you're carrying your tool kit when you're working it down as you go and you're not replacing it with, with low cool materials. so it's light. these are deliberate moves to get to places that, that, you know, with the rate. so it gives us an insight into, into nance with geography, the wise man, tools and mapping their world, radiating the materials excavated at co. and le code indicates

that neanderthals learned to plan their activities, such as hunting, in areas where they lived. this level of sophistication does not correspond to the stereotype of neanderthals as crude lo, brown cave dwellers. i think i'm questioning the one to take in some planning in their activities. we know that they're hunting big game. we know their hunting, mammoth bison horse, not to do that. you have to do some planning for that because it's going to be a group cooperative activity. you need to speak with her. going to be exactly how you're going to have them. you then also need time to have a dispute, the food and both routes. so clearly the got to be planning that we just see that from the basic awkward script and that we, that, that, that we get planning allowed the neanderthals to optimize key activities like

hunting. this was an important development because there were so few of these early humans is pretty much the name. the. it appears that they lived in small groups with perhaps 20 or 30 people. a large class might have 2 or 3 families to tea day in the small groups moved over a relatively large areas. a sort of thought in all there were only a few tens of thousands of people in an area, the size of europe that we know when she proficient come to me. it's unusual that such a relatively small group of people scattered over such a large area, kept coming back to places that were fun, less spectacular than nicholas said. josie in southern france, excavation were continues to grow more drawn, a kate like structure on the road river. that's does a neanderthal shelton,

ludovico lee, mac is the project leader. he says that the evidence they found here indicates that this was an important stop on many neanderthal migrations. all faces north towards straw river was deposited in a sediment and came over thousands of years. in human, diverse arrived here 120000 years ago. we've recovered items from the cave that date back 80000 year concert. it's a marvelous archaeological repository that covers the period from the 1st settlement to the extinction of any interest halls 42000 years ago. just the only one of its kind in the world, eco monday. ah, in these lay as a cinnamon slee mack and his team have found a lot of evidence showing that neanderthals lived here. they stayed only briefly,

sometimes just a few days. but they apparently came back again and again throughout the course of their existence, the party ologist have discovered gaps in several decades when only and a thought appear to have been present here. the max believed that over 80000 years, the mon drum caves were occupied frequently by nomadic groups no matter what makes and the and it's all no matter how did they follow her of animals like horses, ly center, randy newman didn't think that they had good reason to migrate to model, you mean when we talk about no matter what we mean, populations that are thoroughly familiar with a specific area that could be relatively large coffee, but if we most likely dumbed and groups of manner thaws apparently met regularly in

specific places with the hope zone, for example, once a year they'd gathered to exchange information and members of their group. especially young people. see this, there is evidence from the drone cave and spain that neanderthals also exchanged women. that's the 3 become shorter group. me. when you send up the table, they live together in small groups and reproduced amongst them, and that could cause genetic problems. these need them for a healthy gene pool needs, constant imports and exports of material to. for example, i might exchange my sister for someone else to be myself. so this would help to enhance the group genetic continuity genetic data on these up to pizza cutter bullet. a typical gathering place like this on the lad applied to the various groups met their over tens of thousands of years. so do you feel for the specific purpose of population exchange? sure you are these in to 1000000 on the article

the survival of the tribe was essential. that's also why groups of neanderthals met often to hunt migrating wild animals. the local news, we found evidence that certain objects were transported from far away or in a completely different direction. for example, when that came from 300 kilometers farther, or 300 kilometers farther west, or 150 kilometers farther north, don't put, it's not possible that one group would cover such a large area. and it's annual migration of the stuff that's thousands of kilometers . and it doesn't fit in annual cycle calling us up. oh no he's, i could hardly. the evidence indicates that there were several groups and each had its own territory. up to the 12 and once or twice a year. they meet at one place to engage in the harmon activity. she does activity could mean these meetings would produce the desired

results only if the various groups could communicate with each other. this raises the possibility that neanderthals had developed rudimentary language skills. i think to be able to anticipate your social activities, your hunting activities, approaching into the must imply pretty sophisticated systems communication doesn't mean it's that's a competition language, but we have in terms of words and grandmother and so forth. but that means the voice case for communication ah, scientists have been studying what sort of language in the end, a thought may have spoken. in any case, these ancient humans do seem to have had the physical capability to speak

in. we can reconstruct the basic shape of the neanderthal vocal apparatus. and it seems to be fundamentally similar to ours. but maybe the voicebox was a little bit higher in the throat, which would suggest the voice was a bit pitched. doesn't quite go with the butch man and so limited them having high voices, but maybe they did. but we know that the bones of now it's all seem to be functioning like alex do for sound transmission. the same range of frequencies. so the hearing certainly would have given them the same capabilities as we have in terms of hearing language. so i think all of that suggest standards always had a basic language into each other. i had speech capabilities. so it seems likely that neanderthals were able to communicate with each other, but did they use language in a form that modern humans would recognize communicated?

o'connor did communicate, so they did have language capability complex. it was a complex and sophisticated form of language that allowed groups to exchange information with each other and that was crucial to their survival. the 2 single plan, the destiny of the crux, is whether they're using words in the way that we use words. and those words were then combined with complex grammatical rules or syntax to be able to convey complex ideas, narratives, information. i suspect not any in still, neanderthals were able to communicate among themselves. but what form did this language actually take? i think need to come see me cause huge importance, especially emotion,

huge in social bonding as well to go hunting, work as a team. i'll go be out, see constant. you're going to say it's just the right time to hit that bison. because if you don't get trampled to death, so how are we going to build up the trust? we haven't got words. i think we sing and dance together. i think we see still see that the modem of singing and dancing together, bills of trust bills, a common bond that fences a group that has been critical to the top survival scientific analysis of neanderthal brain, cases and comparisons with those of modern humans may help scientists to better under stand the speech capability of these pre historic people. oh. 5 brain case is very different from that of anatomical modern humans, for example,

of flat forehead and strong brill riches along gated flats. carl is a robust meal. he died at an age of 42 years. the shape of the brain is very typical and is unique. under the forces of words, see multiple logical structure of the on the brain cases is strongly different from that of and not tell me. kelly modern humans bots is internal structure isn't well known. yes. ah, we may never be able to create an anatomical profile if the neanderthal brain ah, but scientists can use the knowledge of modern human brain structure to study that these prehistoric people, especially their cognitive abilities. because

we need to condition my mission is part of my brain of as part is to was knowledge her through the part in fact my develop environment. but then it's also all the other support around me. you know, i'm not very clever and i still got a smartphone in my hand. these days were ruler. book could say for the competition is really a combination of your material culture. you have sessions, arm, and when you're bother inside is, you know, the answer has a large brains, they may have been become network differently. but without that me to started to scaffold their development and scaffolding support the thinking and without words to do that. i think there were inherently inhibited, ah, but despite the limitations cited by professor mison with the neanderthals able to

develop a culture as we understand the term today. experts opinion on this topic is divided since there is no hard evidence of phones or dances. if indeed they had any some scientists believe that the archaeological evidence indicates that neanderthals were capable of creating works that may be described as art. one of those scientists is british, pre historian, met pope, who knows the flint deposits on the south coast of england quite well. pope is part of the team that studying the site at la coat, december, lud. he and colleague, becky scott, will carry out further excavations. there within the car, perhaps the 2 most famous strata graphic level is within. the 2 bone

heats on the west mall of the cave. they were piling large amounts of mamma and a small amount of woolly. why not surest but they could be just the remains. the future animals neatly piled up in just a very ordered behavior. they could be stock piling them for other uses these, but he'd go even further in that ordering the way the skulls of mamma, the place around the outside of these bone hits, the way that rips driven on and into the sediment almost to fencin and constrain the bone heaps, and in one case, a really even driven lewis go into the sediment underneath goes beyond simple, tidy. this goes beyond stock piling material. they creating something, even if it's just a kind of routine habitual behavior, even if it has no symbolic meaning. it's still monumental,

what they leave behind. it would still if you saw it today, look very, very striking in evidence that neanderthals were capable of planning and building struction is rare . so the discovery of the bruno kill cave in 1990 in france is of a ruined valley calls to sensation in a space located more than 300 meters from the entrance archaeologist discovered several structures made of broken stella mines or a rings of this material. as well as random piles the ring structures were later determined to be approximately 175000 years old. me. some scientists say that the neanderthals who

built these structures had developed a complex level of social organization. me as a parallel between the both hate and the phallic. my circle clinic. ok. both in a way inexplicable in their order. both a very, very structured because really go it's deep in the cave. they're not using food refuse, but it shows that they capable of working together to create a structure out of chaos. without any obvious function. we've got lots of words to those sort of behaviors in our, in our own language. we can call it symbolism a can call it art. we can call it rich listing behavior. i don't see those words very helpful. i think it is something very, very human to try and monumental eyes landscape, monumental eyes landscape without writing traces our own interventions on it. a rare indication of neanderthal abstract expression was discovered at gordon's cave

on the gibraltar peninsula, in 2014 ah, a series of intersecting lines. the press dubbed it history's 1st hash tag. it's not clear what the symbols mean. some experts like ludovico lemax, caution against speculation. they leave them with their money. there is evidence that early homo sapiens may jewelry. they took the teeth of carnivores that they drilled holes in them and created necklaces for physical year. we found none of that among the andra thaws, no jewelry necklaces, beats or anything that might require drilling. and scientists have examined countless artifacts from that period neil debris, humans where jewelry and clothing to show off to do these items shape our mental cultural and social universe, which we then present to others. neanderthals is simply didn't do that issue. on the 3rd, on the passer future,

archaeological discoveries may prompt skeptics to change their minds. but this discussion also raises an important question. how closely did neanderthals resemble molten people? science company changes. how are we in this is the at the same time we want to bring them close to us. we seeing them is very modern in terms of their behavior. we should never forget the fact that if we were confronted by one, if we encountered one in the street or in the landscape, we instantly noticed differences in their mythology and their face in their bearing in their gait. the 1st humans of the species, homo sapiens, arrived in western europe about 50000 years ago. this development appeared to seal the fate of the neanderthals, who will far less sophisticated studies of the mon

drawn cave. the reconstruction of settlements there and the discovery of flint objects indicate that homo sapiens came to western europe into waves. the 1st consisted of scouting parties. he used advanced flint tools that grew disappeared after about 10 years. and then the end of the hills gradually returned to the mon drown site. most sapiens returned to the region a few 1000 years later, around 42000 years ago. you have the honor for this to have was home to both the, the last in the and or thought and the 1st of the modern human. he's all going to a probably traveled north from the mediterranean through the round river valley.

they settled their goals and it's likely that they came into contact with me and with all system complete. this was just about the time that the previous residence of this region, the neanderthals started to die out. there's been a lot of speculation about why and how these happened. really this pretty, you know, it or the condition nation. denise anderson had been there for it, doesn't even hundreds of generation luma will not be suddenly on. but with the arrival of homeless sapiens, a visit here, jimmy, the 5th, if they never return to the games where they have lived receipt of these. and that is the 2 studies that scientists in france, other parts of europe and western asia, have concluded that the neanderthal population became extinct about 42000 years ago . the monks in mama delete thanks.

tom. hi him is an expert on carbon 14 dating. he's a professor of archaeological science at oxford university and says that recent scientific studies have provided new information on why in the end the thought died out. and actually, what i originally thought was working in this area. i think that he was kind of sweeten. and the relativistic, but actually seems to be a local business in the city, in missouri to population in different parts of europe. wilson of course. so the dna is telling us that these 2 populations in the medical engine later on which as a increased layer of interest and complexity, as i say, under the su 4000 years in which he c model, humans in the house living or laughing in europe. there was a slow and gradual disappearance of socrates. me as neanderthals started to interbreed with homo sapiens,

their numbers grew smaller and smaller until they eventually disappeared altogether . i think they held work to some extent trapped in that success. they survived for 2000 years and to huge amounts of climate change in the very challenging environments. but that culture remains pretty stable for 2000 years. they're making basically the same types of tools, then exclusive tools, but the amount of innovation and creativity is, is minimal. neanderthals and homo sapiens co existed across eurasia for several 1000 years. these ancient humans manage to survive, major changes in climate, but they failed to adapt to the arrival of a superior species. the thought that there was

a point where there was a group of people surviving the same landscape who were, you know, superficially so similar to us but maybe did things in a different way. it's like, it's almost like playing a hunter gatherer thought experimental something i just, i just think getting incredible. at one point we were the only human species that will be f as we are today. last year. i think that the way that we look at the end are thaws, says a lot about how we deal with other issues. and this raises the question of how we treat other members of our species. but today people are always talking about the cultural shock of migration, and i think the situation is exaggerated, but it's still reflects on how we deal with other pop comenity. from time to time, archaeologists find new evidence that helps us to better understand how neanderthals lived. but these are just fragments from the long history of this species.

ah, modern humans inherited part of their genetic code from the end of souls. perhaps that's why many of us are fascinated with the relics of these ancient people. and the similarities that neanderthal share with modern humans if they had managed to survive, the world would likely be a very different place. neanderthals developed to distinct social intelligence and were much more attuned to their environment than was the species that replaced them . we can only speculate on what influence the neanderthals might have had on the course of human history for better or for worse. ah

ah, me the the. ready ready eco india. ready turning on old clothes are transformed into a new fashion and an ancient craft create new trans am, transpires, fresh ideas for me, designers about solving problems. sustainable fashion in the deli ego. in

30 minutes on the w. on the korean you feel worried about the planet? i'm neil of the on the green and we need to change join miss chrissy. this is a green transformation for me to use this hijacking. the new me where i go from the news is being hijacked. journalism itself is become a scripted reality show. it's not just good versus evil us versus them black and white in countries like russia, china, turkey, people are told that it's that snow. and if you're a journalist there and you're trying to get beyond that,

you are facing scare tactics, intimidation. and i wonder, is that where we're headed as well? my responsibility as a journalist is to get beyond the smoke and mirrors. it's not just about being fair and balanced or being neutral. it's about being trues findings for golf and i'm working with the the this is d w news, and these are our top stories. as soon as france and germany are demanding answers, following reports that denmark help the u. s. by on european leaders, including chancellor angle americans, multi national media investigation revealed that the us national security agency used danish communication cables.