central to the idea of posts into them is to strip away all of the accretion. so chip christianity got over one half 1000 yards into go back to the christianity as it was in the bible. and one of the things they agree on is that the cult of saints has become dangerous, that the saints are in, in peril of replacing god as the object of one's prayers. so they abolish the cult of saints and wisdom go saint nicholas. saint nicholas disappears as a christmas gift bringer in many parts of europe. by, by saint nicholas, at least they didn't burn you, but you will be back because as the l say hiding a things doesn't make him disappear. yes. so at that point, traditions that were taking place on december the course that they will push back to christmas and the date when baby jesus was born in germany,

in particular the figure of the baby jesus christ, kendall is the germans say, was invented in strasburg. the rules of the reform or applied in $1570.00 a pastor, spoke out against the practice of giving gifts to children on saint nicholas de the saint nicholas market which is held on december 6 was renamed. the order was to call it the market of the child, jesus or christ, kendall, marked in our station, the figure of the baby. jesus is a wonderfully theologically correct, but it's a difficult social act to perform, to imitate the acts of saint nicholas saint nicholas was good, but he was also frightening. and nobody is going to be frightened by the baby jesus . ah, saint. nicholas can carry huge sacks or baskets of goodies,

a baby can't. mm. and so we see in the 15 hundred's the development change in the shape of the christ child. and the appearance of frightening helpers. european folk lore is full of beasts that appear at christmas and you don't know whether they're going to kill you or give you a gift. ah, yes, a fee there were fairies, lots of characters, for instance, you have before now in italy. she was an old windows a lovely fina head up this week. i believe. now that could be fina is portrayed as an old woman who's a bit of a witch or power. she flew in the sky on a broom ban,

only had a hood on her back, containing the presence with which she filled the size that children left near their windows might tossed of the key. now looking at, if kids weren't good, be fun and knew it to me, and she would give them ashes co candidate and kind of borne if looked at all for it. if they were good, she would then bring licorice on an interior, which looked like a soft cold as born, but was made of black sugar. yeah, the lining thought kind of only doors. jesse do settles needle each country has its creature meant to frighten children. compos connect to hooper bought a peat, gaila shmoop see ah, the protestant reformation and its religious precepts now prevail in

a large part of europe. in england, the winter figure referred to as father christmas, was even the object of a trial for some protestants, the new doctrines were not respectful enough of the strict teachings of the bible. these puritans decided to leave europe and settle in a new land where they would be allowed to live in accordance with their faith. these pilgrims 1st set foot on the american continent in $1620.00, and started new colonies. according to their faith, christmas was not worthy of celebration and was therefore abolished. it became a regular workday. any one celebrating christmas in the colony could be punished with a heavy fine any reference to the saints, including saint nicholas was forbidden. busy but other migrants coming here from

other countries brought with them their own religious faith and traditions. the situation in the cities at christmas and new years had become a social problem. it became dangerous to be out on the streets in boston, and philadelphia and new york gangs would take to the streets. they would bang on pots and pans and blow horns, they would jostle decent middle class folk. they would interrupt church services at a time when police forces were um, just in their beginning and could not deal with this. in 1800, the situation in new york city became dire. the city was flooded with new migrants . the puritans considering them barbarians, abandoned part of the city. in manhattan barricades were erected to protect law

abiding citizens from unruly gang organisations, such as the new york historical society were founded with the goal of creating a more respectable city. since america had no shared history and no shared culture, this new historical society was looking for a common identity. and surprisingly, it's members decided to turn to saint nicholas. john penn tarred was the founder of the new york historical society. he was a member of a masonic lodge, made up by descendants of dutch families. it was pen tart who rekindled the flame of the center cloth the dutch saint nicholas. he presented him as a grumpy bishop with a whip, standing behind a high masonic symbol. santa was now a freemason, john pinto tried to make santa claus, saint nicholas, the patron saint of new york. and so one thing spend,

todd was trying to do was to get a tradition that wasn't english. there was another member of the new york historical society and his name was washington irving, and he was a comical right to. he was a satirist and he found pins hard enthusiasm for nicholas. very, very funny. and so he wrote a spoof history of new york and in his parody history, saint nicholas santa claus keeps appearing and helping the settlers to build the houses, sort of appearing out to the sky, smoking a pipe. washington irvings spoof history of new york with a massive best seller. it was a huge, the hugely popular book in early america. and people loved the story. then they started telling them to the children as truth. and for the 1st time, a new name appeared in a drawing. ah santa claus, a name and

a story destined for a bright future. the that was a 3rd member of the new york historical society called climate club, moore, who wrote a children's poem called it, twas the night before christmas and it was a very, very popular poem. the santa claus is on a sleigh, which is drawn by reindeer, and he comes down the chimney himself and comes out into the fireplace with the presence and wishes everybody a merry christmas it was the night before christmas when what to my wondering eyes should appear. but a miniature sleigh and 8 tiny reindeer. as i drew in my head and was turning around down the chimney, saint nicholas came with a bound. the stump of the pipes held tight in his teeth, and the smoke encircled his head like a reef. he had a broad face and

a little round belly that shook when he laughed like a bowl full of jetty. he was chubby and plump, a right jolly old elf. ah farewell bishop saint nicholas. here comes an elf. later in the 19th century, there is a guy called thomas not to as an illustrator. and he's the guy who really sets down the santa claus that we know and that we still see on christmas cause in that santa claus, the children. imagine of the jolly fat man with the bed and the pipe. me ah,

ah, and during the american civil war in the 800 sixty's, he drew a series of patriotic drawings for a magazine that featured santa claus on the side of the the union. ah, and the face he gave them was that of the kindly grandfather that had been suggested by twas the night before christmas. and whatever else santa claus wears around the world now and whatever country he's in. he will look like the face that thomas nast gave him an order aspect of santa claus is very much that he's a house breaker. he's an old man who sneaks into your house and he actually breaks that family bubble to some extent. ah,

it's very strange when you think about it. we tell our children that there's an old man who's broken into their bedroom and that they should be happy about. ah acoya. i mean, when christmas would come santa would always show up that only he would come in the evening around 6 o'clock after sonoran dinner. he always made a lot of noise knocking on the wall, knocking on the door. good this, amy. i your god like diet. see the said only he had a cane and he would shake like an old man wholly gather lucas b as it had santa claus would ask. are there any good children here that i gave up and we were very scared. oh that thou bod koya? hiding behind now mother the lawyer

is let me santa claus would come and sit with us and ask if she had been good cuz i live down. gosh, got yellow guilty. and i would answer yes, i have been good the yeah, i wasn't crying. glen benuya. ah, with the industrial revolution christmas and santa claus soon became associated with a profound change in that social order. the boers was opposed to lower class values . the communal traditions associated with christmas like was sailing buying on

people's doors, demanding alcohol. wearing mosques is replaced by this inward looking family, as opposed to community your table as opposed to the streets your foss site, as opposed to the whole city. this new om inward looking, i'm celebration. oh, yes i am. why should you mind me said loophole people were really being sent to the distance it and the bourgeois family became a very important part of society having grown rich at the expense of the working class that mark was described to martha addiction for the bush were family christmas became one of the great annual gatherings, one during which people honored their own members if it showcased this social success and boosted their children's ambitions for charlotte. oh, it will now be showplace alpha. ah.

and away, this is a shift from a religious celebration to a family celebration, whether it was in england and france or in the us. there wasn't a family reunion at christmas before that. ah, the protestants band, catholic religious songs and replaced them with new testament psalms. so when english writer charles dickens wrote a christmas carol, he describes a society that is divided between rich greedy misers and poor, but generous people. the christmas tale tells the story of how one of these misers becomes a better man. thanks to ghosts that visit him. they make him realize that charity and generosity can save him from doom. isn't it?

it killed us how he was giving readings of his tale in boston, paris, and in london, of course of christ. and people would rush to see him in paris. people described a huge line in front of the british embassy in the middle of winter. low income people were in t is yet in boston. a wealthy businessman called fair banks, showed up and reading. after listening to the christmas story read by the author himself. so he decided to offer a turkey to each of his workers for christmas and gave them the day off to celebrate christmas. and when you are here, don't happen. it wasn't a holiday at the time. does it say, daniel, how he asked for my legs? kimberly this present the diesel club concept in england is a very interesting one. not a lot of when you because the bosses force their workers to save money during the years. so they could celebrate christmas with dignity. and by the famous goose which was the english dish, or this notion

of a christmas that is reconnected to morality, reconnected to religion and the american gift of a santa claus figure is going to combine in the 19th century. authentic, in fact, gifts were a part of this to begin with, i see more if i need to be someone to bring, i guess if i had 1st to carry to bringing gifts, dependent on with jeff, but gradually became the same one. that was, it was sad to close, he brought the kids once it became known if he laid organ ah, the american star, some to close also became a major commercial figure who invaded the advertising sphere. santa became universally famous thanks to guess what the department stores. they were becoming

very popular at the time, and they enrolled santa as their number one sales clerk. ah, alternator gay between the 2 old wars eldric or santa claus became the ideal partner to promote new products to add up. so you should he bought. then he also became bit naughty on the edges proposal, bit of a scum back. do you know who was used to push big cigars? liquor and easy women eloquent pho exempted from leisure. ah, we'll do so. yes. santa claus was indeed exploited by advertisers and brandon body among which the best known as coca cola would use. but coca cola certainly didn't

invent santa claus to go away. santa claus are so powerful, christmas are so powerful that they call forth enemies. and one of these enemies is totalitarianism. in the soviet union, after the revolution, celebrating christmas was considered bourgeois, thus discouraged. so the communist party decided to revive a non religious figure, dead. moreover, the slavic wizard of winter, under the soviets dead morose, was made to look like a blue santa who came to offer gifts to the children. not at christmas, but for the new year's holiday. of course, dead morose as imagery was soon used to praise the revolution and glorify the working class of the new regime. another totalitarian party that also decided to exploit santa's image for its own benefit was the nazi party. when

i'm the nazis take power in 1933. their 1st thought that the nazis had is just to co op to christmas. so they will try and associate naziism with all of the good things of christmas. and so the ss tries to pagan eyes christmas, they want to move the celebration from december 25th to december 21st, the winter solstice. this is met with a good deal of resistance by the german population and in the aftermath of world war 2, department stores hired santa's by the thousands. but 1st, the santa has had to take classes at newly created santa claus schools. oh it my mom up in france. santa claus only really becomes important after world

war to go. now she get with the adoption of a more american light star after the war. people want to spoil they kids. so by me you the 1st high school christmas eve, tina rossi sings the son, the premises. little children, gifts by the thousands, in toy factories open up. every way for young you industrialized production methods produce more affordable toys to spoil the children wiffle. ah, but where does santa live it is rumored that he lives near the north pole? but where exactly is it in canada, in greenland, or in lapland? what is certain is that the official santa claus village was opened in 1985 near the finished town of ravone, emmy, right on the arctic circle. it's become the largest santa theme park in the world. more than $500000.00 visitors come here every year from all countries and religion

. hello, please come here. good morning. how are you today? so please, please. okay, good, don't, don't, don't be afraid. don't be afraid shortly here. just take it easy as they can. so let's start with the photo. so again, in 1951 and an under privileged parish of dijon, france, a group of parishioners rejected santa for his consumerist attitude and for up staging jesus. so they dressed up a mannequin at santa and set it on fire. in the next 48 hours worked, these images were seen all over france. so because the big scandal really big scandal, everyone saw that the church had burned some totally booked. remember the short, as it turns out, the mayor of dijon, felix care, who is also a religious model vivian on to prove with the burning. so the next day, he staged an opposing spectacle effect in which santa was lowered from one of the

tallest buildings in dijon. in the city hall, rooftop repaired, when it gets sent out, a press release denying the center was dead and stating, learning had been a fast ah allow his prompted a corner between intellectuals that several years we'll give a drip your said b, the car i fool newspaper provided a forum for defenders and opponents. the defendant, santa claus may rise dollar coal in the pro center camp. there were french intellectuals, lashaun cato. she'll burst escrow oh crawled, levy straus housekeeper quarter dedicated a special essay to santa said bobby you the debates became very he for his crib pro cribs you know. ready i

despite the controversies of the past the day, the enthusiasm for santa is undiminished every year, millions of children and letters the santa all over the world, santa's official post office, and ro bonnie emmy received 17000000 letters from 100 countries in 1985 postal systems everywhere have had to adapt to this incredible situation. mitchie said alloy. did you know santa, i'll tell you a secret of being keyed isn't easy. i that everyone wants the children to be good and to work hard at school demise. your health look to forget the battery because it's always annoying to receive a gift. i'm not able to try it out right away because the back face of missing look a thing to follow in france. the person who was decisive in making it official to respond to letters to santa newman is a minister named jack. my rep please jack by. it when he was put in charge of

supervising a post who says to do it, he felt it wasn't acceptable that hundreds of thousands of letters were mailed to santa before never reached their destination. it or even look it up. so he created census team of personal secretary has mold the earth, and he asked his sister francoise merritt to be santa's 1st secretary. if you could go to gilbert. francois merritt is better known as the writer francois is told to, to ah, full from swans dole. to understood how important it is for children to develop their imagination pool. awful. by the way. yeah, that's also the reason why john called to have been so virulent and angry against francois maria and the opponents of santa claus. he told them, you break the dreams of children. you don't have the right to do that. these are doing the boxes pacifies, of which children cinders from all over the world. because growing up is about taking a step on the way the kids said that they pacifies a milk bottles and

a cuddle told. well another aspect of santa claus and father christmas it's, it's a bright passage for children to learn that he doesn't exist and that he is in fact your father probably just bringing the presence on all that 6 reasons at primary school at well, it's compulsory now and that's where the oldest students would. moccasins say, ha, they still believe in se nicholas glass and he could then after a year or 2, we found out the big secret. glinetta gothic was all parents stuff like they need sometimes on tv, their commercials with toys on sale. so i one, did it sad to makes toys, or why are they for sale for profiles for my son, legible, your corckalone and to bring them said, there's really no use in buying them, don't you think and present. that's when i started having dance and i thought i'll post if they're on sale, this is that means the parents probably have to pay for the kid. oh

ah. and now santos, facing a new barrage of criticism. will he survive it? the fight is on. he's targeted, it's jesus versus santa, who represents the true spirit of christmas. the original one santa is the symbol of capitalism, the destroyer of the planet, with a terrible carbon footprint. santa is all about junk food. his health is catastrophic. ca, lester, all diabetes, hypertension, possibly lung cancer because of his smoking habits. people want to hang him to crucify him. they criticize him of having waited years before introducing himself as a black santa. what do you expect? he's only the image of those who created him. a reflection of our society. it took him a long time to be accepted as a black man, especially in some parts of the us. in the netherlands controversies around the

racial implications of santas, companion, black, pete. but one of the i'm absolute constants of the history of christmas is people always complaining that it's been losing its true meaning that people have been boring, that we've lost gossum the true sense of christmas. and so christmas is necessarily a nostalgic time when we look back and we warry that we have lost something i taught. don't think the interesting thing is that christmas has become commercial. i think the interesting thing is how worried we all the christmas has become commercial, because that is our worry about the way that society as a whole is heading from time immemorial, people have either tried to appropriate his image or get rid of him. he's been banned, forbidden sacrificed, hanged, burned, but santa still returns every winter. this is krista chase,

cedric cecil, none if it's a 100 percent for sure, we feel for us, i don't know was believe in santa dc side. ah, [000:00:00;00] ah, farming and kenya without harmful chemical pesticides, not feasible, you don't, you can produce enough of it to be able to add cbs farming in. deborah, i'm really,

while the politicians are still debating, the 1st farmers are very successful. we were discovered to real. we can now notice and that you all were doing that, that these no town phone to our cost or my pico africa in 30 minutes on d w o . in we'll get to the dark side where intelligence agencies are pulling the strings. there was a before 911 and after 911, he says after 911, the clubs came off where organized, cry, rules, genuine use a global network of companies, banks, and operators. we will provide those services to anyone. operation,

the criminal economy. where conglomerates and make their own laws. they invade our private lines, through surveillance. hidden opaque, secretive works through woods vague. it doesn't matter. the only criteria is worked. we'll hook people up. we shed light on the opaque worlds who's behind the benefits. and why are they a threat to was all opaque worlds starts january 5th on d, w. ah, this is dw news, and these are our top stories. us airlines have canceled dozens of flights. just as the country's pre christmas travel rush reaches its peak, united airlines,