out from under the boot of opec. but even with nixon support, there was one pressing problems, the cost of every reactor and the nuclear power plant surrounding it. those costs were doubling every 2 years doubled and then it doubled again. continually let me see because when the price of oil quadrupled, it was quite a shock shook. at 68 percent of our electricity came from oil to digital horror. we had, i think the money crisis began. it became clear to france that it salvation was nuclear . it didn't nuclear, the midwife clear power for electricity, lily pcp missile the only area where you could easily replace oil electricity because in 1973, we already had the generation of nuclear reactance act on nuclear. spurred on by the oil crisis, the french government move quickly to build more nuclear power plants. it didn't

have to worry about public opinion. i could get you point when it comes to decisions. it's just a small group of people making the data from the area. from the atomic energy commission fuels, basically tom administrator and the state representing the people that you pay for all of you have the authorization to build a nuclear plan and that was it in the us things a little more complicated to us. it was very fragmented around 2800 different electricity company filled. they kept changing the designs in a, in a competitive frenzy to try and get ahead of the other guy. and that meant that the construction times for nuclear plants just balloon way to do business the business. ah, frances ambitious nuclear program, it's becoming the largest in the world. the united states could only look on and

one down the front on the time that from bill to $58.00 reactors. the americans comes on to $100.00 ma'am, was the difference if i had to self. meanwhile, frances next door neighbor had other nuclear issues to contend with the nice seventy's west germany. so the growth of the one of the largest movements, again, nuclear energy in western europe. possibly the wealth. yeah. there's organise allowed us those people were concerned because they started hearing that in the areas around reactors and they were unexplained illnesses or environmental change. the concord failure so unless you had to remember that germany had a pass mark by war and it was part of the cold war in which nuclear weapon he

played an important role. awesome. and so there was a lot of insecurity, and this was intensified by atomic energy devoted with the torment of the real point of origin that protests, in a very small south german village of via where a new power station was pissed we built this law local citizens initiative tried to stop it in the was the only option they had mr. occupied the building sites where the ball plots up. they mob the site. they got in 10 whole thousands of people too many really so the police to handle and set up a camp with a lot of guitar singing and what was last isn't free love and all that sort of thing. oh, i see when you've got wind

makers from the kaiser to student, then journalists and an expert was talking to one another. explain this count, her expertise is the foundation of the german anti nuclear movement to the end. it all started here and to the for the the deals piece will teach in gave way to much uglier scenes wherever there were plans to build a reactor. there were huge protests and they often let's just with the police in fact go blocked off in 1981, 150000 people gathered for an illegal demonstration in february. and the freezing call. isaac came to dallas to start from the state, reacted completely disproportionately gas. they sent hundreds of policemen by helicopter munster, who went through the crowd, cooper wasting, we were thoroughly frisked, but we settled, went aloud onto the site and puts him demonstrations with

a bid and foreboding with demonstration. protest as on both sides of the atlantic had been sound in the alarm about the prospect of an accident as a nuclear plant. the industry dismissed their fears until early one morning. in march 1979, i came in to work in the commissioner went running by me, john and any. so can i use your car as it? sure. i guess there's a discovery that we've got a problem. harrisburg, pennsylvania, an accident at a nuclear power plant. a spokesman said that a feed water pump broke down this morning, automatically shutting down the 3 mile nuclear power plant. people think that emergency, everybody says running around like an operating room. you know, in fact, everything kind of slowed down because you tremendous uncertainty about the facts. the information's contradictory. meters are reading very high radiation. as chris

was saying, these meters must be wrong. the overwhelming feeling is the fog of him from the inflammation fog. it was very much unexpected and is feeling is this is much worse than anything that when could have imagined been some near serious accidents, but not one like 3 mile island. and when that happened, i think the whole, the whole framework fell apart. it could no longer claim that nuclear plants were say that was a very defining moment on the even though they say what's where to go we all have the yeah, the fema, this was a little low,

was the peace activists to activists. and that was a new problem to deal with in the eighty's, we had this sort of inevitable march towards nuclear future. and at the same time, we were looking at the situation where there was his wheezing puffing, planted winscow in which was pumping out 2000000 gallons of contaminated material into the she everyday. i me know, thing was just a joke or a really was and we had to addressing someone at 1st light green a piece roll ready up and about that plan was simple block one and a half mile long discharge pipe with stoppers like this one. i held a confidential briefing with depression. sure, you know we're going to bung the pipe. we have funk ready. we're going to stop the discharges. and somehow that got late, i'm being felt then knew that we were going to do it right at this moment because

she was beaten to the punch. they've obviously known precisely what we've been going to do for the last week or so. i worked very heavily on this and it's impossible for us with the material we've got at the moment. so it was a balancing act always to try to deal with them sensibly. but india to use a lot of message to stop them doing things which i felt dangerous. they needed to be told they will not be on the law anymore than where you are. and so i was a battery, a times advocates of nuclear power and opponents of nuclear power just didn't speak the same language. it wasn't that one of them had a monopoly effects is that the interpreted the evidence differently. they saw the range of concerns differently be nfl decided that they would no longer use name, wind scale for the facility. they would call it sellafield, which is the name of the little village where it originally been built. ironically as soon after the name change was announced,

be nfl was accused of having radioactivity on the shoreline and leaks in at least 2 of their facilities. i was tempted to go and tackle a safety issue and then i was told no, be positive about the good things which i knew they will bring. and that was the start of the idea that bill to center. welcome. so my name is paul. today i'll be showing you around the so until i got it goes to the to include it to go. the whole constellation shade, the generation electricity on the 1st commercial size, nuclear power station, subliminal messages got through which we could then build on. it must be safe, mustn't it? because i've been, digest us to go up, go round, and they all try to be out on this because they're asking us to go to the

nuclear had previously been really in secrecy. the industry had acquired a reputation for just not telling anybody anything and the result now when we trusted them. so they went for a kind of kind of glance and openness policy. and then, just as the charm offensive seemed to be working years of moscow television were watching the 9 p. m. news closely on monday, april 28th. they would have missed the brief and buried report of the biggest nuclear accident in history, an accident that occurred at least 2 days earlier, at chernobyl in the ukraine. chernobyl definitively ended the industry's line that there could never be an explosion that a reactor could never blow up like a bomb effectively. that's what happened. it blew up a dramatic event and of course did create widespread doubts about nuclear. there

was a very concerted effort by all the western governments to distance themselves as fast as they could and blame it all in russian technology. it can be stated categorically with an accident similar to that one could not happen in a british nuclear station to reactor of the generic design simply wouldn't have been allowed to operate in britain. in the days following the disaster, a plume of radioactive fallout drifted west would be unit to the alarm of those in the appendix. you know, the off that you noble. there was a massive area in germany and italy predictive and i know human organ can sense the danger. not only these machines detected, it is radioactivity. i was found in the school at playground, with my geography teacher at the time, who had got himself a geiger counter out of the pharmacy to check whether there was any high radio

activity. level of course was useless because we didn't know what the normal level of words demand was. it's from the moment people were called don't eat, came me, don't eat mushroom kind of pit from that moment on. the accept, among the german population tongue was completely calm. that i can refer gong, frederick to him. i just leave my completely normal and highest. and then she never happens and it hits us like a bomb district. i'm in a book and it says, personally, i'm supposed to be for me, it was a road to damascus. moment my eyes were suddenly opened to what it all meant. boyd, in as soon as we called ourselves parents against their parents and then we thought, you know, that's not really a good name. we don't want to be against somebody would be want to be for something this and that's why we changed our name to parents for a nuclear, for a future ones. together with other families. sheila and michelle slattich was so

determined to rid the village of nuclear power that they made and they should be to take control of the local energy grid by the couldn't the 1st day. i can probably imagine that when a citizens, initially we're building our own energy company to apply to citizens of our town with electricity. at 1st everyone says mich, how is that supposed to work to you to ask my skin. and, and of course the energy provider said this definitely won't work. they'll never see the shocking d doff need up against all odds. the initiative did succeed, creating a citizen owned energy, cooperative law. and we have a vision of an energy supply without nuclear power at the energy provider wasn't prepared to do that. over in britain, the energy market changing all over the country or electricity use it would be preparing for the 12 regional electricity companies share rappers. states

should not every once supported the conservative government privatization plans. the postponement by 6 months of the privatization of the electricity industry is only 6 months. and it's still going to happen. is it really that significant? i think it's significant because what it indicates is that the plans that are complete mass and most people already realize that that bills have gone out in order to pay the weight for privatization. they've got huge problems because they want to sell the nuclear industry, which is going to be very difficult to sell. the cost of ultimately decommissioning stations returned the site to essentially a complete, usable, clean status. had been underestimated the costs of future dealing with the spent fuel had been underestimated. i think it's very unwise to embark on a new nuclear program when we don't even know how to deal with the what's left over the legacy of the old. but we realized that the nuclear industry just could not be

privatized quite early on. and we told the government, we can't do it. and the government said rubbish, go away and think of a way that we can do it. so we went away, we're trying this, we're trying that. but in the end we said look, we just really can't do it. and so the government, the end said, okay, you can't do it. therefore we will pull it. and it was quite a momentous occasion. the government managed to sell off the power stations. seeing the new private nuclear company also ran into the company, went into steady financial decline for from about the year, 2000 to my 2002. it was in effect bankrupt. it had to be rescued by the government with 340000000 pounds initially. and eventually went up to over 600000000 to keep the company alive. nuclear suddenly looked like her just just a dead end area to work in. and these often very, very well qualified,

very smart people felt that they, you know, they've made a terrible career choice and that whole life would, in a sense, been wasted. they had never looked so fun, ripple and no way moves than in germany. if, when the peace movement and logical movement discovered the parliament platform, buena, when the green car he formed the government, this is centralist, social democrats. in 1998, it looked like time was up for nuclear power. year 2000 and the red green government decided to phase out nuclear power went out to stein and handy. and i know we got onto the process of negotiation with the company about the maximum lifespan of each plant, which until then had been unlimited. and the bas diane on began spun. and we wanted to limit them to enable a phase which shot down. but that meant that once all the existing reactors that had started operating in the seventy's and eighty's reached the end of their lifespan, nuclear phase, out in germany,

what happened automatically cancels that come on to receive prod, support both from the media, from the general public. these understood the sum was here, today's news. it needed to recapture the excitement of the early years. but then came the chance of a come back. the very 1st time i heard the term global warming was from a nuclear power industry executive in 1981. and i said, what is that? and he explained what the warning was. he said, that's why we can't rely on coal. says just once, i'd like to pick up the phone and say atomic industrial form co kills energy storage is still being to continue writing with c o 2 by the 2000 people had begun to realize the global warming was a severe problem. and people in the fire, even leading environmentalists began to say, well, maybe we'd better rethink nuclear power. the threat of climate change trumpet us to,

to ask a question if we wanted to build nuclear plants in the united states by the 2010, what would it take? so we start to ask that question could department of energy, but also there were policymakers sen pete demand. she was a leading voice in the congress on this. i think we all know that the world must have nuclear power as soon as possible. it is time for this country to start building nuclear power plants. again, we are now thing roughly $8000000000.00 in loan guarantees to break ground on the 1st new nuclear plant in our country. in 3 decades. the 1st nuclear power plant c, u s u t industry was dreaming with renewed confidence. 13 companies applied to the 25 new reactors and it was changing in the u. k. 2 by 2025.

if current policy is unchanged, there will be a dramatic gap on our targets to reduce c o 2 emissions. these fact puts the replacement of nuclear power stations back on the agenda with a vengeance. i suppose we shouldn't be surprised. the politicians say one thing and there's nothing in government, but that's what happened. and that's certainly what happened. it was often reported due to a new plan, wanted to leave a strong legacy. and the part of his legacy most perhaps launching a nuclear pass program that would solve the problem of global warming, and insulating a few lofts, bringing in a few small wind turbines on land. doesn't have that same impressive sound to it as launching

a huge nuclear power program. the successes were equally enthusiastic in 2009 gordon brown called for a nuclear plants to be built cross the tank. and in 2010, david cameron's new coalition government gave those plans, the green light, and the germans looked fit to give the atom another chance the nuclear industry knew that met with rethinking her previous position. and then when the c d, u and the liberal party, the f d p for the government, they actually agreed to go back on the decision and not to face out nuclear energy . it was the basic idea at the time was to use nuclear power plants for as long as was technically feasible with them longer act the resulting additional income and then use this tax with finance changes for the energy policy landscape in germany. sense of finance and france quick hoping to repeat. it's new to success on the

international stage when stuff cuz he came to power. many of the trips he made abroad involved seeking nuclear deals. he signed contracts with china. he signed nuclear cooperation agreements with several countries in north africa and the middle east. you need to keep in mind that you can't build endless numbers of reactors and france, no matter how enthusiastic you get about it. the extraordinary thing that happened looking back was the british energy. the british nuclear industry became effectively the french nuclear industry and was taken over by adf, the french government, state, and energy companies. ah, the 1st decade of the new century came to close the nuclear and i was in full swing . but then you, i still remember the morning when i woke up and heard it was a earthquake and now i'm in japan,

an immunity star. i think about friends i have in japan, so i went to the office and it was, you know, trying to reach people by e mail, but also watching events on tv. and then we started no noticed that there was a problem. it was for power plants in the early years, the worst radioactivity in the, in the planet came from all the weapons testing. now it's coming from the app for them. on the civilian side. i remember it was one senior staff person who was watching the video on television and he was almost in tears. and i remember he turned to me and he said, you know, i spent my whole career trying to keep something like this from happening. and now i'm watching you have no television, and it was really a very emotional moment. the. this was a western design reactor, and this was also japan. and this is a country, highly advanced country with excellent engineers. and somehow this still happened

when folk ashima happened. you could see that the nuclear industry's damage limitation machine had moved into action as fate would have it. i was actually myself travelling with my wife through japan. and for me personally, i remember hearing these reassurances from the japanese government and i couldn't help thinking of the sort of irony of this message that the country that for that had been such a target of this peaceful adam message in the 1950s was now, itself putting out its own version of reassurance of atomic energy. a p r faced was the biggest p r headache since to noble governments and the nuclear industry closed ranks with one notable germany because he manages the machine. things have changed. if you think about the

reliability of risk prediction and about the reliability of probability analysis on and down. therefore, the use of nuclear energy in germany will be thought to an end by 2020 most of those always. so that's unless you have to see it as a final step and a very long good bye to nuclear power that's been going on. the 1970s in get sold and hot kind of patel won't find a single political party to day of whatever color that's prepared to even talk about doing anything with nuclear energy. that topic is completely bluish. at this point, solar and wind power are growing so fast and the costs are declining so rapidly that nuclear is like this all dinosaur, they can't possibly keep up the only nuclear power plant and massachusetts will be shutting down by $29.00 team, citing california changing energy landscape, pacific gas and electric is closing diable canyon. the real factor in the united

states is just practicalities. i mean, we have the discovery of natural gas and large quantities and it's much cheaper and it's much easier. of course, nuclear power still has its champions. one of the things we want to do a deal is to is to make nuclear energy cool. again, one of the problems that the people who object to nuclear power really have. and can we solve those? technically, can we make nuclear power that doesn't produce waste that last for hundreds, thousands years? can we make nuclear power plants they can't meltdown? hey, i think the answer, those questions is actually yes. ah, i know you can be confident that it is going to happen. this time in the western countries and it's going to happen in the far east. some of the oldest players, nuclear gain, china make no mistake about it. this is an important day for britain. a british

plant financed by france and china. the focus has been on a planet called hinckley point c, and the claim was made by d f. that this would be done absolutely without any public subsidy, which turned out of course, to be complete nonsense the subsidies got less and less well the skies until they got to the point where they were offering a guaranteed price for the electricity for 35 years. at 3 times the going rate in the u. k. p works it right off. teresa, my question, the deal made between camera and the government and a half. look around the montgomery for the if hipley and the chinese engine selling. and it seems they managed to get main government to reconsider them. things went ahead after all, a whole, consider it left it in the middle. china is becoming

a nuclear energy exporting power house. the country is building reactors at home and selling its expertise abroad in china to resistance to atomic power is growing amid mountain concerns regarding health and safety and future costs lives an inherently political technology because of the nature of the risk and safety aspect . the decades, scientists and politicians for nuclear power as the technology of the future, one which they will best to quit to despise, felt like if the public would just leave them alone. they would control the technology, they would fix the problems with the accents. you know, if they just let us keep working, we're going to take care of all your concerns and all your problem. but when it comes to the relationship between the ask them and us history suggests that in the end it will surely be just people who are filling computers.

think of all kinds of reasons. you know, people are bike and so these guys are thinking of all kinds of reasons for us to buy nuclear power plants because that's, that's what they're selling. is we have to decide if we want to buy the me think or india the they're not only a popular delicacy. they also play a key role ecosystem, to speak to gilbert. in the roman to form district. more in cultures are going up to the course range. officers are doing their best to protect india. 30 minutes on d w. we've got some hot tips for your bucket. lift the

magic corner. hot spot for me and some great cultural memorials to boot the w travel off we go. oh, the how it takes me feels the jewish life in europe. oh, that's what film producer and his phone and journalist in google, mont more exploring. delving into history and the present to that i would never think could be live so openly and so freely and constantly

remind myself because i grew up in a completely different way. fraud is. it's the station i jewish years. the 2 port documentary starts july 5th on dw me the this is the w news. these are our top stories report. a death from cove and 19 in columbia has has more than 100000 south american country has seen record infection rates in recent weeks. as a 3rd wave of the disease hits the country, specials warren essential medical supplies are running low. unesco says, australia's great barrier reef should be added to a list of endangered world heritage sites. the us cultural body blame the.