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the world is entering a new age of warfare. the digital revolution is sweeping through every military force on the planet. reading the charges, artificial intelligence, the technology with them, how to handle everything. fact human conflicts, including where the humans are involved as whole and simmering so nice is a global cycle. florida started and may never ent, digital technology is transforming all our lives. so it's no wonder that it's also changing how we fight. it's making military smarter, faster, more efficient. but it's also opening up the prospect. serious dangers in the future is a 3rd revolution of warfare. after gunpowder, nuclear weapons, they will be more on predictability. and backing me the whole world more interest place here in berlin, germany is foreign minister tells us a tech alms way is under way as if we're right in the middle of it. that's the

reality we have to deal with. in fact, critical technologies are developing. so fast that societies can barely keep up and ask themselves the question is really what we want. so in this video, we're going to 0 in on 2 risks that are not getting enough. first we'll see how was high but intrusion against the command to control systems and nuclear weapons could catch off the terrifying chain offense. you have to worry that it's going to escalate into something like sunni apocalyptic civilization. and then we'll examine our recent war in an obscure past. the world provided a taste of things to come, excel rating a race for autonomy, weapons, and how the artificial intelligence behind them could lead to conflicts that move that horrifying speed. all of a sudden you have a have award of no one seems sorta and switch the spiral out of his belt. we'll

catch glimpses of the future where was can start more easily where they can escalate faster and where humans can't stop them. machines are dictating the conduct on the battlefields. machines are making the ultimate decisions about life and death. the good news is, it's not too late to make choices. so in the final, we're going to look at what political leaders could be doing. now to prevent that from happening down the road, but 1st we begin with a scenario that isn't from the future. it could happen today. me we're going to england north york, moore's near the coast and the windy north. see, here we find what could be the most important place in the world that you have probably never heard of. its name is filing dales, british air force that notable not freight plains,

but for this grey edifice jutting out of the ground. they call it the pyramid, but in fact it's a giant radar. it's not the only one. there's something similar on the other side of the world at clear air full space in alaska. and there's another far to this house that built in the he's the california does it. there's one hidden in the forest on cape cod, massachusetts, where america notches out into the west atlantic engine. the frozen north of greenland, far above the arctic circle, will find that another pyramid. these installations are all part of america's early morning. powerful radiance built to detect attacks on the us homeland or american allied above all incoming missile. and it's a system that reaches out to space dedicated to satellites keep watch from the high

will bit constantly feeding back to the amount of control emirates in charge of americans weapons. this is the nervous system as the western military alliance if they expect to the cold war. but in today's geopolitical tensions, it's as crucial as ever disrupting it could leave the alliance blind, prone to attack, was made clear in americas late use nuclear posture, review essentially the instruction manual if it's most powerful weapons. this infrastructure is so important. the review says that if it were attacked, the u. s. might respond by using nuclear weapons, as we're going to find out, despite their critical position at the heart of western security, the systems of vulnerable to new and unpredictable threats. the 1st early warning systems were built decades ago, at the height of the cold war,

that job detecting nuclear missiles coming in from russia. as they've been updated over the decades to crucial things, have changed that make them more exposed. first, many, and no longer focused only on nuclear threats that multitasking knows the be among the control systems. his existence is be the knowledge by the us government. i've used exclusively to offer extra james acton, he's one of the world's leading experts on the p. s. security and that's one example of this phenomenon that i have. busy the growing entanglement between the nuclear and the new to give entanglement is important. it needs to be incredibly sensitive area of nuclear weapons, is no longer separation off in its own. bubble is become mixed in with masses of conventional warfare. and that multitasking means that the systems are more likely

to be a target in a crisis or a concept as us or it could have a potential incentive to attack these jewish youth. a mom, the control of a nuclear care operations potentially they do not in order to disrupt us, can venture war. but that would have the effect of degrading us nuclear control architecture . so there are more reasons to attack these targets. and on top of that comes the 2nd big change. they've entered the digital age, opening them up to the prospect of cyber attack systems. and they rely on digital signals as opposed to analog signals, increasing the relying on things like ip based operating systems, which creates vulnerabilities. for example, in the form of. ready cyber very old fashioned new click among the

call systems that didn't use digital systems. we're in number of cyber attacks as a code they to do the attack. hundreds of german politicians have fallen victim to a half of their personal information, a major hacking today. cyber attacks are an everyday event. we often hear about them on the news. in fact, some say we've entered a low grade cyber war that will never stop. at the mix of state level, non state actors, constantly probing and attacking networks around the world. that's just the reality of 21st century life and something that will have to deal with some of the most serious cyber attacks and hit public infrastructure like those against ukraine. grace attacks blamed on russia attacks like that on civilian infrastructure, become a macro major public concern, but only a small circle of experts. thinking about how a cyber attack,

or nuclear commander control systems might play out. and here the space could not be higher. to see what could happen, let's go back to the english coast and filing dale's, the early warning system, hearing across the northeast towards russia, in a crisis situation with the kremlin. this could be a prime target that so significant because that radar. so spaced us right out to the, to rushes biggest concentration of its new places, the one that get the quickest warning of a russian nuclear attack. it's also the most intensive. remember that idea of entanglement between the nuclear and non nuclear realms filing daily is a key example of this. pushing out, not just for nuclear missiles, but also the conventional weapons. russia was full air in short range, ballistic europe. fighting down, see those myself in

a way that other us right off the could. so of all the us the morning, right of finding the one that has the biggest russia to attacking the price or conflict. and it's along that attacks could have the biggest effect on, in terms of degrading strategic moving scenario. where exactly that happens is all too easy to imagine me in the near future or in latvia, a former soviet republic. now, a member of major protest broken down to my ethnic minority russians who are accusing the government of discrimination. as the protest turned violent, russia begins and matching troops along the border, west and leaders accused moscow orchestrating the young rest as a pretext to invade his tiny matron members. neighboring is tonja and lithuania,

also the former soviet republics. and also now members of nature reported cybert fears bikes across the region. for the 1st time since the cold war may tell in russia, along the brain, direct conflict, the crisis, the us detect malicious computing, located early building networks. in the house of assistant police on james acton, explains what happens next. if you find malicious towed in your network, it's very hard to know what that code does. it takes a long time to analyze the code, understand what the other site is doing. and this makes it very hard to know whether malicious code is just or is also for

a sensitive opperation as well. and it just isn't crisis. yeah, had a chance. even if that code is used for the purposes, there is a danger that the u. s. might conclude that it's preparations for an attack on an early morning. s a malware sprint. the u. s. also has to work out and planted. that's a process called attribution time. and it is not easy. adding pressure to this fear and di did various countries that could have incentives to the side, the f, b, or path to cyber attacks by searching malware against us. so the warning system korea would haven't, instead of doing china would have an incentive doing. russia would have an incentive for doing it, maybe others took a me all that on certainty with the latvian crisis on going, russia becomes the opiates suspect i think there is potential in the

crisis to assume that russia implanted the malware even if you don't know to search and who did it. so you know, chinese implementation, korean implementation, again in a fascinating crisis in which you don't have time to do the attribution properly, maybe misinterpreted as russia as a, as a washer. so in the heat of this crisis on the intense pressure, the west has some enormous decisions to make its most sensitive nuclear weapons. infrastructure is under cyber attack. it doesn't know what the code is doing or who planted it, but the circumstances suggest it's a russian attack. so the americans decide to respond in kind with a cyber attack of their road against russian systems. it then does the same thing against, like, it's not necessarily for an at this point, espionage is taken purposes and saying, you know, anything you can do,

we can do better. the problem is that roger is very worried about the survivability of its nuclear forces. now russia feel that the us, he's trying to mess with it, nuclear weapons he's covering cyber and susan's in your, in your commandment control system, exacerbate those. ready to us in preparing to the test for parent to eliminate the 2 sides are entering a spiral of escalation. the lean towards disaster with the relentless logic. russia makes the 1st move. the love of nuclear weapons based on trucks who say would have to disperse to make them survivable, so us couldn't destroy them. so they may do that because they worried about us nuclear attack. but that kind of action do i fear that they're preparing the lack of a map that's for us to know that i think that capitalize nuclear weapon use directly the us, they disperse in each nuclear forces back. and so the russians fears that the u. s

. was thinking about using nuclear weapons and that leads to russian limits nucleus, limitation nuclear use. we've gone from a piece of mystery code found in the wrong place to a nuclear attack. how did that happen? well, let's do what government can't do in that situation on price. pause the slow things down for a moment and peace them back together. because this is how a regional crisis can turn into a catastrophic war in the heat of a crisis with russia and the u. s detect malware and it's early warning networks, fearing it could be rushing code aimed at to saving its systems. it retaliate with a cyber intrusion of its own into rushes net rush. now see if you can capabilities of being threatened and gases, its land based weapons to avoid possible when this is picked up by the washington disperses its own forces. the same reason, fearing in a nuclear attack,

russia far as the ultimate warning shop. a small nuclear missile and a target that would involve minimal casualties, like a naval ship out to see. you can conceive of 1st uses nuclear weapons. that literally kills no civilians. your small number of military personnel. i mean, relative you know, we use of nuclear weapons against a ship at sea, off from any land. a military might only kill, we say there's on board that vessel. and while the immediate damage may be limited, these crosses the threshold called nuclear 1st use. which ever side does this? they've made the situation, dec series. once you cross that threshold, what nuclear uses you have to worry that it's going to escalate into something like

truly apocalyptic civilization. and so the real goal for me is to prevent any 1st usa top. we've just seen how cyber intrusion can escalate mercilessly to a nuclear conflict that nobody wanted. but that all things that the well could do now to prevent such a disaster from happening in the future. we'll turn to those later. but 1st, let's leave this realm of scenarios and come back to the real world. and a war that's already happened. ah, the late 2020, and war has broken out in a place. the world has forgotten, festering conflicts, abrupt it into full scale. ground 0 is nagondo car above the disputed region in the caucuses, mountains for chosen by 2 former soviet republics. a menia and as by john,

this looks like a textbook regional war over carriage re estimate the national pride for while the rest of the world is consumed by the panoramic. but for those who are paying attention, it provides a glimpse into the future you can find it white here in the propaganda pumping out from the start of the war. as by jones border patrol, post this video and a huge count. just as the conflict begins, the, the lyrics were a rush of kinda wasting fever with a mantra hate for the enemy. but look carefully and you'll see what makes this conflict. a watershed in modern world. war can for

these trucks in the background. in this sean, you can just about see what's inside then a launch in slow motion. what emerges is not a rocket or a missile. it has wings the beginning to unfold. just before the video cuts away, we can see enough to identify what is it, what's cool, loitering munition from israel state and defense manufacturer. a model may i present here on the company's promotional videos. so what loitering munitions can do once launched, they fly autonomously to a target area where they can wait or later in the sky for hours scanning, for a target, typically air defense systems. once they find intelligence, they don't drop a bomb, but fly right into it to destroy it on impact them. the nickname can be county

drugs ah, in the war over in the corner, kara, by these weapons, didn't just make for good propaganda. they made a real difference as a by john had spent years investing enjoy re munitions analysis by us think tank showed that they had more than 200 units across 4 different models. all of them sophisticated design, armenia had only a single domestically made model with a limited range. the really important aspect of the pond in garner, in my view was the use of piece loitering initiative, the whole coming growth. pretty fun. recon franca is one of europe's leading

experts on military drone that also had been used in some some way a form before. but here there really shows their, their usefulness militarily speaking, of course, it was show and how difficult it is to fight against these systems. the as a by john celebrated victory. you could even call the corner car back the 1st more that was one in part, bio thomas weapons. little wonder the harp was on show that day. and other military's were paying attention since navarro. since the ones that you could definitely see a certain optic in interest in writing an issue, we have seeing more courses around the world, acquiring or wanting to apply for these before the green munition. the know going to come by war americans who showcase for thomas weapons with the clear message. this is the future, the future that's coming out as far as ever more advance models

coming onto the market. designed to hit a wide range of targets and rates or economy from to control the manufacturer. i even the markets, one of its moderates with the slogan, fire, fire, and forget. just think about that already today. well, thomas weapon systems are being used to detect and destroy targets over long distances without human intervention. and this revolution is just getting started. turbocharged by artificial intelligence in the united states to major report from a national security commission on the artificial intelligence. talks about a enabling a new paradigm in war fighting and urges massive amounts of investments in the field. and fueling all of this is an intensifying global competition. the chinese and the russians have made it very clear that they intend to pursue the development

of autonomous weapons. martin russia, a former analyst at the cia, covers emerging weapons technology, washington's leading defense thinktank. and they're already investing heavily in the research and development of those systems. it's not just the superpowers piling in. britain's new defense strategy also puts a front and center. and as we've already seen, israel with the leaders in the autonomy weapons field. in fact, wherever you look, countries of all sizes and jumping in the ones that they talk of this becoming an arms race. germany's foreign minister, high coal, mine is clear that non race is already on the way we're right in the middle of it. that's the reality we have to deal with. if anything, this might go deeper than an arms race here. and there is a belief among the major bobbers that could make

a difference on the back in the future. so they are phonetically investing in it. indian diplomat, i'm deep seeing gill is the former chair of the us government experts group on lethal autonomous weapons. and this is a race center which cost across the military and civilian speech, because there's also the sense that this is done, mostly trillion dollar about the future of resilient economy, ai is rapidly entering everyday life. it may even unlock the phone in your pocket when you hold up to your face. as if creeping ubiquity of a, it's important. it means that developments in a technology can be contained. they're bound to bleed across between the civilian military fields. whether we like it or not, it means there's something as innocuous as new year celebration and edinburgh was in patrick's day. and doublet can be powered by similar swimming technology to what

the indian army showed off on its national day. in fact, swarming is one of the hottest areas, and we'll turn them as weapons development right now. the u. s. navy has released push each of early demonstrations. here fighter jets dropped over a 100 tiny drone to mid flight. once they're out there, it's almost impossible for the human eye to keep track of them. experts say they will make you make the weapons. you could take out an air defense system, for example, they've just, you throw so much mass, additive, so many numbers that the system is overwhelmed. of this, of course, has a lot of tactical benefits on the battlefield. and, you know, surprised a lot of countries are very interested in pursuing these types of capabilities

and feeding the momentum of this potential arms race. in order to fight these weapons. do need these weapons. humans don't have a chance when you're defending against a drug swarm. a human may be required to make the 1st decisions. i'm just not sure any human can keep up with a drug issue of speed gets him to a critical emerging danger of autonomy. weapons to weapons we've seen so far a capable of a high degree of autonomy, but they wouldn't be impossible for humanistic control. even a foreign forget weapon needs a human to fire it. they're still operating in a way that we can pretty much grasp. now let's think a hate a decade or 2 into the future pants a decade or 2 of rampant technological development and adoption of increasingly autonomous weapons. i think what is very like the best in 20 years time,

we will warn and then systems not even necessarily just airborne just drove off the ground systems, surface vessels. so different units operating together and carrying out the taxes together, which doesn't require quite a high level of enables but fun to fight the systems. you will need the systems because human beings simply too slow. this is what potentially may drive an arms race that you some effort may be course to adopt a certain level of autonomy at least defensively because human beings would not be able to, to deal with autonomy attacks as fast as is as it would, it would be necessary so it is definitely a big

a big concern here and that could have fateful consequences for how was begin. you could find ourselves in a situation where, because of this problem of stevens, as one of the systems having to be counted by the systems, we could find ourselves in that situation where the systems basically react to each other in a way that that's, you know, not not which, you know, in the, in the literature we call the flash war where you have an attack or even just, you know, things that there will be and that's one of the system reacts to that. another one of the system by the opponents reacts to that it's not and you have the estimation potential very far, tends to slash and slash wars where you basically have an accidental military conflict that you didn't. you didn't want before. the seen something quite like this on the financial markets. the flash crash of 2010. like more than

a trillion dollars of the us stock market in just minutes. it was driven by trading algorithms feed off each other in a spiral. in a flash crash, trading could be halted to prevent disaster. the risk with a flash war is that they might be no pulling back. now i think faction going to 100 the regional, where we're told them is weapons, may have kids in the future world with the risk of flash war, places like this could face even more instability, even more conflict. i think we are moving in the world into a world where systems will be more than this, but we need to make sure that we minimize the risk of, of unwanted escalation of the salad. she decided by and machines without any, any you know, but how do we do that? how do we prevent the worst?

as we're about to find out the world is struggling to find a way the we've just seen glimpses of a future that nobody could want. the war spinning out of control even rupturing out of nowhere. these are not the nightmare science fiction that highly plausible outcomes of the rapid technological change that we're witnessing right now. there's no way to stop the technologies that we've seen in this video. and we probably wouldn't want to that many positive applications that will come out of them. the urge and challenge is to find a way to keep them under control. my fear is that they will be more on predictability in how we get to conflict. so the box raised to the packing feet won't be clear to policy makers so they will not understand fully the risk of

certain action source, certain happenings, and backing, make the whole world a more dangerous place. someone keeps shane gille with at the center of united nations efforts to try to get a grip on our thomas weapons. a process that critic say is now on the brink of failure. this is where it all happens. un buildings in geneva. it's here that delegates from us in the states gather with experts and then goes to talk about the future of a ton of warfare. this process is part of what's called a u. n. convention on certain conventional weapons. a diplomatic tongue twister launched in the 1980 to try to regulate no nuclear weapons that were deemed so dangerous that they needed special attention. things like land mines and blinding lasers in 2014 lisa autonomous weapons made it onto their agenda. it's been very slow going. the process is yielding a set of guiding principles,

saying that or thomas weapons should be subject to human rights law. and that humans must have ultimate responsibility for their use. but these guiding principles have no force. they just a basis for more discussions. if a campaign is calling from ban, that's not enough. we do get frustrated by the, the delays that have happened, and the delay and moving from discussions to actual negotiations of a new treaty. the main problem with this form is that it operates by consensus so many anyone states can block progress and walk that shift from discussion, negotiation funny daugherty lectures on human rights at harvard law school. and he's also a spokeswoman for the campaign to stop kill robots. high profile coalition of n g o cheese map town principles for an international treaty. the overarching obligation of the tree should be to maintain meaningful human control or the use of

force and where it should be a treaty that governs all weapons, was operating with autonomy to choose targets and fire on them based on sensors inputs rather than human inputs, that idea of keeping meaningful human control is broadly echoed by many countries, but only 30 states support the campaign. they're mostly small in nations, but include one giant in the form of china. beijing's true position is blurred. china has called for a ban on nurse express support for a band i use, but has, in my knowledge express the support for bad on development of production. so we believe that you need to prevent, prohibit development as well as, as use of these inherently problematic systems. because once things are developed that you can use out of the bottle and the other great military powers onto tool

keen on those sorts of limitations. either russia is accused of taking any opportunity to thwart the geneva talks process. but there are plenty of other objectives to russia has been, particularly the mentioned in subjection some of the other states developing autonomous weapon systems such as israel u. s, u, k. and, and others have so been on unsupportive of a new treaty. and, you know, have been expressed varying degrees of support for actually continuing discussions . so those are some of the roadblocks that we faced as things stand. the u. s. is highly unlikely to support a ban. rather, it sets out of its own principles which include human involvement, a ban on autonomous weapon systems is essentially infeasible, just because the technology is out there. the department of defense has been very clear about its commitment to ethical uses of these technologies. where

right now the position is that a human being has to be on the loop or in the loop when those weapons are use. so there won't be fully autonomous in the sense that there won't be any human interaction with these weapons systems. but the reality is, the us, china and russia are all competing so intensely in all areas of a technology that is questionable whether any of them was sign up to a treaty that significantly limits what they can do. aside from the lack of interest from crucial players, the challenge of tackling and intangible technology like a i is genuinely difficult. a lot of arms control systems in the past. basically, where about, you know, allocating a certain number of systems. you know, you are allowed 100 warheads of this morning and you were allowed a 100 worth of this type. and we're basically counting. you can't, you can't do this with the ai enabled weapon systems that we're talking about

because it doesn't matter what it looks like from the outside. but what's in there, germany is being quite active in trying to navigate around these problems. it's foreign minister says that the world has to find a way out just like we managed to do with nuclear weapons over many decades, we have to full into national treaties on new weapons technology. hi, co mass is a member of germany social democrat and has been a vocal advocate of arms control. indian dietician math need to make clear that we agree that some developments are technically possible and not exceptional. and must be prohibited globally fresh to envision. and vic logan internet sonata. in fact, the german government has laid out its intention in the document that underpins the current coalition. it says we were checked autonomous weapon systems that are outside human control. we want to prohibit them worldwide. now it sounds pretty

clear, but even this is complicated. germany, for instance, does not support the campaigns to stop robots. it says there's a better way as a definite ones which inherently up kelly, and we don't see it in substance. we're just saying that we won't tell those to be included in the global controls, that we would need to ensure that totemic weapon systems don't come into use. so military powers that have technologically in a position not just to develop a thomas weapons, but also to use them. we need to include them in georgia spectrum, all of them. so this isn't just a debate about them, right? so roman civil economists weapons. it's also a debate that process. on the one hand, germany says that the big powers must be on board for any agreement. they want that elusive consensus in geneva process. on the other hand, the campaigns has stopped killer robot, says the matter is to urge to wait. they say there's only time for one more round

in geneva. and we feel that if they don't take action by, you know, at that point, that they should consider strongly mission move outside of the conventional, conventional weapons and look at other options. so there they could go to the un general assembly to negotiate a treaty. they could start an independent process, basically a form that is not down by consensus, but is guided by states that actually are serious about this issue and willing to take, develop strong standards to, to regulate is welcome to the well doesn't agree on what to do about a ton of my weapons and it can't even agree on how to agree on what to do about them in this situation. is there any prospect of a solution? i think in the end, we may end up with rules or norms or agreements that are no more focused on specific uses and use cases rather than specific systems or technologies where your basic your brain for example,

to use certain capabilities only in the passive way or only again, machines rather than humans, are only in certain context. but as you can imagine implementing that, 1st of all, agreeing to that and implementing that is just much harder than, than some of the older arms control agreements. just compounding. this is the rock bottom level of trust between the major powers right now is, or us china talks in the last game. early 2021 is tended into a base around evacuations. when there is a lack of trust, you tend to attribute all kinds of intentions to the other party. and you tend to overestimate what they might be doing and overshoot in terms of your response. and to be frankly, the developments on the technology front are actually adding to the mistrust, preventing the kind of cyber disaster we look at earlier would require the great

powers to co operate. but as a 1st step, there are all things they could do independently. i think states need to think very carefully about how best type operations could be misinterpreted in order to kind of fully analyze the benefits and risks before conducting them. you know, i think countries should adopt a role than any before launching any cyber intrusions against the nuclear mom and control including julian, right in the stuff as opposed to conventional that should have to be signed off by a secretary of defense head of state as a way polls ensuring you know, these things are not keen. beyond that the best we could hope for might be a behavioral norm. agreed between the u. s. russia and china that they would not law cyber intrusions, against each other's nuclear commander control systems. the idea would be that if

you detected another state in your network, the deal was often you could go off to that network. and so in this way, you'd hope to force the security with neutral deterrents. but remember that problem of entanglement of systems involved in nuclear and non nuclear operations. that's going to make it very difficult to define what model control aspects are included in this what component control. so you'd have to have some pretty difficult and sensitive negotiation states ready for yes. and as the world deeper into the era of great power competition, the challenge will be for the big 3 to call out areas like this, where they compare mutual interest above the visceral drive to be on top. that is the spirit of arms control. i don't, i don't think it's possible that you know these parents, which, which are we do opponents and may eventually become even more adversarial can come

together and agree on certain minimum requirements. simply because it is in everyone's and for japanese foreign minister, the whole world has responsibility here. this develops an interest in the world must take an interest in the fact that we're moving towards a situation with cyber, autonomous weapons, where everyone can do as they sleep. we don't want lateral kind of wondering. climate change serves as an ominous warning of what can happen when humanity sees a common threat on the horizon, but fails to actions time to stop it. to rios summit kicked off the us process of talks to tackle climate change way back in 1992. it took 20 years to get from the parents' agreement. and this kid even that wasn't enough. it's already too late to prevent much the devastation. the time is predicted right from the start. with the scenarios we've just seen the warning size adjusted, clear,

and defensive even more. ah, vaccination campaign is making progress snot everywhere. it is rejected by many in the mountains. plenty of doses remain and here they only madison and god can dr. hensley from the local hospitals, persuade google 3090 minutes on d w. can you hear me know?

yeah, yes, we can hear you. and her last is germans counselor. we bring you uncle mack on and you've never had before. right? just so what is it going to is medical really what moves back and walk back to people who follow along the way. admirers and critics alike. and how is the world's most powerful woman's taking? join the macro class, the we don't want to see them, but they are there. rise to the on the scene. our news global 3000 series about the threats we are facing. and the heroes taking us then to stop by and see the global 3000 series and starts june 21st on d w. me

ah ah ah, this is beat up. the news live from berlin a because this whole nate, host some, it's open in brussels. benito, she said, be alliances not entering a new cold war, but challenges from china and russia to west and interest law high on the agenda as to the way also coming up ultra national stuff. tell you been at lees, israel's new coalition government pledging to and to get medical stalemate. but what can be achieved as head of a fragile allies.