immunity without infecting the paid of foreign couldn't. many german states have already relaxed rules or vindicated. they will do so very soon with even large events permitted again in some regions and up next on the w it as a documentary about the neanderthals. so do stay with us if you can for that. in the meantime i'm, there are kelly in berlin from all of us here at d. w. thank you so much for watching. take care. ah, the news. ah, what people have to say to us i that's why we listen to their stories. reporter every

weekend on d. w. ah. ah . long before homo sapiens began to populate the earth, another human species had established itself across much of the you ration continent. the neanderthals. fossils discovered during the last 2 centuries in the atlantic ocean and inside the area have shed some light on the mysterious archaic humans ah, culture. they had social systems, they had intelligence. oh,

recent talkie illogical fines in england and france have helped researchers find out more about these early inhabitants of eurasia. so there's not even a mastered their environment and understood it perfectly. neanderthals managed to survive for some 300000 years and then they disappeared. how did they overcome existential threats, such as extreme climate change and walked in the end of souls and multiple humans have in common? ah ah!

after the 1st starkey a logical evidence of neanderthals was discovered in the 19th century, many experts described this species as a like ah, a more realistic picture of the neanderthals evolved decades later in the analysis of the day remains in various artifacts provided details about the way they lived the survival skills that they developed and the climate in which they lived. that climate was extremely harsh during the millennia that neanderthals inhabited the eurasian continent. this was the ice age and there were periods of extreme

cold, with temperatures dropping to minus 20 degrees celsius. and sea levels were much lower than they are today. the evidence indicates that in the end the tools adapted well to these particularly difficult conditions. paleo anthropologist, professor christ stringer of london's natural history museum, specializes in the physical and anatomical development of early humans. the nav. so face is very different to the shape of a mountain face and many arguments about how that face evolved wide evolved. and i think the view now is that certainly that face, it's partly to do with color that ration. so we know neanderthals evolved in

conditions that were largely colder and dryer than the present day in europe. and it's likely that that face was pretty the nicer because the nose is very large and its portable woods, it has a very large internal volume. so partly it seems that it's, there's acting like a radiator. it's warming up a humidifier that's coming in. and just for truth, always, these are all that really have a larger nice of apparatus used. but now to chose take it to another level. they really own pumping. huge amount of weight through their noses and i got huge runs barrel chest. they need to, she's blonde,

they burning more energy to stay warm as well. these physical characteristics helped the neanderthal survive in a nice, hospitable ecosystem. they also developed an important skill, making tools out of flint and other materials. this was groundbreaking technology. ah, it's known as the level one technique and involves using a rock or bone to chip off, thin, sharp edged flakes from the coal material. here archeologist van son last could demonstrate the technique,

regression and shaping the core. and then i'll remove the pieces that could be used as tools sheets. this is what's called a live one point. literally runs along these ridges. i mean your factor. now i'll break off a payment system. it's one it's a long, slow process. now he has to shop in the edges. now what are some as a clear, you can see the distinctive features of this process is going to have the 2 ridges that come to a point or 2 and the beveled cutting edge. the look on the concave lead could be used to attach the pointed flake to be here to the period along by exam the

level technique helps neanderthals create weapons to hunt launch animals that would provide them with meat for food and skin for clothing. this allowed the neanderthals to spread across the continent. despite the cold weather they were also able to adapt to brief interglacial periods that were marked by significant increases in temperatures. there are only a few sites where experts have been able to study thousands of years of neanderthal history. one of them is on the island of jersey in the english channel. excavations over the course of the last century have revealed new details on the lives of these early humans.

archeologist becky scott is a researcher at the british museum. she and her colleagues have spent several years studying than the end of full side at le caught the sombre lod settlements within the fisher and begin accumulating at least 240000 years ago. we have dates now of front about $40000.00 and they relate to sentiments as well. so actually that captures that entire time span. but what he also captures these huge changes in time. it's in the environment . so there was times when it was nearly as warm as the sea is quite close. there are other times when it's cold, we dipping down into glacial periods,

and the the sea is locked up a long way north of the site and a completely different landscape exposed in pre historic times jersey was not an island. it was part of the european mainland. one of its most prominent geographical features is a rock formation that towers 150 meters over abroad plain. neanderthals may have used it as a lookout post, finance to people that you give them control of that. so you may be much in somebody set up there, perhaps directing out the groups. perhaps spotting may be other people coming through may be heard if animals coming through. so by getting off, they are actually able to control and work with the landscaping. the way that you call when you just download and moving through it,

scientists met down the ocean floor around the island to find out what the area might have looked like in pre historic times. see years ago, my colleague richard bates. martin bass actually started t conduct about the metrics by of the, by the surrounds the cars and up to 5 kilometers of sure. so that was painting in the landscape that we can't see say, these little bits of it. the still visible is scary and recently deceased debates brothers investigation showed that the seabed was not very deep. they also found kenyans when the end a thought could trap bison wild capital known as orks or mammoths. i here at the university of reading ela,

g professor steven mason has been researching how early humans learn to develop survival skills and adapt to their environments. i think in many ways to tell wild people, but i mean wild in a in a sense the word it was very sensitive, emotional, caring people, but they were engaged in the wilderness. well, this vices, tundras of interglacial forests of coasts and had a great understanding of nature and was very much post major in the way that we're not today so much. rivers and streams were vital to the neanderthals survival. they use the bodies of water to help find their way through dense interglacial forests. they also hunted animals who gathered to drink

excavations at co in northern france revealed evidence of big game hunts that took place there an estimated 123000 years ago. experts from france's national institute for archaeological research in rep, i've been working at the site for more than a decade, is anymore with the 2 polar mobile. the animals were probably killed on the river bank. and at that time, the river was about 10 meters from here, not where it is today. the ground was soft, which made it difficult for the animals to move around. the metric, it would have been too dangerous to hunt them on open hard ground in metal. with all the lives have been the end of those were focused on hunting. they developed skills that eventually made them the most dangerous predators in the region. we found on that they were expert hunters. we usually associate neanderthals with

sites where the remains of medium sized animals have been found. various species of deer and reindeer even more, but they were also apparently able to kill wild cattle, which were nearly 2 meters. tom cruise control of the woolley right nasir as was also huge modal. they were very aggressive and dangerous animals, but they also provided a rich source of food including meat and bone marrow to be on the trail. me excavation, director joan luke last says this site has yielded important new information on how the and the thought adapted to their environment. and this has changed our perception of these primitive humans. one of the more the course site was discovered in 2002 experts believe that neanderthals could not adapt to interglacial environments. it was thought that they inhabited only the colder steps sounds and moved out of our region during interglacial period last. the evidence

from the co aside indicates that in the end to spread their activities over several locations. for example, the current excavation was set up at a place where these early humans butchered the animals, they killed dick washington. this was an intermediate site. they used for a slaughtering law. they killed the animal somewhere else and then brought the carcasses year. afterward, they probably took me to a base camp that was a little further away who called about the position to procure one year on interest . because we've recovered items that indicate that these people made their weapons very quickly without a lot of extra work. i didn't actually, i deal was to complete the honda in what was for them a short period of time. would you please tell me if i want to show you man? scientists have now determined how the science we used and how long they were

occupied because the oldest layer is around 124000 years old will do more, went there twice a year. the newest stratum which is about 121000 years old, was used for 10 months at a time when it's clear that neanderthals were able to adapt successfully to their environment by restricting their activities to specific areas. you filled them out and they were nomads, but they lived in a rather limited region where each site fulfilled a specific function, almost like extracting raw materials or slaughtering animals. and they created living spaces and sloped areas that protected them from high. when they knew how to make good use of these narrowly defined areas, materials recovered from the co aside highlight an important feature of neanderthal

culture. there no magic way of life. this phenomenon has been confirmed by evidence found that the code side on the island of jersey, the 1st scientist to visited the site at the turn of the last century, discovered the remains of numerous, woolly mammoth. most of these items ended up in private collections. ah, this tooth is the only one that remains in the hands of scientists. we don't know precisely how the tools getting hold of the mama that we bought into the car. but we seem that they probably hunting numbers of them in that landscape, or maybe also scavenging them as well. but they certainly not bringing them in any great distance. the neanderthal hunters trapped their prey in the rugged jersey landscape and then use

flint tipped weapons to kill them and flint tools to butcher them. but no items made of flint have been found. don jersey. so where did these essential tools come from? we know from the flint that carried the journey people are making up for maybe 20, maybe 30 kilometers away from our surround kenzie olds in westland fresh clint outcrops. to make those journeys your, your tracking in may be over a couple of days, you're carrying your tool kit with you. you're working it down as you go and you're not replacing it with, with local materials. so it's like these are deliberate moves to get to places that, that, you know, with the result gives us an insight into, into nan, to, to joe graphy, the wise man to mapping their world radio. i think the materials excavated at

co and le could indicate that in the end of those learn to plan their activities such as hunting in areas where they lived. this level of sophistication does not correspond to the stereotype of neanderthals as crude lo, brown cave dwellers sing a question to undertaking some planning in their activities. we know that there are hunting big game. we know the hunting, mammoth bison horse, not to do that. you have to do some training for that because it's going to be a group cooperative activity. you need to speak with her, they're going to be exactly how you're going to have them. you then also need time to have a dispute. the susan butcher, it's so clearly the got to be planning that we to see that from the basic prescriptions that we, that that, that we get planning allowed in the end of the schools to optimize key activities

like hunting. this was an important development because there was so few of these early humans mercy name. the it appears that they lived in small groups with perhaps 20 or 30 people. and a large clan might have 2 or 3 families to t all day in the small groups moved over relatively large areas, a sort of a thought in all. there were only a few tens of thousands of people in an area of the size of europe that we know when she got the she can really it's unusual that such a relatively small group of people scattered over such a large area, kept coming back to places that were fun, less spectacular than the cleats of jersey i. in something franz excavation were continues that grow more drawn, a cape like structure on the road river that served as in the end of the shelter

expense. mac is the project leader. he says that the evidence they found here indicates that this was an important stop on many neanderthal migration. and faces north towards straw river deposited sediments in the cave over thousands of years. in human d 1st arrived here 120000 years ago. possible. we've recovered items from the cave, the date back 80000 year. you're not concerned, it's a marvelous archaeological repository that covers the period from the 1st settlement to the extinction of in the us 42000 and years ago. it's the only one of its kind in the world in the, in these layers that sediment, slee mack and his team have found a lot of evidence showing that neanderthals lived here. they stayed only briefly,

sometimes just a few days. but they apparently came back again and again throughout the course of their existence. ah, archaeologists have discovered gaps of several decades when noni and tools appear to have been present here. the knack believe that over 80000 years the mon drum caves were occupied frequently by nomadic groups with number no, that's what makes and the and it's all a no matter how did they follow heard of animals like horses, vice and reindeer remedies and they had good reason to migrate to model community. when we talk about no matter what we mean, populations that are thoroughly familiar with a specific area that could be relatively large. sure to keep it all it is. if we most likely done,

the root of man or thaws apparently met regularly in specific places with the hope . excellent example. once a year they gathered to exchange information and members of their group. especially young people. see this, there is evidence from the c drone cave in spain that neanderthals also exchanged women, etc, is really come short in the sense that you will put a live together in small groups and reproduced amongst them. and that could cause the genetic problems in a healthy gene pool needs, constant imports and exports of material to for example, i might exchange my sister for someone else to be shown us. this would help to enhance the group in that continuity we genetic last year. did up on the exhaust depicts that got said we're not a typical gathering place like this on the lad applied to the various groups met their over tens of thousands of years. so do you feel for the specific purpose of population exchange? sure, pretty decent. immediately the article the

survival of the tribe was essential. that's also why groups of neanderthals met often to hunt migrate wild animals. ah, we found evidence that certain objects were transported from far away or in a completely different direction. for example, when that came from 300 kilometers farther, install 2 or 300 kilometers farther west, or 150 kilometers farther north, don't put, it's not possible that one group would cover such a large area and it's annual migration of the stuff that's thousands of kilometers, and it doesn't fit an annual cycle calling us up or now have, i could hardly. the evidence indicates that there were several groups, and each had its own territory, up to the 12 and once or twice a year when they meet at one place to engage in the harmon activity. she does the cuticle mean. these meetings would produce the desired

results only if the various groups could communicate with each other. this raises the possibility that neanderthals had developed rudimentary language skills. i think to be able to anticipate your social activities, your hunting activities, approaching must imply a pretty sophisticated system of communication. it doesn't mean it's that's a composition language like we have in terms of words and grammar and so forth. but it means the voice case for communication ah, scientists have been studying what sort of language the neanderthals may have spoken. in any case, these ancient humans do seem to have had the physical capability to speak

me. we can reconstruct the basic shape of the neanderthal vocal apparatus. and it seems to be fundamentally similar to ours, but may be the voicebox was a little bit higher in the throat, which would suggest the voice was a bit pitched. doesn't quite go with the butch. now the cell image of them having high voices, but maybe they did. but we know that the bones of the child seemed to be functioning accounts do for sound transmission, the same range of frequencies. so the hearing certainly would have given them the same capabilities as we have in terms of hearing language. so i think all of that, so yes and, and it's always had a basic language to each other. they had speech capabilities. so it seems likely that neanderthals were able to communicate with each other, but did they use language in a form that modern humans would recognize?

communicate or can i did communicate, so they did have language capability complex. so it was a complex and sophisticated small language that allowed groups to exchange information with each other than government, and that was crucial to their survival the, to single plan, the oldest area. the crux is whether you're using words in the way that we use words. and those words were then combined with complex grammatical rules or syntax to be able to convey complex ideas. now, tubes information, now, i suspect not in steel. neanderthals were able to communicate among themselves. but what form did this language actually take? i think needs to come through. huge imports expressing emotion,

huge important social bonding as well. to go hunting license, work as a team. i'll go the c concert, you're gonna spit just the right time to hit that bison because if you don't get trampled to death. so how are we going to build up that trust that we haven't got words? i think we don't together. i think we see still see that the modem of singing and dancing together, bills up trust bills, common bombs that sense of the group that i think critical to the survival scientific analysis of neanderthal brain, cases and comparisons with those of modern humans may help scientists to better on the stand, the speech capability of these pre historic people. oh, brain case is very different from that of anatomical

model. newman's, for example, of flat foreheads and strong bro. riches along gated flats, coll is a robust meal. he died at an age of 42 years. the shape of the brain is very typical and is unique under the forces of art. the multiple logical structure of the brain cases is strongly different from that of not tell me, kelly more than humans boxes. the internal structure isn't well known. yes. ah, we may never be able to create an anatomical profile if the neanderthal brain ah, but scientists can use their knowledge of more than human brain structure to study that of these pre historic people, especially their cognitive abilities. because

we need to have that commission. my mission is part of my bro, in part is to what i've followed her through the pot. in fact my developed environment, but then it's also all the other support around me. you know, i'm not very clever unless i've got a smartphone in my hand these days, or a ruler or a book say for so competition is really a combination of you. material culture. you have a social environment and you bother inside of you. so we know that in some had the large brains, they may have been become network differently. but without that material to, to scaffold that development and scaffold and support the thinking and without words to do that, i think there were inherently inhibited, ah, but despite the limitations cited by professor missing were the neanderthals able

to develop a culture as we understand the term today, experts opinion on this topic is divided since there is no hard evidence of songs or dances. if indeed they had any some scientists believe that the archaeological evidence indicates that the end of the tools were capable of creating works that may be described as art. one of those scientists is british pre historian matt pope, who knows the flint deposits on the south coast of england quite well. toby's part of the team that studying the scientists quote december a lot. he and colleague, becky scott, will carry out further excavations there within the car. perhaps the 2 most famous strata graphic level is within a to

t bone heat. on the west mall of the cave. they were piling large amounts of mamma and a small amount of why not sure if they could be just the remains of animals neatly piled up in just a very ordered behavior. they could be stock piling them for other uses. these phone heats go even further in the ordering the way the skulls of mamma to place around the outside of these bone heats the way that ripped, driven on and into the sediment, almost fencing and constrained the bone hates. and in one case, a really even driven lewis go into the sediment underneath goes beyond simple, tidy. this goes beyond stockpiling material. they're creating something, even if it's just to kind of routine habitual behavior, even if it has no symbolic meaning. it's still monumental. what they leave behind,

it would still, if you saw it today, look very, very striking in evidence that neanderthals were capable of planning and building structures is rare . so the discovery of the bruno kill cave in 1990 in france is of a ruined valley, caused a sensation in a space located more than 300 meters from the entrance archaeologist discovered several structures made of broken stella mines. there are rings of this material as well as random piles. the ring structures were later determined to be approximately 175000 years old. me. some scientists say that the neanderthals who built these structures had developed

a complex level of social organization. me says a parallel between the both hate and the the salad, my circle unit ok. both in a way are inexplicable in their order. both a very, very structured the course sabrina, go deep in the cave. they're not using food refuse, but it shows that they capable of working together to create a structure out of chaos. without any obvious function. we've got lots of words for those sort of behaviors in our, in our own language. we can call it symbolism a can call it art. we can call it richly stick behavior. i don't think those words very helpful. i think it is something very, very human to try and monumental eyes landscape, monumental eyes landscape without writing traces own interventions on as a rare indication of neanderthal abstract expression was discovered at gordon's

cave on the gibraltar peninsula. in 2014 ah, a series of intersecting lines. the press dubbed it histories, 1st hash tag. it's not clear what the symbols mean. some experts like ludovico lee mack, caution against speculation, the collision with the elementary. there's evidence that early homo sapiens made jewelry. they took the teeth of carnivores that they killed drilled holes in them and created necklace for physical year. we found none of that among the and are thaws, no jewelry necklaces, b, it's or anything that might require drilling. and scientists have examined countless artifacts from that period. we'll do g. humans where jewelry and clothing to show off. see, do these items shape are mental, cultural and social universe which we then present to others? the and or thought simply didn't do that. you know, the thought on the future,

archaeological discoveries may prom skeptics to change their minds. but this discussion also raises an important question. how closely at the end, at all resemble multiple people the time constant changes. how are we in this is the undertones. at the same time, we want to bring them close to us. we, seeing them is very modern in terms of their behavior. we should never forget the fact that if we were confronted by one, if we encountered one in the street or in the landscape, we instantly noticed differences in them, a solid in their face, in that bearing in their gait. in the 1st humans of the species, homo sapiens arrived in western europe about 50000 years ago. these development appeared to seal the fate of the neanderthals who were far less

sophisticated studies of the mon drawn cave. the reconstruction of settlements there and the discovery of flint objects indicate that homo sapiens came to western europe in 2 ways. the 1st consisted of scouting parties. he used advanced flint tools that grew disappeared after about 10 years. and then the end of tools gradually returned to the mon drawn site. most sapiens returned to the region a few 1000 years later, around 42000 years ago. we have the other for this to have was home to both the to last and the and or thought and the 1st of the monitoring human. he's all the they probably traveled north from the mediterranean through the round river valley. they settled their goals and it's likely that they

came into contact with the andra thought system complete. this was just about the time that the previous residence of this region, the neanderthals started to die out. there's been a lot of speculation about why and how these happened. really the other option would be the neanderthals had been there for doesn't even hundreds of generation will not be suddenly that with the arrival of homeless sapiens disappear jimmy the 5th, if they never return to the games where they have lived up to call these. and i used to study and said scientists and france, other parts of europe and a western asia, have concluded that the neanderthal population became extinct about 42000 years ago . the monks and mama delete the next one, the tom hi him is an expert on carbon 14

dating. he's a professor of archaeological science at oxford university and says that recent scientific studies have provided new information on why in the end a thought died out. and actually specific to i recently saw with you i think that he was kind of sweeping and the other cells would get relatively soon after. but actually, it seems to be a lot more complicated in the face of the population in different parts of europe. we will say, of course, because the dna is telling us that these 2 populations in the medical is better, which add to increased layer of interest and complexity. at the same time, i think under the 2000 years in which we see model humans in the living or the laughing in europe, that there was a slow and gradual disappearance in the end. it's all grades me as neanderthals started to interbreed with homo sapiens,

their numbers grew smaller and smaller until they eventually disappeared altogether . i think they worked some extent to success. they survived for 2000 years and so huge amounts of climate change in the very challenging environments. but the culture remains pretty stable for 200000 years. they're making basically the same types of tools, them explicit tools, but the amount of innovation and creativity is, is minimal. neanderthals and homo sapiens co existed across eurasia for several 1000 years. these ancient humans managed to survive, major changes in climate, but they failed to adapt to the arrival of a superior species. the school there was

a point where there was a group of people surviving the same landscape who were, you know, superficially so similar to us. but maybe did things in a different way. it's like, it's almost like playing hunter got there a thought experiment to something i just, i just think he seemed incredible. at one point we were the only human species that will be s as we are today. lawyer. so i think that the way that we look at the end are thought says a lot about how we deal with other issues. and this raises the question of how we treat other members of ours. speaking of it. but today people are always talking about the cultural shock of migration. and i think the situation is exaggerated, but it's still reflects on how we deal with other pop community. from time to time, archaeologists find new evidence that helps us to better understand how neanderthals lived. but these are just fragments from the long history of this species.

ah, modern humans inherited part of their genetic code from the end of holes. perhaps that's why many of us are fascinated with the relics of these ancient people. and the similarities that neanderthal share with modern humans if they had managed to survive, the world would likely be a very different place. neanderthals developed to distinct social intelligence and were much more attuned to their environment than was the species that replaced them . we can only speculate on what influence the neanderthals might have had on the course of human history for better or for worse. ah

ah, me this on to me or not to well, what about a sharing economy? a change in thinking is changing the economy to create something new

economics magazine in germany, even 90 minutes on d w. the me because you know

i the news . ah, this is the news live from china's all seeing surveillance system in shanghai video cameras and artificial intelligence team to keep a close eye on 24000000 citizens. is it smart governing or a violation of civil bryce? the w you get special access to the monitoring state. the cold city brain also coming up a russian opposition activists. this whole.