this is telegraph cove on vancouver island where el minute and rachel chang have an appointment. only a handful of researchers worldwide have expertise on whale and dolphin brains. neural scientist laurie moreno is one of them. so is this an orchestra? this is an orca scar. a cranium bright of an worker. and in the front you find the melon, where they do the good they directly at the location. and this part right here, this large part is where the break with it. yeah, yeah. human and wail, brains generally share the same the mainly in architecture. both cerebral quarter seas are wrinkled and complex, but the or brain is 5 times bigger among the largest of any animal. and unlike the human brain, the oracle also has

a para limbic globe. the part of the brain really fascinates me is this part, right? yes. we have this special extra load called the parallel low. so it's connect feelings, emotions and thought. and it is so complex in the order of brain. it has become its own. whoa. okay, so that could mean that a lot more, i think communication has to do with their feelings, with their emotion that communicating feelings. communicating emotions are very important to north wales have a far larger acoustic area than human laurie. marino's team also discovered a 2nd acoustic cortex now we know that they also have

a sound processing area in the same area that we process language based on what you said about how the process owner. can we say that we need a much finer window, analyze so it's not just fine resolution that we need. we need a way to actually to actually do the analysis at a much, much more complex level than our brains. consider the new brain scan methods have revealed that orca had a far more complex acoustic system than previously believed. could this be true for other marine mammals that use sound for their communication and orientation in contrast to other or groups, the northern residence at some point stopped hunting fields and other marine

mammals. today they feed almost exclusively on the largest salmon and canadian waters. the chinook stalks of the fish, however, had been declining rapidly since the late 1990, the the northern residents have to travel increasingly long distances to find the salmon that still remains. and despite stringent fishing quote, as for the species, their numbers continue to decrease. the use jared tower is from fisheries and oceans canada monitors is people are complying with the fishing regulations. as seems to be the ones that aren't quite so

abundant. now the killer whales aren't getting enough the other, the population to go down a little bit. the northern resident or cause are classified as a threatened species. family violence low. they don't simply go out and try catching other fence. they have, they haven't learned they haven't found an interior prey resource. it's not like they're going to go on to start killing harbor skills. just wondering on the famine around the substantial human appetite for salmon has decimated stocks to critically low levels. ah, the ruins salmon fishing industry serve as a reminder of the ones abundant fish stocks. wild canadian salmon were in great demand around the world. the survival of the northern resident or cause is tightly linked to the fate of the chinook salmon

in lance barrett. leonard is a geneticist and behavioral ecologist at the vancouver aquarium. he visits the resident orcus every summer to document their long term health and measure how their body size and shape compares to previous years. the to ensure the images are comparable from year to year. the drone hover is exactly 30 meters above the whale, are almost over them. the groups calf is almost a year old and it's still suckling from its mother. the social fuels of orchids are illustrated by how they deal with their prey. you've got a species that is highly social, that shares all of its food. so they're compulsive shares, killer whale, so they catch a fish though, you know, one railway, half of the headed off to somebody else and that would buy them. and then another

one. i'll come in and take a little by the adults sometimes lead living sam and to the younger whales in this way, the juveniles learn to hunt their prey in a playful way. at the vancouver aquarium researchers compare the images from different years. one indicator of the whales state of health are the white patches above their eyes. if there are not enough that reserves in the neck area, the angle along the ice spots will change. comparing the images side by side researchers observe a life threatening weight loss. me in response to the decline of natural stocks. the fishing industry installed aqua farms in the regions. the remaining wild salmon migrate through nets protect the farmed salmon from orca and other

predators. with the predominantly norwegian operators introduced farmed atlantic salmon species and with them, new viral disease is not previously found in canada pacific northwest. these fish farms raised as much salmon as possible in a confined space. it's all about maximizing profit. by product species and germs that escape into open waters, there is growing concern of viral outbreaks among the wild chinook salmon. if the primary food source of the resident orca population continues to decline, the whale's own survival will also be endangered me. ah, well, researcher alexandra morton is studying the new diseases affecting the salmon. she visits the research, try me around to share the results of her analysis. i brought

some results. my laptops, if you'd like to see them here at the virus research where we found it and why are the salmon firms such a big problem for the salmon and the will love because of where they're located. so we're, we do a molecular test which basically just looks for the genetic sequence for part of the genetic sequence of the virus salmon taken viruses through their gills. the pathogens then in fact there bloodstream causing oregon failure me. when the salmon farms moved in the orca stayed away that made alexandra martin suspicious. she took samples near the farms which were then analyzed in special laboratories. she

examined the organs of both wild and farmed salmon. 95 percent of the farmed fish she dissected were sick. a large proportion of the wild salmon also became infected through contaminated water pathogens. escape from the fish barbs with the title current and spread to the regions the young wild salmon have to pass through as they migrate. 200 kilometers further north. the a $42.00 family searches for prey along the shore lines. the research expedition has reached the fjords, a fisher channel, once famous for its ample fishing grounds. the whales hunt by day and by night. they don't need light for orientation

biologist floor and sullivan compares for recordings to known call types and notes down behavior. to the york, i tend to use certain calls in a social context or more when hunting. all recordings are later re analyzed in germany with the help of deep learning programs in their search for prey. the northern resident, or kind of now often cover 80 to 120 kilometers a day along hunting routes that have been passed on for generations to identify individual wales and examined changes been group structures. programmer manuel schmidt and biologist james field are working on automatic fin recognition software. it works similarly to facial recognition programs. the process of den,

to find wales by their fins and dialect was used years ago in the famous case of an orphaned calf known as a 73 or springer. when her mother died, then 2 year old springer was separated from the rest of her family. eventually 300 miles further south, the lone calf was found off the coast of the cattle. the scientist could tell from her calls that she was a northern resident springer was brought back and reunited with her family. so while researchers have been able to identify whale dialects for 20 years, now understanding the language of whales represents a whole new challenge. the call systems used by different whale families change little from one generation to the next spring or now has to have

her own spirit and storm. roughly 8 and 4 years old or typically spend their entire lives with their mothers for the 1st 2 years. they are suckled, and over the following 8 years, they learn what they need to do to survive. another orca group has joined springer's family. together, they search for salmon close to the shore. the their hunting strategies vary depending on the local environment. this gives them a wealth of experience. bad like their communication system is passed down through generations. the, their group behavior during the hunt seems to be coordinated. the whales exchange a stream of call the

the orca are still able to find enough food by spending more and more time hunting . for a calf, it's one of many lessons in salmon hunting. for the scientists, it's a rich source of data. the human activity greatly impacts the whales habitat on the container, or the or con, no. the oregon calls because of the, the sound of passing ships doesn't frighten the whales, but the noise does interfere with their communication and compromises their hunting ability. the canadian government is investigating the impact of ship noise on marine mammals . so we listened for their vocalizations which can cover

a range of 10 kilometers or so. man made noise in the world's oceans doubles every 10 years. one of the concerns we have about vessel noise is its potential effect on the eco location capabilities of the wheels. the wheels vision is very limited, underwater, because of murkiness and the water, especially at night. they can't seem typically in these waters more than a whales length or so. so perhaps 10 meters max inquired conditions. the wheels can probably detect a tional examined at a range of perhaps 200 meters. but that might be significantly reduced by masking of by boat noise similar to the bat orca scan their surroundings by admitting clicking sounds and listening to their echoes. the noise from ships math those echoes to reduce its own engine noise. the expedition boat

runs on an ultra quiet electric drive as sounds like an em. but it's not in there. we have the boat and there's another way we can hear the warnings. it's miss clear. so we have this electrical noise here and 10 killer hurts. let me have a look at the engine just although electric engines are far quieter, there is nevertheless some interference. rachel chang inspects the static noise and examines the control cables. are now much better now. the sound of electric motors is still rare in the ocean, which is perhaps why the ship triggers the whale of interest. the boat stops in

order to maintain the requisite distance of 100 meters. the curious orchids are not as cautious and inspect the boat and its crew. the scientists wonder whether the whales might use distinct cause for different boats. in any case, there is a men, curiosity on both sides or cars are extremely social creatures and love to touch one another. the thing, those a 23 and 25 group floating sideway, seen on the water surface, where others strengthening going around. i

do jumps also part of their communication or just a bit of fun. many of their behavioral patterns are still only partially understood. this is also due to the fact that or because rarely roam close to the surface where humans can observe them some distance away. another group of orchestra suddenly appears. marine biologist, at least under haul, wants to get an overview with sarah go. now, if we could have this is a completely different type of orca was a golf the island. unlike the resident wheels, these transient or cars don't feed on salmon,

they hunt other marine mammals. you know, i don't hear if you will call that, but it seems there plunging there for in another contrast to northern residence trends in wales hunt almost silently. that is because dalton fields and other wales, their natural prey, have excellent hearing. that means they know exactly when they are in danger. the transient orca is also inspect a rocky plateau for prey. the . it's a tactic that appears to be successful. oh, we hear that. the blood at the surface reveals a kill to transience, begin to celebrate their catch,

and now exchange many calls back and forth acoustic. they're very different from the residence. curious if they classify or can actually pick up the different the homes of the roughly 500 transients and 300 northern residents overlap. but their calls different so much. it's as if they're speaking different languages, dolphins, and other marine mammals can tell the difference. while they immediately flee from transient whales, they rush intentionally toward the residence as soon as they hear their calls, to hunt and play with them. below deck m a nuit and christiane bagley work on the automatic call classification. yes, you hear the order and it shows here,

the defection of the seal was have 2 seconds seconds, so seconds you can clearly see that the incoming so if there isn't all they will be to take the quiet. what i like is that the confidence is so high, so the average is quite sure that yes, yes. the automatic call detection work. the challenge is still to match one group of comb with another in human language. the equivalent of these sound sequences might be simple statements. c me, the northern residents consist of 32 families. they typically use different call systems, but are still able to communicate with each other when they meet up. looks like the other group is joining them. the calls between the groups go back and forth

announcing their arrival in a kind of greeting ceremony. thing they're saying i'm here here. if they're so close, but i know they split the same coal. let's say what was really one call that the, the individual was reflection or was the same was doing like, for combination meetings between family groups used to be more frequent. when sammons dogs were more abundant and they had to hunt less. there's a lot more melodic style is there, a lot of places are a lot longer. i would say them complex, they exchange another series of calls. before the meeting,

slowly breaks up. these sounds might signify goodbye, but the researchers will need to compare many other similar exchanges before they can interpret it more decisively. there are thick banks of fog between vancouver island and the mainland as the end of summer approaches. tracking down the whales is more of a challenge. the researchers only option is to use acoustic localization with the hydro phones under calm c conditions, the sound of the orca calls can range up to 10 kilometers. emma nude takes the location forecast trophy one good filter over there, 1 o'clock. 123,

or localisation is also important in order to interpret the calls is like 2 or 3 year 2 or 3 there. and then it's always the same call what we hear right now. so it's probably, i'm here and the other one recognizes this one. 0 friend is over there. what i would do is i tried to cluster exactly those calls where i'm convinced that i've heard the same. and then 2 from the sequence, one could make the assumption that's a signal and response signal signal response. and then the last, a 3 expeditions is coming to an end with data from a total of 20 weeks, a field research on board. a few months later, the researchers meet at the pattern recognition lab at the university of l long and in nuremberg, germany. rachel chang has an appointment with the programming team. manuel schmidt has run an automatic comparison of 1000000 calls coming.

take a look at the clustering. i made some changes and it's a little bit better here there it looks very similar, but it's nice and nice. when i started doing new training background noise is hinder. the automatic sorting of various calls, a newly programmed noise scale to increase this decision that's a lot better. how you, different from any artist says. there are still small errors, but on such a large scale where millions of calls are being automatically compared, they become less significant. i think we're, we're at the level where we can run through a couple of hates now in several tapes. but you can use those class sequences in

order to fact of language patterns, real as like a semantic structure. and those can be interpreted as a call followed by an answer followed by another called the new clustering results are better than expected. rachel chang's task is now to assign recurring call patterns to certain behaviors. she compares the new clusters with the existing call catalogs and discovers reappearing matches that might be meaningful. she algorithm have learned to differentiate the cause of different orca families that would normally take human researchers years of training. 9 c in the future, this will allow automatic detection of which family is calling and the ability to

follow the subsequent dialogues between families. the next step is comparing millions of call sequences, which calls appear together frequently accompanied by which similar behavior. when decoding human languages such connections might reveal meaningful possibilities, such as fit and chair, or table and plate. the deep learning programs cannot be had work completely independently without human control, there could be a huge increase in assignment errors. the 1st matches appear the same call sequences were used in a similar context, but there are exceptions. the comparisons far are not conclusive. so the reappearing cost sickness point us to this thing, the socializing was find the 2nd time in the socializing context.

the thing all patterns we expect to find them in the 3rd one also or in more so we didn't find in this that doesn't this prove it. i mean there could be different explanations. we just don't have enough data to say that the german canadian research team is not yet able to create a kind of dictionary of the orca language. but now they do have tools to compare whale calls in a more detailed and systematic way than was previously possible. and there's more recordings of whale calls are shared and made available for training deep learning machine. the factor it will be to recognize the faculties in communication patterns . humans have long faced limitations when it comes to understanding what animals might be talking about. but with the help of ai,

a new era of research might allow us to do. i for the secret behind their communication the me i helping where help is needed community in dennis layla has a very committed to helping support in and day out with enthusiasms. and it's working

in 30 minutes on the w. o. the me the case and above all, only feels jewish life in europe. that's what film producer, kona and journalist e goodman, are exploring. delving into history and the present. i would never have thought they could believe so open. so i remind myself because i grew up in the completely different ways. rod explorer listed

jewish in europe. the 2 port documentary starts july 5th on d, w. i the, ah ah, this is the w news line from berlin. germany's far right fails to shake up the political order in a key regional election. i'm going to battles conservatives find to of a challenge from the populace to alternative for germany will bring you all the latest reaction and ask what the result means for the national action in september . mexico, please go to the pulse to elect a new lower house of congress. determined whether president andres manuel lopez

open or go to the party gets the legislative majority. it needs after a bloody election can.