t w's crime fighters are back with africa, most successful radio drama series continues. all episodes are available online. course you can share and as goes on d, w, africa's facebook page and other social media platforms, crime fighters, tune in now. ah, not all green ruth are equal. we look at how research is trying to boost their benefits. and d, w science program is off to gonna to meet women learning how to best create a backyard vegetable gardens. we also take a closer look at the head, the side like a sate. good for bombing, but bad will people ah, hello and welcome to tomorrow to day.

crop spraying is common pesticides. broadly speaking, chemicals that kill pests weeds and funky can help increase yields. and farmers are using more and more of it over to 1000000 tons in asia in 20. 19, almost a 3rd more than 20 years ago. south america has recorded arise of 143.5 percent over the same period. more chemicals are also being used in farming, in africa, central america and the pacific region. life site is probably the most widely known a few years ago. the international agency for research on cancer classified the herbicide as probably carcinogenic to humans. life as

it is often used by gardeners or farmers to get rid of weeds, it destroys clamps and all with our shadow, brown, or dr. legalese with more than $800000.00 tons of life or say to use each year globally on rail tracks in gardens on christmas tree plantations. but mainly in agriculture. many farmers demit essential. mm hm. through a couple of weeks before we wanna proceed in the ground, which brody i've so it little this way, they could be very efficient. many foodstuffs contain life, a se, residues there even found in hygiene products made of cotton. like tampons. the herbicide is produced by dozens of companies worldwide. one of the biggest is germany's farm. a giant buyer buy also sells the genetically modified seeds that are resistant to the herbicide,

but dispute still rages over one big issue. some scientists say that the herbicide harms the environment and causes cancer. others say it's homeless. so just how dangerous is life a sate really? mm. let's take a closer look. the chemical was 1st created by a swiss chemist in 1950. it's odorless and water soluble. but the pharmaceuticals company that he was working for found no use for it and sold the rights to the substance. ah, it took another 20 years for a u. s. chemist called john e friends to recognize what life estate was best at killing plumps. france was working for the chemical concern monsanto. the company marketed it under the brand name round up, because it's no longer under payton's other companies can now manufactured life essays. so how does it work?

ah pumps absorb glacier safely, the leaves. it's drawn into the roots where it blocks a vital metabolic process. ready disability the she can make pathway is the fancy name for this biochemical pathway on the shiki. make pathway is responsible for the synthesis of 3 important amino acids amino loyalton. ready maria think is an agricultural scientist at the university of castle and his dumb research young life a sate been di when they're not produced because the process is inhibited than certain substances can no longer be created. open plants are no longer able to carry out photosynthesis. that's why plants that are sprayed with life of st. die unless they're resistant. that is linked to sticky. but how does life est effect animals and micro organisms? researchers have discovered that the herbicide homes, many micro organisms because the shiki made pathway also plays an important role in

microorganisms, light, bacteria, fungi, and algy davis, we know that 5 milligrams per liter when we test it in the lab inhibits a lot of microorganisms that means 5 milligrams of life was state per liter in the lab, inhibits the growth of many microorganisms. it doesn't necessarily kill them, but it hugely slows down their growth. and that could also affect other life forms like us humans. because we live in symbiosis with micro organisms or did he mclaughlin, without the micro organisms in our digestive tracks, we could not properly absorb nutrients. we humans don't actually have many of the enzymes that are needed to break down certain substances. they come from mike or organisms instead. if we didn't have any micro organisms inside us, we would be dead. researches have discovered that life a sate can impede insect symbiotic relationship with micro organisms. for example, it damages the flora of bees making the insects more susceptible to illnesses and

parasites. and it also disrupts their sense of orientation. mm rance. exposed to life, a said showed symptoms similar to those of depression, as well as suffering from metabolic problems. moon, the herbicide also has a negative impact on earth, worms, amphibia, and fish. and how display for say to effect humans, does it cause cancer? this question still has not been conclusively answered the licensing authorities in the e. u and the u. s. say that the herbicide does not pose a risk to humans, but in early 2015, the international agency for cancer research declared that it probably is carcinogenic and that it can damage dna. 2 different answers to the same question. so what's going on? let's look at how the different agencies operate. the authorities that have

approved lie for say to mainly rely on industry studies primarily carried out by the manufacturers themselves. these studies are not usually publicly accessible because they are seen as commercially sensitive the international agency for cancer research i a r c. by contrast, has investigated all the scientific papers in the public domain. it didn't have access to monsanto studies. so the conclusions were based on different sets of data . the question is, how reliable is monsanto's data? these are induced, these industry studies that are conducted are largely no lot in their own clarity, but largely very shoddy in terms of their methodologies, yamato z fleet canals. mila is a cancer research at the university of vienna. he's assessed 60 for industry studies. the manufacturers were forced to publish these studies after an n g o filed a suit with the european court of justice. can i ask?

meliss says that 85 percent of them was scientifically under par dish, told him deformed and beholden funding. the studies that were assessed and taken into account by the authorities a by the health authorities are out of date is dalton seems 2 weeks for i. that's the method used here, cause extremely unreliable that is extreme own to felicity and can only detect $4.00 to $5.00 of and carcinogens nur fee abuse will. you may just as well throw some guys those haste up to kernan ohio for his conclusion. the studies do not offer adequate proof that life a site is homeless. so what does buy it? have to say about that? what is the onboard with our response to summarize briefly? is that mr. class? mila is right to the extent that of course, old studies. some of which were carried out decades ago could not meet the latest guidelines in that simply impossible line. but he could not of kristian

cancer is in charge of the licensing of life. a sate for bio lit and because ultimately all these studies were carried out multiple times and have also been assessed worldwide on many occasions and time and time again has been shown that the authorities all agree life as 8 is very, very safe. but many experts disagree, they say life a sate could pose a danger to human health if really exposed still the higher. oh hi a lateral or longer. ready exposure, pierrette and they, you'll, you'll, you'll get a higher risk. that's how, what our find nisa, actually, she'll, that's lou ping chang. i toxicologist buckley in 2019, she reviewed the studies that had appeared about life a sate and cancer, in particular about a type of cancer that affects the lymph glands. non hodgkin's lymphoma we were poor

dead, so 41 percent. again, chris ah la hodgkin's lymphoma. i rest, you know there risk armand. people expose the to collateral slates or what we call collateral se, the based her precise. so. so that's a, that's our major funding. the team study data on us farmers. the findings going for say to damages dna. it's tina toxic. what are we know, i think is a sofa is gloves, say to, i mean cause that, you know, toxicity actually many, many studies. yes. i confirm that you humans study and animosity the higher level of exposure. you have the longest time, a pure radio exposed to the higher rescue. that's what we see. to sum up, it's a question of dosage. the more life a said that humans are exposed to the more likely they are to get cancer. so to

conclude, the herbicide is an important age in particular for many farmers gland for sate helps them to produce higher yields. mm hm. the herbicide leaves residues in food, but they are so small that they do not cause any direct damage, at least and they are mainly excrete it, but to any one repeatedly exposed to high concentrations of life. a sate like farmers, for example, faces a greater risk of getting cancer according to research as it stands to day. the herbicide is harmful for many micro organisms, even in small concentrations. and that poses an indirect danger to animals and perhaps humans to do to these issues. some countries are mulling a ban in the e. u. the license for dreyfus 8 runs out at the end of 2022. it is still unclear whether its approval will be extended or not. so it's time perhaps, to look for alternatives. lou. there were

plans to reduce the use of pesticides by 50 percent in the european union by the year 2030. that could give a boost to buy a diversity. one research institute compare different agricultural areas over many years. there was an enormous variety of wild flowers where pesticides had never been used. those plans attract insects within act. her fields that were formed for many years without the use of any pesticides had over half the amount of floral diversity. while conventionally farmed fields were very poor. in comparison, lots of chemicals mean little biodiversity. agriculture commodities are traded globally, like wheat, for example. as a result of the war in ukraine,

its prices rising. that is endangering food security in countries which depend on wheat and other basic foodstuffs impose. there are many reasons to import food. in ghana, farms are too small to supply the country's entire population. and e u, farm subsidies also distort the global food markets. how can local food production be increased and garner? well, this idea nice pretty close to home. a crowd of women is gathering to get some gardening tips. growing fresh produce isn't hard and the benefits are enormous. when that are coming out, then they will be here in northern ghana, alberto acosta and her team are showing local women how best to create a backyard vegetable garden. the small organizations started out as a social media crime. so we are all plugged in together. and soon gathered momentum,

attracting a growing number of female followers. we had seats at our phase, we had some small guiding through. so was out of advocate scene ah, putting on social media, that's if you want to a backyard guy then does contacts us. and it's was, unless i know whether you, though it could be those coldly agreeable requests. within a week, 700 volunteers signed up for the one household, one garden program. many of them were women who had got out of the habit of gardening, or whose husbands didn't want them working in the garden. but during the pandemic, food prices rose dramatically above us. and many people decided to go back to growing their own vegetables. once they complete training, the women are awarded seeds and a pair of rubber boots. they'll be going home to plant tomatoes, onions and peppers, not for them. if they're vegetable patches,

flourish they'll even have enough produce to sell. so. now funny, i didn't, those would i have learned to you will benefit me a lot because some guy can make some money with what we've been trained to do is i've ever thought tennis. it will also help mothers feed their children up to every harvest. why this could be very good business school. me got beeson is only the women learn new skills and hopefully start to earn an income too. oh, but not everyone approves alberta, kosa and her team make a point of talking to participants, husbands and the village leaders. how to transplant, to convince them that it's in everyone's interest, nazi at guidance. everything that we do, i want to say we are very positive about this, our group, and we know that there would, ah, there we implemented, i don't a day. we want to see them more empowered. we want to them to be proud of themselves as women seeing women learn to take pride in their achievements is what

drives a cosa to day, she's just shown over $100.00 women. how to be more self sufficient, hopefully not only their gardens, but also their self confidence. will blossom and flourish. we asked on d. w, social media channels. how do you think we can secure enough food for all people worldwide in the future? alexa mike itala wrote many countries are able to grow enough well themselves. you only have to believe in regional instead of large scale farming. that's kinda joy's got in touch to say that food security begins at home by growing your own vegetables. and by teaching families that rise isn't the only stable food in agricultural schools, alternative food, very and so being introduced. these include corn, potatoes, bread, fruit,

sweet potatoes, cana bananas, et cetera. ivana wrote, you have to encourage the use of local seeds again. find people who are consuming things unnecessarily leading to trash and introduce useful programs for food sovereignty and mont, maria takes a practical approach. every household should grow their own food to feed themselves . thanks for getting in touch. here are some tips for cultivating your own garden. so a bunch of seeds with water them and depress stove. you have a flourishing garden. unfortunately, it's not that easy. the neighborhood effect plays a significant role taken apple tree, it needs to have a populating partner nearby. a different variety of apple tree cross

pollination is essential for apples to trees of the same variety. can't cross pollinate. they're considered self incompatible. beginning vegetables are different. they tend to fight for space in the garden also for nutrients. tomatoes for example, require a lot of room. they benefit from an undemanding neighbor such as lettuce. potatoes, meanwhile, are also competitive and can completely deplete the silos nutrients. for centuries, people understood which plants make good companions in the vegetable patch. mill po is a self sustaining crop growing system that produces mays, beans, and squash. this gardening method is also known as 3 sisters planting the mays provides a frame for the beans in turn. the rise obie, him on the roots of the bean stalks, fixes nitrogen in the soil. the squash helps shade the ground and keep it moisture

. that means if you were weeds, grow good news for the gardener. of perfect example of companion, planting gardens and greenery are springing up in our cities. latin. america's biggest evan garden isn't if avail, on the brazilian city of rio de janeiro supplying residents with fresh vegetables. one women's cooperative in ecuador capital quito is growing vegetables to feed themselves, but also to sell at the market and, and some extra cash. it's all down to evan gardening, in spain, barcelona, it's hope gardens will promote biodiversity and improve the microclimate, but is going green really? that's m ah, in germany, researches are taking a closer look at green roofs, green roofs,

and some cities in germany. they're already mandatory for new buildings with flat roofs, but creating bio diversity up high is not it still unusual to see a diverse mix of vegetation like this flowering be pasture. ah, the scientists of the institute for horticulture and i want to change that for over 30 years. they've been researching how roofs can best be greened. clear currently replanting part of the area from now on lettuce and peppers will also sprout on the roof of the institute. dr. cornel and victor go. green roofs are important to help compensate for the ceiling of our cities. everyone is talking about the loss of biodiversity, and here we have areas where many species can survive in cities, in faith and on. well, it could cause laga, head of research at

a green roof company. and horticultural scientist bound handler. agree that there must be more green roofs. the usual vegetation from the plant genus set them with its succulent water. storing leaves is easy to care for and does not need to be mode or watered. but this permanent greening does little to prevent the loss of biodiversity, as indeed, based on good policies. these are the best adapted plans. they can cope a drought, en short term water logging on a few hours. it doesn't really get much better than that. basically it's a positive things also have a downside will finish. does the problem is if we don't have the diversity we would like on the roof and dos, come a head you then in, in one is my sometimes called the z dom desert because quite monotonous and only has a few species of that's why we would like to see more species diversity higher growing plans. so we're conducting some trial sweat into tests. on the green roof, they progressively increase the thickness of the soil and sections from the 6

centimeters usual for set them up to 15 centimeters. the result with every centimeter more, more species take root such as the past flower that has just faded the euphoria which is in full bloom just like the county in the daily or the bergen. yet all this bio diversity draws. the insects in these plans are thirsty than the frugal set them, but more water also evaporates from their leaves. so as well as providing more biodiversity on city roofs, they cool their surroundings better. in the greenhouse sensors constantly register the temperature and humidity in the air and in the soil. 6 boxes are filled with different depths of substrate and planted accordingly. above a sprinkler system, the sprinkler simulate

a rain event. the question which box cools best through evaporation and can store the most water at the same time? because climate change is not just expected to create great heat, but also more and more heavy rain the seal is on. the ultimate goal is to create a sponge city is about to really absorb the water, just like in nature with soil accent when we seal services are red building. so create parking spaces on the water runs off. we want to use it on site to also create evaporative cooling and ultimately from more habitable urban environment. better adapted to the freakish weather we're having to to climate change is often the box with the settle planted on a thin substrate saturated 1st. after a few minutes, the water over flows and so can't be used for cooling and irrigation. the other boxes with a slightly thicker substrate filled up after just under 30 minutes. only one stores

the water much longer. it can rain for up to a whole day without the box losing water the difference a construction that could mitigate the effects of extreme weather if installed on many roofs that was on with the special thing here is actually this retention element, this water storage element under the greenery busby door with full stalk, so we can empty before heavy rainfall, but we can also retain the water and the element in order to keep the plants water drain dry faces. we've also felt sofas olden in the future. data about the existing water reservoir will be fed into an electronic system linked to the local weather forecast. the system will adjust the available storage when there is a risk of heavy rain and flooding. while in extreme heat, the water can be used for cooling. sinful, a seamless stuff, a meaningful goal is to continue to expound these areas and no longer covered them

with grappled fernando and instead covered them with plants that will have a cooling effect on our cities. often crude effect interested and hot. if the roofs are sufficiently load bearing elevated gardens or even real parks would also be possible, bringing more green into the cities and making life, they're more pleasant. if i'm a let is read why i gave you. if you have a science question, send it to us by video, text or voice message. if we answer it on the show, we'll give you a little surprise as a thank you. i go on to starz, and for more from the world of science, visit our website. oh, join us on twitter. that's

all from to morrow to day this time. join us again next week. until then. stay curious. bye bye. with

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