i central to the idea, boston to them is to strip away all of the accretion. so chick christianity got over one half 1000 years and to go back to the christianity as it was in the bible . and one of the things they agree on is that the cult of saints has become dangerous, that the saints are in, in peril of replacing god as the object of one's prayers. so they abolish um the cult of saints and with them go saint nicholas. saint nicholas disappears as a christmas gift bringer in many parts of europe. by, by saint nicholas. at least they didn't burn you, but you will be back because as the elves say, hiding a st doesn't make him disappear. so at that point, traditions that were taking place on december the seat with pushback, or they will push back to christmas to the date when baby jesus was born in germany

in particular, the figure of the baby jesus christ. kindle is the gym, and sight was invented in strasburg, the rules of the reform were applied, and $1570.00 a pastor spoke out against the practice of giving gifts to children on saint nicholas day. the saint nicholas market, which is held on december 6th, was renamed. the order was to call it the market of the child. jesus or crist, kendall mocked an alsatian, the figure of the baby. jesus is a wonderfully theologically correct, but it's a difficult social act to perform, to imitate the acts of saint nicholas. saint nicholas was good, but he was also frightening. and it, nobody is going to be frightened by the baby jesus as saint nicholas can carry huge

sacks or baskets of goodies, a baby can't mm. and so we see in the 15 hundred's the development of a change in the shape of the christ child. and the appearance of frightening helpers, european folk lore is full of beasts that appear at christmas. and you don't know whether they're going to kill you or give you a gift. ah, just a fee. there were fairies, lots of characters. so for instance, you have before in italy, she was an old with a love, a finer dead up is really gotta kill me. now that could be fina is portrayed as an old woman who's a bit of a witch in a school past. she flew in the sky on

a broom ban, you know, he had a hood on her back container in the presence with which she filled the size that children left near their windows. it might cost of reaching or looking at. if kids weren't good be fun. i knew it to me and she would give them ashes co community. it kind of born if looked at all for it. if they were good. she would then bring licorice interior, which looked like a soft coal was born, but was made of black sugar. gabby lining dogs, who kind of bony doors kit do kittles needle. each country has its creature meant to frighten children. compost, connect to hooper, bought the peat, gaila smooth c ah. the protestant reformation and its religious precepts now prevail in

a large part of europe. in england, the winter figure referred to as father christmas, was even the object of a trial for some protestants, the new doctrines were not respectful enough of the strict teachings of the bible. these puritans decided to leave europe and settle in a new land where they would be allowed to live in accordance with their faith. these pilgrims 1st set foot on the american continent in $1620.00, and started new colonies. according to their faith, christmas was not worthy of celebration and was therefore abolished. it became a regular workday. any one celebrating christmas in the colony could be punished with a heavy fine any reference to the saints, including saint nicholas was forbidden. busy but other migrants coming here from

other countries brought with them their own religious faith and traditions. the situation in the cities at christmas and new years had become a social problem. it became dangerous to be out on the streets in boston, and philadelphia and new york gangs would take to the streets. they would bang on pots and pans and blow horns, they would jostle decent middle class folk. they would interrupt church services at a time when police forces were um, just in their beginning and could not deal with this. in 1800, the situation in new york city became dire. the city was flooded with new migrants . the puritans considering them barbarians, abandoned part of the city. in manhattan barricades were erected to protect law

abiding citizens from unruly gang organisations, such as the new york historical society were founded with the goal of creating a more respectable city. since america had no shared history and no shared culture, this new historical society was looking for a common identity. and surprisingly, it's members decided to turn to saint nicholas. john penn tarred was the founder of the new york historical society. he was a member of a masonic lodge, made up by descendants of dutch families. it was pen tart who rekindled the flame of the center cloth the dutch saint nicholas. he presented him as a grumpy bishop with a whip, standing behind a high masonic symbol. santa was now a freemason, john pinto tried to make santa claus, saint nicholas, the patron saint of new york. and so one thing spend,

todd was trying to do was to get a tradition that wasn't english. there was another member of the new york historical society and his name was washington irving, and he was a comical right to. he was a satirist and he found pins hard enthusiasm for nicholas. very, very funny. and so he wrote a spoof history of new york and in his parody history, saint nicholas santa claus keeps appearing and helping the settlers to build the houses, sort of appearing out to the sky, smoking a pipe. washington irvings spoof history of new york with a massive best seller. it was a huge, the hugely popular book in early america. and people loved these stories and they started telling them to the children as true. and for the 1st time, a new name appeared in a drawing. ah santa claus, a name and

a story destined for a bright future. the that was a 3rd member of the new york historical society called climate clark moore, who wrote a children's poem called it, twas the night before christmas and it was a very, very popular poem. the santa claus is on a sleigh, which is drawn by reindeer, and he comes down the chimney himself and comes out into the fireplace with the presence and wishes everybody a merry christmas it was the night before christmas when what to my wondering eyes should appear. but a miniature sleigh and 8 tiny reindeer. as i drew in my head and was turning around down the chimney, saint nicholas came with a bound. the stump of the pipe held tight in his teeth, and the smoke encircled his head like a reached. he had a broad face and

a little round belly that shook when he laughed like a bowl full of jetty. he was chubby and plump, a right jolly old elf. ah farewell bishop saint nicholas. here comes an elf. later in the 1900 century, that is a guy called thomas nice to as an illustrator. and he's the guy who really sets down the santa claus that we know and that we still see on christmas cards and santa claus, the children. imagine of the jolly fat man with the bed and the pipe. me i

. ah, and during the american civil war in the 800 sixty's, he drew a series of patriotic drawings for a magazine that featured santa claus on the side of the union. ah, and the face he gave them was that of the kindly grandfather that had been suggested by twas the night before christmas. and whatever else santa claus wears around the world. now in whatever country he's in, he will look like the face that thomas nast gave him an order aspect of santa claus . it's very much that he's a house breaker. he's an old man who sneaks into your house and he actually breaks that family bubble to some extent. ah,

it's very strange when you think about it. we tell our children that there's an old man who's broken into their bedroom and that they should be happy about, ah appoint. i mean, when christmas would come santa would always show up with only he would come in the evening around 6 o'clock after sonoran dinner. because he always made a lot of noise knocking on the wall, knocking on the door. good this amy, i your god like diet. seek the said. the lady had a cane and he would shake like an old man really gather to get b as it had santa claus would ask. are there any good children here that i gave up and we were very scared. oh. 2 that thou bother hiding behind now mother

the lawyer with a dilemma. santa claus would come and sit with us and ask if she had been good to take the senate down. gosh, capielo guilty and i would answer yes i have a good deal. i wasn't crying glove and the new ah with the industrial revolution christmas and santa claus soon became associated with a profound change in that social order. the boers was opposed to lower class values . the communal traditions associated with christmas like were sailing bang on

people's doors. demonte, gal cole, wearing mosques this replaced by this inward looking family, as opposed to community your table as opposed to the streets your foss site, as opposed to the whole city. this new om inward looking, i'm celebration. oh yes, i'm why should you my me said you pulled people will really being sent to the distance and the bourgeois family became a very important part of society having grown rich at the expense of the working class that mark was described to martha addiction for the bush were family christmas became one of the great annual gathering, conjuring which people honored their own members if it showcased their social success and boosted their children's ambitions to charlotte. long it will not be shall. plato. mm.

and away is a shift from a religious celebration to a family celebration, whether it was in england and france or in the us. there wasn't a family reunion of christmas before that. ah, the protestants band, catholic religious songs and replaced them with new testament psalms. so when english writer charles dickens wrote a christmas carol, he describes a society that is divided between rich greedy misers and poor, but generous people. the christmas tale tells the story of how one of these misers becomes a better man. thanks to ghosts that visit him. they make him realize that charity and generosity can save him from doom. his id if taylor's home,

he was giving readings of his tale in boston, paris, and in london, of course of christ. and people would rush to see him. in paris, people described a huge line in front of the british embassy in the middle of winter, a cat, but people were in t is yet in boston. a wealthy businessman called fairbanks showed up and reading. after listening to the christmas story read by the author himself, so he decided to offer a turkey to each of his workers for christmas and gave them the day off to celebrate christmas. and when you are here, don't have it. it wasn't a holiday at the time. does it say, daniel, how he asked formula? english kimberly this present the deuce club concept in england is a very interesting one. not a lot of when you because the bosses force their workers to save money during the years. so they could celebrate christmas with dignity and by the famous goose, which was the english dish, or this notion

of a christmas that is reconnected to morality, reconnected to religion. and the american gift of a santa claus figure is going to combine in the 19th century. authentic, in fact, gifts were a part of this to begin with, i see more if i need to be someone to bring again. if i had 1st care to bring in a gift, dependent on with the gradually became the same one. that was, it was sad to close, he brought the kids, his plans, he became known every layer organ i the american star, some to close also became a major commercial figure who invaded the advertising sphere. santa became universally famous thanks to guess what the department stores. they were becoming

very popular at the time, and they enrolled santa as their number one sales clerk. ah, alternator gay between the 2 old wars eldric or santa claus became the ideal partner to promote new products to add up. so you should have both. then he also became bit naughty on the edges for pub, bit of us come back. do you know who was used to push big cigars? liquor and easy women eloquent pho, exempted from leisure. ah, we had all the other. so yes. santa claus was indeed exploited by advertisers and brandon body among which the best known as coca cola would use. but coca cola

certainly didn't invent santa claus to go away. santa claus are so powerful, christmas are so powerful that they call forth enemies. and one of these enemies is totalitarianism. in the soviet union, after the revolution, celebrating christmas was considered bourgeois, thus discouraged. so the communist party decided to revive a non religious figure, dead. moreover, the slavic wizard of winter, under the soviets dead morose, was made to look like a blue santa who came to offer gifts to the children. not at christmas, but for the new year's holiday. of course, dead morose as imagery was soon used to praise the revolution and glorify the working class of the new regime. another totalitarian party that also decided to exploit santa's image for its own benefit was the nazi party. when

i'm the nazis take power in 1933. their 1st thought that the nazis had is just to co opt to christmas. so they will try and associate naziism with all of the good things of christmas. and so the ss tries to pagan eyes christmas, they want to move the celebration from december 25th to december 21st, the winter solstice. this is met with a good deal of resistance by the german population and in the aftermath of world war 2, department stores hired santa's by the thousands. but 1st, the santa's had to take classes at newly created santa claus schools. a whole same time one up in france. santa claus only really becomes important after

world war to go now should get with the adoption of a more american light star. after the war. people want to see only kids. so by me, the 1st high school christmas eve, tina rossi sings the son, the premises. little children, gifts by the thousands, in toy factories open up. every way for young you industrialized production methods produce more affordable toys to spoil the children wiffle. ah, but where does santa live it is rumored that he lives near the north pole. but where exactly is it in canada, in greenland, or in lapland? what is certain is that the official santa claus village was opened in 1985 near the finished town of ravone, emmy, right on the arctic circle. it's become the largest santa theme park in the world. more than $500000.00 visitors come here every year from all countries and religion

. hello, please come here. good morning. how are you today? so pleasantly. 5th, good. don't, don't, don't be afraid. don't be afraid shortly here. just take it easy as they can. so let's start with the photo, so we'll get in 1951 and an under privileged parish of dijon, france, a group of parishioners rejected santa for his consumerist attitude and for up staging jesus. so they dressed up a mannequin as santa and set it on fire. in the next 48 hours worked, these images were seen all over france. so it caused a big scandal really big scandal. every one saw that the church had burned sun totally poked reveal to the draught as it turns out. the mayor of leon felix here, who is also a religious man, vivid on to prove with the burning. so the next day he staged and opposing spectacled effect. in which santa was lowered from one of the tallest buildings in

dijon in the city hall, rooftop repair. but then it here sends out a press release, denying the center was dead and stating, burning had been fast. ah, eliza prompted a corner between intellectuals that several years will keep a drip uribe. the carter for newspaper provided a forum for defenders and opponents. the defendant, santa claus may rise dollar go in the pro santa come. there were french intellectuals, lashawn called co. she'll birth s brawl o crow levy straus housekeeper quarter, dedicated a special essay to santa said bob with you, the debates became very he for his cray pray, prove your lo. ready

ah. ready despite the controversies of the past, the day, the enthusiasm for santa is undiminished. every year millions of children send letters to santa all over the world. santa's official post office and robin emmy received 17000000 letters from 100 countries in 1985 postal systems everywhere have had to adapt to this incredible situation. mister bellow, did you know santa, i'll tell you the secret of being. he isn't easy either. every one wants the children to be good and to work hard at school demise. your health look to forget the battery because it's always annoying to receive it. if i'm not able to try it out right away because the batteries are missing, look at food. your father in france, the person who was decisive in making it official to respond to letters to santa is a minister named jack marell. please check by. when he was put in charge of

supervising the postal says to do it, he felt it wasn't acceptable. that hundreds of thousands of letters were mailed to santa before never reach their destination or even look it up. so he created sent a team of personal secretary his mobiles, and he asked his sister francoise merritt to be santa's 1st secretary if he could go to be a good. francois merritt is better known as the writer francois stole to, to, ah, for from swans dole to understood how important it is for children to develop their imagination pool awful, by the way. yeah. that's also the reason why sean cocktail have been so virulent and angry against francois maria and the opponents of santa claus. he told them, you break the dreams of children. you don't have the right to do that. for you, so a doing the boxes pacifies of which children send us from all over the world because growing up is about taking a step on the way the kids said sat there pacifiers in milk bottles and cuddled

tolling. well another aspect of santa claus and father christmas is it's a right of passage for children to learn that he doesn't exist and that he is impact your father. probably just bringing the presence on all that 6. we ends at primary school at, well, it's compulsory now, and that's where the oldest students would mock up and say, ha, they still believe in se nicholas glass and he could then after a year or 2, we found out the big secret, glinetta, gothic result, herron bus, the flags in it, sometimes on tv, their commercials with toys on sale. so i wondered if santa makes toys or why they the same for profound for my son, legible, your cook, unless i had to bring them, said there's really no use in buying them. don't you think? and i think that's when i started having dance, and i thought i'll just if they're on sale, this is that means the parents probably have to paint the beginning of school.

ah, and now santos, facing a new barrage of criticism. will he survive? it the fight is on. he's targeted, it's jesus versus santa, who represents the true spirit of christmas. the original one santa is the symbol of capitalism, the destroyer of the planet with a terrible carbon footprint. santa is all about junk food. his health is catastrophic. ca, lester, all diabetes, hypertension, possibly lung cancer because of his smoking habits. people want to hang him to crucify him. they criticize him of having waited years before introducing himself as a black santa. what do you expect? he's only the image of those who created him. a reflection of our society. it took him a long time to be accepted as a black man, especially in some parts of the us. in the netherlands controversies around the

racial implications of santas, companion, black, pete. but one of the, um, absolute constants of the history of christmas is people always complaining that it's been losing its true meaning that people have been boring, that we've lost gossum the true sense of christmas. and so christmas is necessarily a nostalgic time when we look back and we warry that we have lost something i taught. don't think the interesting thing is that christmas has become commercial. i think the interesting thing is how worried we all the christmas has become commercial, because that is our worry about the way that society as a whole is heading from time immemorial, people have either tried to appropriate his image or get rid of him. he's been banned, forbidden sacrificed, hanged, burned, but santa still returns every winter. this

a lot of the chose to centric sees none. if it's a 100 percent, for sure, we feel for us, i don't know was believe in santa i do see side. ah, [000:00:00;00] ah, this is the issues shaping the continents of d w. news africa. where gone with what's

making the headlights and what's behind with the way on the streets to give you enough reports and the insights. all the trend stuff . my talk to you in 30 minutes on d, w o. in these places in europe are smashing in the records, stepped into a bold adventure. it's the treasure map for modern globetrotters. discover some of you up to record breaking sites on google maps, youtube and now also in book form. sometimes a seed is all you need to allow big ideas to grow. we're bringing environmental

conservation to life with learning packs like global ideas. show you how climate change and environmental conservation is taking shape around the world and how we can all make a difference. knowledge grows through sharing and download it now for free. with this is do news live from berlin? thousands take to the streets of sudan, calling for democracy. they're demanding a transition to civilian rule 2 months after military authorities deployed soldiers and cut off internet service in the bid to stop the latest demonstrations. we'll go

to our correspondence in west africa for more, also coming up, blasting off for a new era in astronomy. a revolutionary new telescope is launched into space. it's hope for james webb. telescope will be able to tell us more about the origin of the universe. and, and his annual christmas address, german president frank folder style appeals to the population to show unity over the pandemic criticizing what he calls increasing open aggression ah unexpired. welcome to the program. thousands of people have been protesting the sudanese capital cartoon. they're calling for a transition to civilian rule 2 months after a military coup. sudan is currently led by an interim government of civilian and

military leaders, but the pro democracy movement, demanding the military step back from politics. is stories have deployed security forces and restricted phone lines and internet services in an effort to stop the routers. the spring and d w. africa corresponded felix marina, who's in nairobi. a felix tell us what you're hearing from the sudanese capital car to right now. hi, nick and merry christmas. now the protest of hundreds of thousands of them what to day marching towards the capital and some of some of the people that i've just been talking to a few minutes ago. tell me that the protest does have managed to get to the presidential palace and they are currently having a, sitting outside the presidential palace. i live on in the day at 6 am in the morning when people walk up, they found that there was no internet. the internet has been, had been cut off and the phone lines were not going through. so they were not able

to communicate with their colleagues. but irrespective of their, that particular challenge, they have been able to find out how much to, what's a presidential palace, which was part of their bachelor target for the day. you said that was part of their particular target. what, what are their actual demands? part of the demand that they've been having is that the military relinquishes both political and economic power. and because the military has been having a political and economic power for the longest time possible, they have also been demanding that the military backs down because they think that the military actually hijacked the democratic process. and they want the democratic process that began back in 2019 been reinstated. and lastly, they went to the people who conducted or who has treated their coup attempt and 2

months ago be brought to book. and so that now the whole process to transition to democracy can be back in the course. and you mentioned earlier that the internet was cut off. um, what other things are the security forces of sudan doing it? doing to prevent people from protesting. now that people have been met with open fire people at your desk can this does what thrown at them and protested that i talked to earlier. and they were saying that police work using water and gas candles to dispatch their crowds. now aside from that last night they, there was heavy military contingent that actually got into cartoon and they blocked the 3 main entry areas. so the protesters have had to back and it's out. and finally this evening, they've been able to get it to get to the presidential palace, but something else. so many protest does have been injured aaliyah. i received some of the photos for on what was going on in to me. and we could see some of their

protest. i was actually helping their colleagues who had been badly injured to the one, helping them as somebody moving their t shirts to cover their bandages. because some of the open fire that was thrown other people i managed to injure quite a lot of people, although we do not have the exact number of people who've been injured so far. those dw correspondence, felix marine ga, reporting from nairobi as sir now to some of the other stories making headlines around the world. state security forces and mean mar, have reportedly killed at least 30 people, including children. witnesses say they were killed while trying to flee, fighting between the army and resistance groups. in mars, military government has not commented on the obligations the nato, russia council is said to meet in january for the 1st time in more than one and a half years. meeting comes at a time of heightened tension between russia and western countries. nato has warned

moscow against attacking you crate after tens of thousands of russian troops gathered on its border. scientists have declared the volcanic eruption of the spanish island of la paula officially over began on september the 19th and ended suddenly on december. the 13 volcanoes activity led to the evacuation of thousands of residents and destroyed fasts walls of farmland and more than $3000.00 buildings . a revolutionary telescope has been launched into space marking the beginning of a new era of scientific exploration. james webb telescope lifted off on board a rocket from the european space agency's launch basin. french kiana launch is the combination of several decades of work, a european canadian and american space agencies from the time itself. the james web is expected to being back new clues about the origins of the universe. mm. the new i in the sky is the successor to the

legendary hubble space telescope. it's 6 and a half meter mirror makes the hubble look tiny by comparison. the james webb, the biggest telescope ever sent into space, is made up of 18 segments plated with a raise, a thin gold coating. the instrument has to be folded up to fit into the rockets nose cone. the telescope will scan the heavens using long wave infra red light. ah, astronomers will be able to look back towards the big bang, nearly 14000000000 years ago. back to the origins of the universe and the formation of the 1st stars and galaxies. the new telescope could also prove

decisive in the search for extra terrestrial life. it can prob, so called ex planet, nearly 5000 has already been discovered orbiting distant suns. the james web will monitor how extra planets move in conjunction with the stars. transits like this mean it can take a virtual fingerprint at the atmosphere of these remote worlds and assess for the 1st time whether they hold the building blocks of life. before the research can begin, there will be a delicate 2 week operation in which the telescope has to unfold itself. never before has a satellite been launched with so many moving parts, and nothing can be allowed to go wrong. ah, ah, it will be 6 months after the launch before the telescope is ready to gather its 1st

scientific data. was crossover, not a keith cowan. he's the editor of space ref dot com and he joined us from washington. so keith, successful launch, does that mean we're out of the woods and everything should be functional now? were out of one set of woods but were entering quite another. it's going to be a good month before we know that the telescope has reached its final operational orbit and that everything is unfolded. and as you mentioned, intro peace, all these hundreds of pieces have worked. so there will be a lot of ankle, knuckle biting. and so forth for the next few weeks. or i know, assuming everything works, which is i think what we owe for. what does nasa as well as the canadian and european space agencies actually hope to gain from this 10000000000 dollar project? well, as mentioned, this is quite an immense telescope. i've stood in front of it. it's just,

it's you can't see outside of your field of view. it's immense. and it's quite looking at a wavelength that has not really been looked at before to this extent. and it like any big telescope and space, it's out there because the earth's atmosphere tends to cloud up things and you really can't get a clear picture of what the universe really looks like until you leave your sat miss beer. so that's what this telescope will do. but it has an amazing ability to hope. we look back to the earliest years of the sort of the universe, but also it will allow us to she take the temperature and examine the composition of atmospheres of planets. not just in our own solar system, but in other star systems in with the hope that maybe they'll find signatures their b would be indicating life for the presence of something similar to what we have here on earth. so a lot of amazing questions to be asked and amazing answers are just waiting for it to become operational. and i guess the last time, you know, astronomers and,

and people who are curious about science were this excited was when the famous hubble telescope was lost. 30 years ago for the space shuttle, what is different between what was the hobble is able to see compared to what the james web will be able to do? well, they'll actually do some observations together. they will look at the same things from different wavelengths, and we already do that with the chandra telescope. it looks an x rays and other telescope. so join observations are the norm and will also use telescopes in the ground. but where is a big telescope? it as much as a larger set of mirrors. it has far more sophisticated electronics than the web had actually, the hubble has. and it's looking at aspects of stars and planets and galaxies that the, where the hubble doesn't really get into. so we take all these other telescopes and assets together. it's sort of like getting cataract surgery. suddenly we will be able to see much more of the universe than we've ever seen before in many different new ways or,

or thank you for urine site. keep going editor at space ref dot com. german president frank walter stein wire has said freedom, trust and responsibility have taken on you importance during the code pandemic. during his annual christmas message, he urged germans to continue to respect each other and looked back at some of the key events of the year, including the change of government at home and the taliban takeover in afghanistan . 2021 has been an exhausting year for germany on the political stage. the medical era, indeed, and september's general election marked a turning point. the president's christmas message praised the democratic handover of power in what he called an atmosphere of mutual respect. but it was also the year when the taliban swept to power across afghanistan, bringing postwar geminus largest overseas military operation to an end western

forces pulled back from a boon this vast flu home to many it looked like failure. stein my acknowledge that as well as other clouds on the international horizon. the ones that we remember our soldiers who returned home from afghanistan and also the people who have remained there amid suffering and star vacation. we are concerned by the news we have from many regions of our turbulent world, also, and particularly from eastern europe as the author. but the president's message, as he is traditional, was also one of hope. he praised the solidarity people show during the severe some of floods in germany, especially the volunteers who helped with the clean up, gave money and time. so the rebuilding could begin. as the year ends, the coven, 19 crises, still looms over national life. protests against government rules have flared up

across germany, but di maya said, even from the pandemic, positive lessons can be learned. this proven, we said by a few years, frustration is growing irritability and widespread. we're increasingly seeing alienation and regrettably open aggression is true that in a democracy we do not all have to be of the same opinion. but i appeal to you to remember this. we are one country on the pandemic is over. we need still to be able to look one another in the eye. and when the panoramic is over, we still want to live with each other. upon the me, not mitten, under his address, the president even posed a philosophical question. what is freedom? he suggested it sometimes means accepting restrictions in order to help others. that notion of solidarity and sacrifice may be needed still. in the year ahead.

pope francis has delivered his annual christmas address from the balcony of saint peter's basilica, or b at or be meaning to the city. and the world pontiff prayed for more corona virus vaccines to reach the world's poorest nations we saw. and for war torn countries like syria and gemini life, the crowd was much smaller than in past years due to rising, coven 19 cases in italy. maybe over here, you're watching deed of you news up next. what is it like to cross the atlantic in a rowboat? bropa forgive me find out on sports life. i'm a spicer, thanks for watching with