forms of time. time ah, the phenomenon a dimension if we know we won't live forever and the illusion about time presenting future's past starts april 14th on d. w. o . get ready for out of space on march 23rd. germany is mathias maha completed his 1st space woke together with that vener astronaut. despite a few complications, the 2 managed to accomplish their mission. but will the international space station remain a place of global corporation in the future? many of that and more with coming up ah. hello and welcome to tomorrow to day

d w science program. on march 18th 3 cosmo notes from the russian space agency, ross cosmos took off for the i s s and arrived in time for mateus. mo has birthday party. so far flights to the space station have gone according to plan despite the war in ukraine. the fact that the newcomers were wearing the colors of the ukrainian flag was just a coincidence. they said, in any case, the ice as has long been considered an oasis of peace. i am talking to you right now from inside the most complex machine that humanity has ever built. but it is not only that. it is also one of the most valuable and unlikely achievements of human kind. german astronaut, alexander gast, i saw on 2 students on board the international space station each last sing. 6

months in every 90 minutes, the i assess orbits the earth at a height of 400 kilometers. astronauts from various countries conduct research on board the i assess carrying out experiments under conditions of micro gravity that would be impossible on earth. the space station is the result of more than 20 years of international cooperation. but the war and ukraine has now cast down on its future. it all began in 99 with an agreement between russia and the united states, along with other nations. the 2 countries had previously been enemies in the cold war. now they wanted to work together alongside other countries to create something new. a joint space station where cosmo nonsense astronauts from all over the world . good, come and do research. that same year,

a russian rocket put the 1st module of the station into orbit and american module followed a short time later in october 2000 cosmonaut survey curriculum and yury kit zango. together with astronaut bill shepherd were launched into space . they were the 1st crew on board the i assess and their 1st task was to install a lot of equipment on the station. early stance responsible is that we would have to open this face and turned the light on to install intel admission via dog cables that regular behind the panel in the room with them yet. oh, go, this is aisha. otherwise, when would it had ethically said of all the necessary life? somebody says targeted mclaughlin and they were just really in the activated then we had used with some of them together and start operating on there was station

activation. in the following years, the i assess continued to grow 16 countries developed modules that were gradually added. in 2011 nasa pronounced the space station officially complete. to day the i assess is the size of a football field and weighs 420 tons. 7 people can live and work on board the station for months at a time. there's an observation don't that provide spectacular views of the earth. the i ss is also equipped with exercise machines. the astronauts and cosmo not need to exercise for 2 hours a day to not lose too much muscle mass in the weightless environment. more than 240 people have now been to the i assess and experienced the weightless sensation of

almost 0 gravity. ah, man, come in, that isn't, it's like you into a new well, it isn't as good is coming. when i arrived at the space station, it felt like a whole new way of living and moving around, you know? yeah. and you actually have to re learn how to do everything. uh huh. as soon as i was in the noise it, the astronauts in cost bernard's have now conducted more than $3000.00 individual experiments. gaining new insights into life and space. they plant vegetables and test out medical treatments that focus on cancer research with scientists on the i assess also observed the process of climate change on earth. mm

. and they've tested out high tech materials that could one day be used to build a base on the moon. but for most astronauts, the best thing about living on the space station is the view of earth. i'm pretty sure what i will miss is of course, the view out the window on this earth that is so amazing, so beautiful. so like seeing an orbital sunrise or sunset is i get the ac tears in my eyes every single time i see it, even though i've seen it so many times. but how many more people will get to have that experience is unclear. the i assess modules are aging, leading to frequent defects and leaks. it's also extremely expensive to run the station. the contract between the 16 international partners officially runs until 2024. nasa and the european space agency want to extend it until the 2030.

now rushes warren ukraine is creating tensions. new us sanctions on russia with also affect the space industry. we estimate to will cut off more than half of russia's high tech imports. i will strike a blow through the ability to continue to modernize the military ill degrade the aerospace industry, including a space program in response, roch's space agency roast cosmos threatened to end the cooperation on the i assess and a couple rushes section from the rest of the station, it even posted a computer generated video to that effect. rust cosmos. chief dmitri wil goes in reminded the world on twitter that the west is dependent on russia. the atmosphere causes the i assess to steadily lose about 70 meters of altitude every day. and it's russian supply ships that

regularly lift the i assess back into its original orbit. but rose cosmos also needs nasa. a large part of the stations, electricity comes from the u. s. module, it would be very difficult for us to be upgrading on our own. i s s is an international partnership that was created as an international partnership with joint dependencies, which is what makes it such an amazing program. but western space agencies have long sought to lose their dependency on rushes space agency and private companies are now also in on the action. they've been developing their own spacecraft that can transport people and materials to and from the station they could also correct the orbit of the i assess. but all of that will take time. if the i assess is to

continue its operation. russia and western countries have no other choice but to continue working together in the near future. the sanctions against russia, a having an impact on other areas of space travel as well. for example, russian rockets was supposed to launch satellites from the british provide a one web into orbit. but the take off was unceremoniously cold off space. eggs in turn jumped at the chance to offer the service of its darling internet satellites, to ukraine, with our reportedly being used for military operations. but how does satellite internet walk internet from space? fast internet for everybody, even in the most isolated parts of the world, from satellites in space. that's when companies like starling one web and amazon are promising. how does that work? data is transmitted by the sender down on the ground to one of the many satellites

that are constantly orbiting the earth. all satellites communicate with each other via laser beans that send the data through space at 300000 kilometers per 2nd. the speed of light. a satellite dish on earth then picks up the data from there, it sent to routers or smartphones. satellite internet is super fast because the vacuum in space doesn't slow down light. that makes it 22 percent faster than say, a fiber optic cable, and therefore, especially valuable to high frequency trading on stock exchanges, or even a millisecond can mean billions and profit. and what about private use? satellite transmission lang significantly behind here because high bit rates and huge numbers of users reduce speed uploading and downloading

streaming. even with existing systems, you need to be patient. satellite internet is currently only suitable for areas that have no other data access option. but things are about to improve ala musk star lake network, or constellation already has around 1800 satellites of in space and ames to send 42000 in total into orbit. but there's also been criticism more satellites and orbit raises the likelihood of them crashing into each other. they increase light pollution as well impeding the view of astronomers. if worn out or defective satellites burn up in the atmosphere. they damage the ozone layer and the transport rockets with which they are shot into space are not exec climate friendly either. nor is the internet itself. it accounts for the same amount of c, o 2 emissions as all air traffic in the world combined. and any new satellites unlikely increase that pollution space lights can lead to

valuable discoveries. in december 2021, the james web space telescope was launched. this image is prove that its mirrors are fully extended for one thing, astronomy is one to use its data to better understand black holes. knute yankee is researching how they came about and how they grew. the biggest problem though, we can't actually see black holes as we can. we can only observe the effects of a black hole and it is either a warm space, or it's an invisible something being ordered by a bunch of stars on a chromosome. ah, yeah. does he do investigating the phases in which material is drawn into these black holes yet? and what happens is that their surroundings glow and does it gas when there's a lot of gas around to black hole, there can be friction, and friction releases heat us. such an extreme environment means an enormous amount

of heat has if it starts to glow things on. so consequently, if we see extremely high levels of light in the vicinity of a black hole, sanchez's law that kind of malackle can generate and omit more light than all the stars in the galaxy. a rounded, combined, as called other was however, guns. it all comes from a very small core area. it isn't, is we know there are huge numbers of galaxies in the universe and collect and if they all have a black hole with their centers. that would mean in principle that in the early universe, we should be able to detect very, very many black holes. hickin. we currently know of about $300.00 are so rude. then look in comparison. if we want to see how the earth's plant world is constructed, then maybe we'd be able to see the $300.00 largest redwood cylinder and try to

research them it on that was the $300.00 largest redwoods, are certainly throwing subject to look at on. but that doesn't enable us to see how a huge redwood really grew there. oh, what did it look like at half sized now in the event as a seedling? it isn't big for them to stay in this picture. so we wouldn't just look at the biggest redwoods we'd observe them now at half their size or when they were saplings, doll and tried to figure out how the growth mechanisms of such black holes really word icon busy and we see their growth faces. but these faces take some tylenol, the light to dublin mass to have a really strong growth spurt and us. it'll take a couple of 100000000 years republican of 1000000 yada. and we can observe super massive black holes whose size is equivalent to a 1000000000 son's only 6 or 700000000 years after the big bag is on muscle. they must have grown to that size within that relatively short period. if isn't,

we don't know exactly how that happens. it jumps with an james webb will change that us. we're going to observe what the galaxy surrounding some of these earliest black holes are doing. those will always do. they look the same as a couple of 1000000000 years later. what are they fundamentally different automatically, or they may be clump here, just aka. the answers could allow some very firm conclusions to be drawn about these super massive black holes. on the 2nd semester. i'm pretty sure we're in for a lot of surprises, how shortly whether they're from black holes or their early development to guns and hunting or from totally different fields of research any so i can't say which and i'm happy about that. and otherwise it wouldn't be so interesting anymore to mccloud us, it's pretty obvious that james web telescope will get us closer to the big bang, especially when it comes to black holes. get of it isn't. everybody wants to know. where did i come from? much. where am i going safely? and we're just trying to understand the details of this very, very,

very long winded and very long history of the universe. thousands of satellites orbiting planted us every moment from space they can monitor climate and whether among other things they can measure currents in the atmosphere. record way winds and storms are building and help make weather forecasts more precise. but let's rewind a little wait as wind actually come from our view of this month, which emma wants to know more. where does the wind come from? wind is moving air. it blows, especially often over the sea. so let's see how air starts moving air above land warms of faster than air above water. the warm air rises and cool air from the

sea flows in that cool air is heavier, so it sinks. it's this constant rebalancing of warm and cool air masses that produces wind of all kinds from a mild spring breeze to a potentially devastating hurricane. there are wind systems that have global impacts, also known as planetary circulation. they prevent the areas around the equator from getting hotter, and those around the pulls from getting colder. planetary circulation also contributes to fine dust from the sahara, reaching south america. the desert residents do their best to stop the sand, but the wind interrupts their plans, the sahara does not only penetrates villages the wind even transports dust to europe as the serrato. this hot desert wind is part of the regional wind system

around the mediterranean. the system also includes the bora, one of the strongest winds in the world. ah. the idea of using wind power is an energy source is an ancient one. the 1st windmills are thought to have been built more than 4000 years ago. to day wind is an important renewable energy source, and that's because air is constantly in motion. the very 1st aerial photograph was taken from a hot air balloon, propelled by the wind. the 1st aerial photography was caspar philly stone, a shawl better known as no dot. in 1858, he photographed paris and the park of outside from above. james wallace black photograph the city of boston, 2 years later, at the time they were revolutionary views of the earth. today such images are

common and yet they still reveal things that are only visible from the beds. i view a small plain camera and headphones. besides these essentials at boucher in songs finger tips. he also needs good visibility and to be cleared for ga. gov. i look at her, they would live my political in brooklyn. i will in luncheon soon, isn't ariel archaeologist, he regularly jakes to the sky image says no 172 looking for traces of the ancient past 4 years before we take off. i don't know what i'll find in my flight. i'm done now. we always have surprised experiences. and sometimes you even want to shout out loud when you're sitting alone in the plaintiff. because you see new fines that have never been seen before. and for the 1st time,

after hundreds or thousands of years the visible again, that makes you very happy. of course, the ford motor aerial, archaeologists look for conspicuous patterns invitation the birds are you can recognize what's beneath this surface below round here. hello. how can we can see the lay out of a house built about 7000 years ago? is the hordes of these houses were called neolithic long houses with long this long because they're normally between 30 and 40 meters long island. this, this happens to be 50 meters long and 8 meters wide. these houses are huge. there wouldn't structures have completely rotted away over the last 7000 years. but they left traces in the ground. the outer walls are clearly visible, as are the holes where the mass of oak supports. one stood cropped marks like that are best seen at altitudes of 700 to 900 meters. a plethora of ruins and relics

dating back to roman times can be found in north round westphalia. because the romans were relentless builders. who use stone. like for these barracks. one is a good boy, the hum and the south idling earth, and he will. this building has a side length over 120 meters and a huge courtyard on in is in the basilica at the back of the basilica. this is where the officers could also gather here and here along the sides are individual offices. it belong to ventura caster the 1st, and the 2 legions wiped out at the battle of toy to bug forest were stationed here . and this was the font is causing the after the dr. summers of recent years. patterns and the vegetation are very distinct. ideal for an aerial archaeologist. there? finance? yes, uber, him i see right now over that sonton archaeological park. it's

a site we know very well jones on the yet, every now and again, i can still find signs of archaeological sites hidden underground on colonia of via treyana. one stood down there, a roman city with up to 10000 residence, vestiges of it can still be seen today. it st houses and temples boucher in soon discovered these lines here. only recently. at the side he asks, fellow archeologist amin becker. what's behind his aerial discovery? when z, you can see here that we have relatively sharp edges around healthy plants here and dead plants. there has been told that 5000 i've been in the air here since 2003 and this is so obvious, but had never noticed it before like this for your body. no. oh, amin becker has a guess about the origin of the clear edge. it was apparently once

a passageway built around a roman temple complex. the track leads directly to the excavation tent above the ruins. yeah. does this? yeah, that's our temple a gallo roman temple. probably the 1st in which gods were once worshipped here and how the interior of the sanctuary was designed are the focus of amin becker and his excavation team. bout and song is also interested. secondly, i always say area, archeologists, art magicians, listen. our knowledge is also based on what is found and the earth that we always need feedback from archaeologist working in the field. thus, as i, let's what generates the aerial survey, because we see this wall is completely broken in that part, but it becomes much clearer here towards the east and it continues in that direction. so we can assume that if you dig there, you would come across a well preserved wall structure and that area washed as high as 30. that means

these are negative growth features that are so obvious in the area of photograph think. and now we see the cars, which is the wall features exactly in the area where we suspect them such negative growth features typically occur where wall remains foundations or paths like just below the surface. just above them here is less soil for the plans to spread their roots, so they grow more poorly or dry out faster than their neighbors. things are a bit different, where pits or ditches were once dug. over the centuries, leaves twigs and new soil collect in their hollows. plants can take deeper root there, taking up more nutrients and water. they thrive better and stay green longer. few hidden bruins are excavated in germany nowadays, as long as nothing new was to be built over them there left beneath the protective earth and classed as archaeological monuments. that makes excavation all the more

critical as feedback for aerial archaeology, does boucher. and so mrs. pick and shovel is hub farrell yacht along again. it's not like you think i was digging for years myself when hunter that's why it's an archaeologist. bread and butter in congo here. i don't have to compete with them and i'm so glad i get a chance to fly. follow you. estimate say only some 10 percent of ancient subterranean buildings have been discovered so far in germany. leaving plenty of flying to do for aerial, archaeologist, boucher. and soon if our blood is red, why are they only valued ladies? if you have a science question, send it to us by video text oh voice message. if we answer it on the show, we'll send you a little something as a thank you. go ahead. just dusk. so

mo, visit our website. oh twitter. that's it for now from tomorrow to day d. w. science program. tune in again, next week, until stay curious. ah ah, ah, with

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