to tease over several locations, for example, the current excavation was set up at a place where these early humans butchered the animals. they killed dick washington . this was an intermediate type. they used for a slaughtering anyone on the wall. they killed the animal somewhere else. and then brought the carcasses year motel it on afterward. they probably took me to a base camp that was a little further away to come to basket position. well, i don't, i just couldn't. we've recovered items that indicate that these people made their weapons very quickly without a lot of extra work. i didn't actually id was to complete the honda in what was for them a short period of time with a property. so he can, if i want to show you, man, scientists have now determined how these sites we used and how long they were occupied when you were present, office layer is around 124000 years old will do more. they went there twice

a year. the newest stratum, which is about 121000 years old, was used for 10 months at a time people whether it's clear that neanderthals were able to adapt successfully to their environment by restricting their activities to specific areas. you filled them out and they were nomads, but they lived in a rather limited region where the site fulfilled. a specific functions almost like extracting raw materials or slaughtering animals. and they created living spaces and sloped areas that protected them from high windows. they knew how to make good use of these narrowly defined area materials recovered from the site highlight an important feature of neanderthal culture, then no magic way of life. this phenomenon has been confirmed by evidence found the luck code site on the island of jersey. the 1st scientist visited the

site at the tone of the last century discovered the remains of numerous, woolly mammoth. most of these items ended up in private collections. ah, this tooth is the only one that remains in the hands of scientists. we don't know precisely how to tools getting hold of the mama that we see brought into the car. but we assume that probably hunting numbers of them in that landscape or maybe or say scavenging them as well. but they certainly not bringing them in any great distance. the neanderthal hunters trapped their prey in the rugged jersey landscape, and then use flint tipped weapons to kill them, and flint tools to butcher them. but no items made of flint have been found on

jersey. so where did these essential tools come from? we know from the flint that carried the journey people are making up for maybe 20, maybe 30 kilometers away from out around the old, in the western fresh clint outcrops. to make those journeys your, your tracking in may be over a couple of days, you're carrying your tool kit with you. you're working it down as you go and you're not replacing it with, with local materials. so it's like these are deliberate moves to get to places that, that, you know, with the result gives us an insight into, into nance with joker fees, the wise man to mapping their world radio. i think the materials excavated at co and le could indicate that neanderthals learn to plan their activities, such as hunting areas where they lived. this level of sophistication does not

correspond to the stereotype of neanderthals as crude lo, brown cave dwellers sing a question. they tell it to undertake in some planning in their activities. we know that they were hunting big game. we know the hunting, mammoth bison horse that do that. you have to do some planning for that because it's going to be a group cost of activity. you need to dissipate whether hertz is going to be exactly how you're going to have them in then also need time to dispute the susan butcher. it's so clearly that got to be planning that we see that from the basic prescriptions that we, that, that, that we get planning allowed the neanderthals to optimize key activities like counting. this was an important development because there was so few of these early humans is pretty much the name.

the. it appears that they lived in small groups with perhaps 20 or 30 people. a large class might have 2 or 3 families to te, tell you, the small groups moved over relatively large areas, a sort of a thought in all. there were only a few tens of thousands of people in an area, the size of europe that we know when she proficient come. ah, it's unusual that such a relatively small group of people scattered over such a large area. kept coming back to places that were fun, less spectacular than nicholas said, josie, me in something franz excavation were continues that grow more drawn, a case like structure on the road river that served as a neanderthal shelton. the mac is the project leader. he says that the evidence they found here indicates that this was

an important stop on many neanderthal migrations. all faces north towards the straw river, deposited sediments in the cave over thousands of years. in human d 1st arrived here 120000 years ago. possible. we've recovered items from the cave, the date back 80000 year. now. it's a marvelous archaeological repository that covers the period from the 1st settlement to the extinction of the andrew falls 42000 years ago. yes. it's the only one of its kind in the world. ah, in these lay as it sediment. li mack and his team have found a lot of evidence showing that neanderthals lived here. they stayed only briefly, sometimes just a few days. but they apparently came back again and again throughout the course of

their existence, the ologist had discovered gaps of several decades when noni and tools appear to have been present here. the max believes that over 80000 in the mon drum caves were occupied frequently by nomadic groups with them. but what makes and the and it's all no matter how did they follow heard of animals like horses why center randy newman isn't? i think they had good reason to migrate to model you need when we talk about no matter what we mean, populations that are thoroughly familiar with a specific area that could be relatively large. sure they talk to you free much group them the root of manner. thought apparently met regularly in specific places with the hope excellent example. once a year they gathered to exchange information and members of their group,

as especially young people. see this, there is evidence from the drone cave in spain that neanderthals also exchanged women. you 3 become shorter group me when it sends up the queue, but they live together in small groups and reproduced amongst them. and that could cause genetic problems. these any dump a healthy gene pool needs constant imports and exports of material to oh, for example, i might exchange my sister for someone else to be shown us. this would help to enhance the group in that continuity genetic us. so he had it up on the eggs up to peaks that got so good. a typical gathering place was like this. i'm glad applied to the various groups met there over tens of thousands of years. so do you feel for the specific purpose of population exchange? she'll be on these in the 1000000 on a particular the survival of the tribe was essential. that's also why groups of neanderthals mit often to hunt migrating

wild animals. the local news, we found evidence that certain objects were transported from far away or in a completely different direction. for example, the plans that came from 300 kilometers farther in still more 300 kilometers, farther west, or 150 kilometers farther north. don't put in it's not possible that one group would cover such a large area and its annual migrations, and you have thousands of kilometers and it doesn't fit in annual cycle calling us up. oh no he's, i can hardly. the evidence indicates that there were several groups and each had its own territory, up to the 12 and once or twice a year. they meet at one place to engage in the harmon activity after she is acutely communion. these meetings would produce the desired results only if the various groups could communicate with each other. this

raises the possibility that neanderthals had developed rudimentary language skills . i think to be able to anticipate your social activities, your hunting activities, approaching it must imply a pretty sophisticated system of communication. that doesn't mean that that's a competition language, but we have in terms of words and grammar and so forth. but it means a voice case for communication. ah, scientists who have been studying what sort of language than the and a thought may have spoken. in any case, these ancient humans do seem to have had the physical capability to speak me. we can reconstruct the basic shape of the neanderthal vocal apparatus. and it seems to be fundamentally similar to ours. but maybe the voicebox

was a little bit higher in the throat, which would suggest the voice was a bit pitched. doesn't quite go with the butch, ma'am. that's a limit of them having high voices, but maybe they did. but we know that the bones have now to tell, seem to be functioning like alex do for sound transmission. the same range of frequencies. so the hearing certainly would have given them the same capabilities as we have in terms of hearing language. so i think all of that suggest and this always had a basic language between into each other. so i had speech capabilities to the so it seems likely that neanderthals were able to communicate with each other. but did they use language in a form that modern humans would recognize communicated? o'connor, long did communicate. so they did have language capability complex. it was a complex and sophisticated form of language that allowed groups to exchange

information with each other. and that was crucial to their survival. the 2 single plan, the study of the cooks, is whether they are using words in the way that we use words. and those words were then combined with complex grammatical rules or syntax to be able to convey complex ideas. now, tubes information, i suspect not any in still, neanderthals were able to communicate among themselves, but was formed. it is language, actually take music, music, huge imports expressing emotion, huge and social bonding as well. to go hunting, guys, work in the team. i'll go be out. see, come from the spirit just to the right time to hit the bison. because if you don't

get trampled to death, so how are we going to build up the trust? if we haven't got words? i think we sing and dance together. i think we see still see that the modem of singing and dancing together, bills of trust bills, a common bond that fences a group that has been critical to the survival scientific analysis of neanderthal brain, cases and comparisons with those of modern humans may help scientists to better under stand the speech capability of the pre historic people. oh i. 5 screen case. now that is very different from that of anatomical model. newman's, for example, of flat forehead and strong brill riches along gated flats cow is a robust meal. he died at an age of 42 years.

the shape of brain is very typical and is unique under the forces of art. see multiple logical structure of the on the brain cases is strongly different from that of and not tell me, kelly modern humans, but says the internal structure isn't well known yet. ah, we may never be able to create an anatomical profile if the neanderthal brain ah, but scientists can use their knowledge of models, human brain structure to study that of these prehistoric people, especially their cognitive abilities. to commission. my mission is part of my brain,

and that's part is that to was knowledge of her food and part in fact to my developed environment. but then it's also all the other support around me. you know, i'm not very clever and i have got a smart phone in my hand, these days, or ruler, or a book and so forth. so cognition is really a combination of your material culture. you have your social environment and your father inside of you know, the end has a large brains, they may have been become network differently. but without that mature started to scaffold the coping, development and scaffolding support the thinking and without words. to do that, i think there were inherently inhibited, ah, but despite the limitations cited by professor mison with neanderthals, able to develop a culture as we understand the term today. experts opinion on this

topic is divided, since there is no hard evidence of songs or dances. if indeed they had any some scientists believe that the archaeological evidence indicates that neanderthals were capable of creating works that may be described as art. one of those scientists is british pre historian, mat pope, who knows the flint deposits on the south coast of england quite well hope is part of the team that studying the site at la coat, december, lud, he and colleague, becky scott, will carry out further excavations. there within la carte, perhaps the 2 most famous strata graphic level is within it. the 2 bone heats on the west mall of the cave. they were piling large amounts of mamma and a small amount of wine officers,

but they could be just the remains of butchered animals neatly piled up in a just a very ordered behavior. they could be stuck piling them for other uses these but he'd go even further in that ordering the way the skulls of mamma, the place around the outside of these bone heats the way the ribs driven on and into the sediment almost to fencin and constrain the bone heaps. and in one case, a really even driven lewis go into the sediment underneath goes beyond simple heidi, this goes beyond stockpiling material. they're creating something, even if it's just to kind of routine habitual behavior, even if it has no symbolic meaning. it's still monumental. what they leave behind, it would still, if you saw it today, look very, very striking me

evidence that neanderthals were capable of planning and building structure is rare . so the discovery of the bruno kale cave in 1990 in france is of a ruined valley calls to sensation in a space located more than 300 meters. from the entrance, archaeologists discovered several structures made of broken stella mud. there are rings of this material as well as random piles. the ring structures were later determined to be approximately 175000 years old. me. some scientists say that the neanderthals who built these structures had developed a complex level of social organization. me as a parallel between the both heat and the, the salad,

my circle premium. okay. both in a way are inexplicable in their order both a very, very structured because it's deep in the cave. they're not using food refuse, but it shows that they're capable of working together to create a structure out of chaos. without any obvious function. we've got lots of words for those sort of behaviors. in our own language, we can call it symbolism, call it all. we can call it reach listed behavior. i don't see those words very helpful. i think it is something very, very human to try and monumental lies. landscape, monumental eyes landscape without writing traces our own interventions on it. a rare indication of neanderthal abstract expression was discovered at gordon's cave on the gibraltar peninsula. in 2014, a series of intersecting lines. the press dubbed it history's 1st hash

tag. it's not clear what the symbols mean. some experts like ludovico lee mack, caution against speculation. they leave them with them and there's evidence that early homo sapiens may june, right? they took the teeth of carnivores that they drilled holes in them and created necklaces for physical year. we found none of that among the falls or no jewelry necklaces. b. it's or anything that might require drilling and scientists have examined countless artifacts from that period to be humans, wear jewelry and clothing to show off. to do these items shape our mental cultural and social universe, which we then present to others. neanderthals is simply didn't do that issue on the phone on a better future, archaeological discoveries may prompt skeptics to change their minds. but this discussion also raises an important question. how closely did neanderthals resemble

multiple people? the time constant changes. how we in this is the details. at the same time we want to bring them close to us. we seeing them is very modern in terms of their behavior . we should never forget the fact that if we were confronted by one, if we encountered one in the street or in the landscape, we instantly noticed differences in them, the foliage in their face, in their bearing in their gait. the, the 1st humans of the species, homo sapiens, arrived in western europe about 50000 years ago. these development appeared to seal the fate of the neanderthals who were far less sophisticated studies of the mon drunk cave. the reconstruction of settlements there and the

discovery of flint object indicate that homo sapiens came to western europe into waves. the 1st consisted of scouting parties. he used advanced flint tools that grew disappeared after about 10 years. and then the end of thought gradually returned to them on drought size. homo sapiens returned to the region a few 1000 years later, around 42000 years ago. you have a and i for this to have was home to both the to last and, and are thaws and the 1st of the modern human and they probably traveled north from the mediterranean through the round river valley. they settled their goals and it's likely that they came into contact with the andrew false system complete. this was just about the time that the previous residence of this region,

the neanderthals started to die out. there's been a lot of speculation about why and how these happened. really me other tradition. denise anderson had been there for doesn't even hundreds of generation will not allow you to lay on that. with the arrival of homo sapiens disappear jimmy the 5th if they never return to the games where they have lived receipt of these and the 2 studies and science and france, other parts of europe and western asia have concluded that the neanderthal population became extinct about 42000 years ago, 2 months in the mama disconnects from the book just tom hi him is an expert on carbon 14 dating. he's a professor of archaeological science at oxford university and says that recent

scientific studies have provided new information on why in the end a thought died out. and actually different to i recently thought williams, i think the model he was kind of sweeping and the other cells would get they relativist enough, but actually seems to be a lot more complicated. and the seems to be in my population in different parts of europe. we also know of course, because the dna is telling us that these 2 populations nobody met in better, which as a increase layer of interest and complexity at the same time, i think under the 2000 years in which he see modern humans in the house. living or the laughing in europe, there was a slow, gradual disappearance at the end. it's always me as neanderthals started to interbreed with homo sapiens, their numbers grew smaller and smaller until they eventually disappeared altogether

. i think my hands held works some extent to success. they survived for 2000 years and through huge amounts of climate change in the very challenging environments. but that culture remains pretty stable for 2000 years. they're making basically the same types of tools. they're exclusive tools, but the amount of innovation as creativity is, is minimal. neanderthals and homo sapiens co existed across here asia for several 1000 years. these ancient humans managed to survive, major changes in climate, but they failed to adapt to the arrival of a superior species. the thought that there was a point where there was a group of people surviving the same landscape who were, you know, superficially so similar to us but maybe did things in

a different way. it's like, it's almost like playing hunter. got there a thought experimental something i just, i just think it seemed incredible. but at one point we were the only human species that will be f as we are today. lower your cost. so i think that the way that we look at the end result says a lot about how we deal with other issues. and this raises the question of how we treat other members of our b, c. but today people are always talking about the cultural shock of migration. and i think the situation is exaggerated, but it's still reflects on how we deal with other popularity. from time to time archeologists find new evidence that helps us to better understand how neanderthals lived. but these are just fragments from the long history of this species. ah, modern humans inherited part of their genetic code from the end of holes. perhaps

that's why many of us are fascinated with the relics of these ancient people. and the similarities that neanderthal share with modern humans if they had managed to survive, the world would likely be a very different place. neanderthals developed to distinct social intelligence and were much more attuned to their environment than was the species that replaced them . we can only speculate on what influence the neanderthals might have had on the cause of human history. for better or for worse. ah ah,

me the the extremely far away war, filled with their violence. trauma and fascination. are they informative spectacles we take on the arts 2030 minutes on the w.

ah, was the pain and above all how it feels jewish life in europe. that's what killed the producer. lona and journalist goodman are exploring, delving into history and the presence i would never have thought that judaism could be live so openly. and so i remind myself because i grew up in a completely different way for the jewish senior. the 2 part documentary starts july 5th on d, w. ah,

the news . this is the w news live from berlin. germany is far right, his hoping for an upset victory in a key state election. candidate. oliver costs his ballot in the eastern states of saxony and pulse to get his se policy could emerge the strongest force in a vote seen as the final major tax for the country general election in september.