reaches as far as the iberian june, and so if anything continues to circulate around the northern hemisphere, these waters sometimes blow all the way up to the arctic getting where they cool back down again. motor driving the circulation is an article one of the most important projects at the one carlos the 1st station. is it study of the heard and johnson glaciers and this would be in the states the mass balance of the antarctic sheets, and found the gains of us had been granted to us. it is the though, is it getting colder and antarctica? she suspense for the another. yes, it is getting cold, but our measurements are limited to the last 15 years. following on to the studies need to examine the period of at least 30. if we look closer, we can see that there was a gradual temperature in 15 years and a temperature drop in the subsequent 15 years. but globally,

the trend is towards rolling on the one with the on our trip, we didn't see much snow. but the year before, there was so much know that the 2 meter high stakes used to monitor the glacier disappear, to find them, the spanish team had to dig dig and dig located next to livingston island is half moon island. ah, the news, we made a discovery in this miniature,

a sized antarctica. the weather here changes very suddenly within minutes, the snow fall turns into a blizzard clocking winds of 80 kilometers an hour the league city. this next stop is deception island home to the station, gabriella. the castillo, this island is the caldera of an active volcano. it last erupt in 1970.

huge glaciers are concealed beneath the ash. regarding the cast station is run by the spanish army. wait, didn't we say the antarctic treaty bands all military activity? but i speak with the lies law due to the islands difficult terrain, and the danger posed by the location of the site that the army with best equipped to operate the station, we must put it back into our mission is to make the visiting site. just feel at home, mega lunch because they come for a very specific time period to work on research. i take samples, do experiments and collect data with us. and i think our job is to ensure all the logistics are in place so they can concentrate on their work. i mean the laser into, into so there are no weapons here. no, no, none that i know of deception island is home to a large colony of chin strap penguins and race barbarossa had been studying these

animals for 20 years. i expect it from one other thing. we know other species like the other late penguins, whose population have decreased dramatically on the and talked about an insulin by about 60 percent. the penguin is also threatened by extinction. but it also species like the gen to penguin have profited from present a condition on our its population of increased by about 15 to 20 percent. that's basically what's been happening over the course of 4000000000 years on our planet, are going to be called evolution. and as well as the species the thrive on, the positive conditions is the new vanish and are replaced by others. so ah, andreas installed a camera to monitor the penguins all year long, the images track the birds and their offspring as they gradually flee the onset of

cold temperatures. with the eagle fly by the drifting icebergs. the arrival of storms that vary the camera and snow and then blow it free again. the long, lonesome winter. the formation of ice. ah sunsets that no one else sees. in october, the penguins return, soon they begin to lay their eggs. and a few weeks later, chicks are born ah, in one of the spanish navies tasks is to map the undersea topography around these islands. drive

a deeper 0 ac because they start to cope to so i'm in less than one percent of the area. underwater has been properly out of the for example, you have to change your ships because of an iceberg, and it can be dangerous to leave the zone for which they are accurate. they could have a lot more. so we need to produce more maps to prevent shipment, oil spills, or other ex i think it's not just to protect human life, but also to prevent damage to the environment here. but we really have lots of work animal who will take every country with the ability to cooperate with me. and i get caught on what i told me. the british captain william smith made the 1st recorded landing in and article in 18. 19 an accident after he was blown off course by

powerful winds. spain claims the honor for gabriella castillo, who it says, discovered the continent in 16. 03, though that's never been proven. it's probable that steel hunters set foot on these islands before william smith. but they kept quiet about their discovery, so as not to have to share its treasure trove of fur what a sample of it says of organisms from the widow sea, and nobody knows what family jesus or species they belong to. they have yet to be classified up, which is true, lots of completely different types of animals and malice companies. i'm very me, despite it's remote location, far removed from almost all human life on earth. the southern ocean is a vital and precious region of the planet.

a team of modern day explorers has been dispatched to the region by the university of barcelona. i got more people thought that because it's so cold with cheese resources in terms of food. there would be little phone or on the see did. that's not true. additions are harsh, but organisms adapt systems to then talk to the oldest on the plan. the species had a long time to adapt their a species that are in fact unique to the system here the most. do you feel a bit like explorers? why? well yeah, i do the explorers

of antarctica today and in times past in 1911 norwegian, explore world ominous and norway and britons robert falcon, scott race to be the 1st to reach the south pole. almonds and triumph to well scotts team perished, trying to return though his expedition ended in tragedy. scott was celebrated as a hero. on his way back, scott had picked up a fossil from a tree also found in south america. and india. defined supported the theory of the continents where once joined and had drifted apart. so the race to the south pole contributed to a better understanding of our planets, evolutionary history. ah,

the remnants of an old wailing station can still be found on deception island. long ago the location was referred to as bred bay because of the bloodstained water or stinking bay, due to the stench of rotting meat and processing oil. it was shut down in 1931. o. an international ban on commercial wailing came into force in 1986 japan was allocated a quota for scientific research purposes. it was long suspected of violating the terms of this quote by pursuing commercial wailing and antarctica.

we support sustainable use. we'd like to see ways forever in the future. it was the only way sustainable as soon as possible, and it is free for any nation to have any, to have articulate ways of dealing animals in the nation and culture. in 2014 the international court of justice in the have ruled against japan's wailing program. the court concludes that the special pam is granted by japan for the killing. taking in treating a whales in connection with john by 2 are not for purposes of scientific research. for this young 2, article 8, but i'm going to run over the convention. japan complied with the court decision, but only for one year after which it ships were back out wailing and the southern ocean again.

wailing is not the only problem we should be concerned about. the patagonia tooth fish is an antarctic treasure. it's subject to catch limits. but amid high demand poaching is a lucrative business that basically says poachers ignore closures and warnings on fish. and just because these mandate the long line in which allows you select efficiently, as john chris indiscriminately killed the homes of other fish. well, the in 20142016 spanish police, interpol. and the new zealand navy took joint action against be done out of my daughter's spanish company accused of illegal fishing when it went out on me and span. yeah. but it was a milestone internationally because i'm saying issued a public knowledge and saying, we admit this is the spanish climate fishing company,

and we know there are many others, but the story didn't have a happy ending to dial. amador was appealed level conviction of the supreme court decided in its favor ruling that the alleged pension had taken place. international and spanish courts had no jurisdiction to try the case me use from here, the leaders head south, it sails into the gown lush, straight. one of the most spectacular locations on the entire continent. me

this is the argentinian station primavera. but anyway, the prima very station is run by the army here that i was like other station. the same of it has a system of raise walkways. so we avoid trampling on fragile plan, including mosse and algae, is to cause the least possible damage, you know, why is it that international cooperation work? but none of the window, oh no, no, no, nothing what you watch about it. i'm not a foreign policy expert. so i can follow up, but the antarctic treaty very well, because you asked me why i can't really say it just does that. but again,

i say i wish the rest of the world this way, but probably there's more egoism and other places here there for about another part of that really is there cooperation between argentina, sheila and the united kingdom to law. yeah. yeah. in fact, when i arrived with the freight station, there is no problem in that regard is here in an article it works perfectly. officially, i'd be happy to show you a bit more of the station that. 2 i am out of the commander mentioned the phrase station, which is julian, but nothing specific about the u. k. it may just have been coincidence. or maybe he was avoiding a sensitive topic. in 1982 argentina and britain went to war over the falkland islands. for many, it left wounds that never healed. for days we watched other worldly scenes unfold before our eyes

ah cruise . during those weeks we discovered and arctic as infinite beauty and one of its biggest threats. i know that we still rank or face it numbers in 2008, 2009 with some 46000 tourist. in the financial crisis, hit the tourism industry and numbers dropped to below 25. recently they went back up again. 6001 of the numbers keep rising. as you get to that,

we don't know what will happen. i think numbers will increase, but these trips on cheap cost a cost between $5.10 euros per trend. yet i would say no, i would just not a lot of people can afford such luxury and low quality. then even for every researcher in antarctica, there are now 10 tourists. it's a business that breaks in some $400000000.00 euros per year. a few years ago and in geo opened a new the am here inside a british station, dating from the 900 fifties bought out up lateral rules of conduct visitors, but more needs to be done. and it would help if tourists were required to make a monetary contribution to regional conservation and it's currently tenant the 5 to

10000 heroes day. but hey, for the trip to water raising their footprints. but what i'm going to conservation management, and i like most often the tourist themselves to file a complaint against the tour operators who cloud regulation. will the media do you think tourism may have a negative impact in america? personally, you know, we were, we were able to have a lot of time to walk on track and spend a lot of time walking around the islands. and so far we've found some trash, which is very surprising in a way because you know, in our mind, at least in my mind, i thought an article would be a very interesting and remote location. it would be untouched. but then looking at, you know, a milk carton from china and i'm trying to use, i can read that and then looking at different water bottles and waste on beaches and it just, it's shocking and away me. it's not just tourism. any human presence in an article can pose

a threat that they were looking for aliens for sally in english, when at alienvault, in a sense of species that didn't exist in the region before they arrive, check out the local conditions. and if they meet their ecological requirements, they settle and propagate. in fact, we want to identify the invasive species displaced local population. out of local it's c, last, the temperature rises even a slightly more maybe she would previously have been unable to survive. propagated can invade an occupied the happy dance of native patients in the palm of either appoint button or work. how do these invasive species reach antarctica? why not skim? but they arrive through different natural channels. either on the when i see see, or tree trunks are on a floating object or on animal natural root. the main source of elation,

the human inadvertently carried on vehicle wheels or actually stopped by many species die in the harsh conditions which are that other more hardy one is becoming a severe author of guess i'll come up with us. i got what i mean by that. that's why we were required by the spanish polar committee to carefully vacuum each one of the items we took with us to antarctica. can you solve the problem alone to know what you know, that'd be honest. but the great thing about the article as the cooperation between the many countries active here on below is a good example, is our success in eradicating and invasive species. 2 years ago, when i go to the not the on, there was a coordinated effort into spanish, british and argentine polar communities for me to pull out of. and that despite the fact that britain and argentina have a history of conflict in the region, but i'm in the morning, we're radical at the base of all the minor axis. salary got young doing by

followers from maybe ecologists of the earth. dr. jacqueline, we've diagnosed with ross now the only time society to follow the doctor's orders for medical me after a week on the gala straight. the s betty. this makes its way back to the spanish station. from there it will return home. but i couldn't leave antarctica without investigating the world, single, biggest threat to peace and the environment in the mental and 30 days short. without a doubt, there are mineral resources in your hand. there's always, you know, political got moved us and they're not just time to carbons in the form of natural gas petroleum, but also minerals like nickel, gold, and silver. i left, in the recent occasion of even finding a time. you may have a diamond if you have as much fun coming creasing the easier and cheaper to reach

dark because because there could be minerals here with a value so great my justify their expectation is yet. and even in such a remote location and hostile environmental split up, the pamela cannot even when i'm going to still be this, this is witness the prestige oil spill. and we conducted research to determine the impact along the entire coast of nose and sign. and the findings were devastating. that last oil isn't just hard to remove. it's impossible if we take off the upper layer. but the rest of the stage where it is because we'll spill in our talk to on the scale of the prestige would be a total auto catastrophe. if, if the oil impact on the sheep would be far more dramatic than any of the effects you can have in other regions and not to do this. but why was it will be impossible

to reach all of the areas that he has. certainly, when free oil on the ice, so you'd be much harder for marine come into the way in 1989 signatories of the antarctic treaty were poised to open the door to limited oil and mineral prospecting that had new countries lining up to join the club but then once again, a miracle happened, and there's a lot of good morning today saw the signing of the madrid protocol from one of the agreement names to protect the environment of antarctica. the only remaining prestige territory on our plan was to stay enforce for the next 50 years. this is gwen daniels at the last know often the well powerful countries were divided minerals around erupted between the more environmentally conscious european nations in the united states and soviet union, china and britain in the southern,

maybe ambient them about the lawsuit or bales in the end all agreed to a 50 year moratorium on the exploitation of mineral resources. the band can only be lifted with the unanimous agreement of all signatories, which is virtually impossible. i'll proceed. the protocol was a compromise between the 2 sides and the exploitation of resources or pollution or irreparable damage to antarctica. but it found to impose a permanent plan or this process. probably, the madrid protocol will be subject to review in 2048. what happens then? that she's been consensus hardly anything. is a very hard thing to do. so as long as you haven't convinced all of the countries that change from current policy is needed, then the current ban on mining continues as a legal matter that may be,

but some are still tempted. in 2007, britain asserted new claims to a vast area of the c bad off antarctic. it says for the reasons why countries go to great land shipping result, people to open the nation in and talk to continue the war. yes, they will not want to insure they'll be there when the continent is did i order, even if no one will not be done in a couple of the company as a researcher, do you feel you are being exploited for that end? no, but i know that no, not at all, but a shallow life. i have always believed it answer to join with your enemy, but i prefer to take advantage of all that i mean, but see the best the most through our research we can obtain it will help protect taken out of later. but i guess i believe that the best option

for a funeral home is i could play most tomato, no investor, and so the spanish researchers and military personnel take leave of the southernmost continents. the news. shortly before we reached the mainland, we received footage of the penguin colony on deception island. the chicks were born 20 days ago. the embryo in this egg is dead. its parents can't lay another until next year.

it's hard for them to let it go. human kind also tries desperately to protect the things that love and science has shown that the human heart is bigger than that of the penguin. or would you big to different? the know that's the one thing we can agree on. the news, the

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the complete story behind the baby business ukraine's surrogate mothers me in 30 minutes on d. w. ah nico germany, to jerry pinnacle. why not learn with him w e learning course? eco's fake several dead and wide way next treatment. right, so the question again, well, waste and burned in south africa when disability is more likely to lose their jobs in the black lives matter process. shine a spotlight on racially motivated, believe mind, same sex marriage is being legalized in more and more countries, discrimination, inequality, or part of everyday life. for many, we ask why? because life it's diversity. make up your own mind.

w. need for mines. the news . the news alive from berlin, virgin tycoon, richard branson, a head and a battle between high flying billionaires. even this to the edge of space and back down again. for instance, the mission accomplished after the trip of a lifetime. also coming up on the show, public anger over corruption overshadows bo daria's back in election in.