ah, discover the world around you. subscribe to the w documentary on youtube. think cow is off to the bathroom for a p and o in the name of science. ancient egypt has long been the focus of scientific curiosity. now it's the pirate messages of being decoded. and german astronaut mateus milda is busy with the variety of experiments on the i s s . he tells us how he's dealing with weightlessness. ah hello and welcome to tomorrow. today the science show on d,

w. down, down and down. it's the law of gravity on earth. what goes up must come down a parabolic flight can counteract the effects of gravity for a brief period of time. it's a state called waiting driven astronaut, but he has maha has been living in that state for months. he set out for the international space station in november 2021. he tells us what life without gravity is like i'm doing fine and everything year space is working wonderful for me. it's my 2nd home. now, it has to be this hailing

a cab here to get back to his 1st time the international space station. the i assess is surrounded by the deep, dark vacuum space and the o mathias mara feels at home there. his body is not so happy with weightlessness. not least, his brain it took a while to get adapted. i have to say like, i mean flying up here the 1st few days. you feel kind of dizzy and, and overwhelmed with all the impressions and your brain is constantly learning how to cope with a 3 d environment. so basically you work in all directions in all walls and overhead on the bottom. and in the beginning, you lose, like a lot of the stuff all of all the time. and so you spend half of the time searching for the stuff that you just lost. and but after i would say like 10 days you get used to 0 gravity. all to this new environment but the german astronaut still doesn't feel on top of the world quite yet. even after weeks aloft

. i feel almost like a tiny little bit like not dizzy, i would say, but it's it's when you wake up in the morning and your brain is still not fully functional. if you need a little bit to fully wake up. so it's that face of not being 100 percent fresh and ready to go only at 95 percent. i would say it and it makes also working in space a little bit more challenging because you make more errors. you forget to thanks faster like all of my friends say like a space mathematics is more challenging than the mathematics on the ground where liquids can flush about freely. they can also do it in an astronaut body. they can literally go to his head. you see clearly art on pictures, an astronaut on the ground before launch looks different than arriving in space in

space, you half so kind of in like a sticker like a more round face like i would always say like you look a bit like the moon, the rod shaped face, or because the liquid from your body is pumped up to the heart and but down on the, on the ground on our planet earth as you have gravity that puts down the liquid down to the legs. so he, in space, i have very thin legs because the liquid doesn't go down to the legs, but it's all pushed up by the situation of that they're up to the upper body and most of it also to the head. so it's, i have a slightly red, more reddish looking head. i think a head doesn't need more shampoo though. the fluid shift is known in astro speak as puffy face chicken leg syndrome. it's not a problem as such, but obviously when extra water migrates to the head, there's less space in there because of the fluid shift, we have

a higher cranial pressure, so more liquid in the brain and dead. so this pressure also squeezes the optic nerve air. i'd might actually also squeeze the i boards. so, and our vision, our acuity changes in space and which means, and i have more problems like in the reading distance, but i have less problems in the long distance. and some people need to take classes like even if i don't wear classes on the ground, but he in space, they need classes and the other way around. so i got 2 classes, 1st short site and for long distance seeing and but luckily i don't need both yet. the rather monotonous optical attractions of the i assess don't exactly exercise the eyes space agency, dr. c. that is another cause of faulty vision. the eyes really focus more in

a few meters away. astronauts rarely have time to take in views like this with their time time schedules. hopefully it will go back when i'm, when i land and back on the ground. some astronauts have been changes that are only 4 let the space duration other astronauts even have a constant impact on their site or even many years after their flight noses also have to get used to weightlessness. there's little to excite a sense of smell and the i assess said they're not very active any way. and with all that extra liquid up top, this pressure on the all fat trinet as well. the sense of smell definitely has changed. i mean, i have very long nose. i always joke like, until the smell arrives in my brain. it's got stuck in my long no. so it's like a already on the ground. i had didn't have the best sense of smell, but he in space. i smell even less, i think it's also caused by the fluid shift,

having like more fluid in the head or to causes that the sinuses are kind of swollen. and that means like everybody, when we talk, we sound a little bit congested, maybe and we smell less. and, and that's also this, that the sense of taste when we eat food is live. that's why as try food tends to be strongly spiced. even though it comes from tubes and bags, a space traveler needs some cullen airy excitement, and of course, the stomach is also white. las liquids behave inside rather like this. water mathias mauer is manipulating with his hands. instead of settling at the bottom of his stomach, his gastric acid coats its walls in the same way. the water coats his hands, a phenomenon known as adhesion. this here is exactly what goes on in his stomach. and while stomach cancers float to the top of its content on this and the chunky

bits full to the bottom in space, it's digestive chaos ah belches in weightlessness would expel solids and liquids rather than guess. not pleasant. that's why fizzy drinks a band on board ah, this i thought it's the audience needs but he had space somehow. the burping is not press it. so basically, all the only way that we use to get rid of our gas is lack by fighting at the so you have some more smells, he under space lation you been made smith's and they're so much spelling that we're through. the nose is kind of an advantage in this situation. and when the digestive pressure mouths, the i assess does have a loo, though it's more of a vacuum cleaner. nothing falls into the bowl in a waitlist environment. oh,

and one more thing is i do like this most of the day. we don't fight, i should say, like most of that i'd, we, we're just double people. if you say, say digestion is all so down to earth, an elephant leaves of 100 killers of manure behind every day nourishment and nesting for other creatures. snakes rarely eat, but when they do, they either own lace in one sitting in a shrew. it's its own waste every single day they digest him is supercharged, the very opposite of cows who, as ruminants, spend lots of time digesting their feet. in fact, cows are extremely interesting to scientists. ah, it, this cow comes here quite voluntarily. it's not a cage but a cow urinal. ah,

in just 9 days, she and 10 other cows have learned to do their business using the toilet. ah, yonder unbind taught them how these ativa, these animals have learned to respond to their internal signals law that is their full bladder. just as we do again, the thoughtfully, they perceive that and then linked the action to it, they go to a certain place to urinate on. so ah, but how did the animals learn that young bye and used an old trick to teach them? if the cows p there they get a sweet treat made of electrolytes and molasses. nice and sweet. if the cow piece outside the green box, it gets unpleasant. the date of quick, the idea of the project was that if we can manage to separate their feces in urine,

for example, by having the cows go to a toilet 1st to urinate, then we can reduce ammonia emissions. hazeltien. ammonia gas is formed when urine and feces mix, it's an indirect greenhouse gas that contribute significantly to air pollution. more than 90 percent of the ammonia pollution in germany comes from agriculture, cattle cars, around 50 percent of it. if they used separate toilets everywhere, this could significantly reduce ammonia gas generation. ah, a stupid cow. no way. we obviously underestimate the animals. they can not only learn to go to the toilet. now, they also communicate with each other folk over again as succeeded in decoding parts of the cows language, or vocalization and technical jargon. what he notices right away is that our camera team is causing unrest in the barn. has hit of something new is happening in the

barn, but they don't know what it is because it's outside the routine. that's one situation . when cattle start vocalizing in stressful situations or regrouping situations, that these are situations in which you can hear increased vocalization from cattle . the best is when it's quite in the barn, and then you know, the cadillac doing well, oh good. they're coming to decode the cows language. the scientists have built a kind of translator transmitter was attached to the animals next and sends the cow sounds to a special computer program. here the mooing is translated into a wave profile. the researcher wants to understand the animals to find out what they need to feel comfortable young to my we looked at the number of vocalizations that is how much they vocalized in a certain time period. and then we looked at their meaning behavior. at the same time, we noticed that about 3 hours before the peak of the mating behavior was the peak

of the vocalization behavior. that's when we heard the most vocalizations, which means we're even better than the farmer who watches his cows 247. in this way, the farmers can determine the optimal insemination times more precisely. that means fewer failed attempts and fewer insemination interventions, which boils down to less stress for the cow. ah, the likeness institute of agricultural engineering and bio economics in close quote is also working to reduce stress for the cows. the scientists have discovered that heat is very stressful for the animals. as heard. animals, they like to stand close together, which also drives up the temperature in the barn. and that has a negative effect on milk yields. if all fine with the researchers are using high tech to track down the cows heat problem,

a pedometer on the ankle measures the cows activity. a sensor on the nose monitors breathing and a chewing sensor on the neck. monitors the number of chewing motions, regular blood analyses, and e k g 's ensured that the scientists don't miss anything. with the help of the data, they found out that dairy cows already perceive mild temperatures as high and react to them the way how doesn't mind 0 degrees, but starting at 16 degrees, it's already uncomfortable for the animals. they already feel heat stress. so ventilation hoses were installed throughout the bon, cooling the animals, even better, and bringing more relaxation via surveillance cameras. we also saw that the boxes to lie down in a being better utilized again. that's something the dairy farmers can implement easily. langford, i'm found. excellent. and that's exactly the goal to find solutions that help the

animals and are feasible for farmers without large additional investments. the researchers have even built a wind tunnel for this purpose. they're using it to test how the barn of the future should we designed. the important thing here is to position the barn in relation to the wind direction so that the animals have the best air and climate conditions. if all these findings were taken into account, the animals would feel better be healthier and even perform better. if our blood is red, why i believe you later. now it's time for you. if you have a science question, send it to us by video, text or voice message. if we answer it on the show, we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you. dawn just done in 12 o'clock noon, and 60 minutes later, it's 1 o'clock. a nova quintanilla in el salvador wanted to know why that is

where does our system of time keeping come from? every day has 24 hours, each of which is divided into 60 minutes, which might seem a logical at 1st glance. but it's based on an ancient system accounting developed by the babylonians. they live 3000 years before the common era emitter pertaining between the euphrates, antique was rivers they used the thumb of their left hand to count the sentence of its other forefingers. they, of course, total 12, a sacred number for babylonians. they didn't know yet that the earth needs a day to rotate once around its axis. they simply saw the dark night, and the bright day is to separate wolds. and they divided each of them into 12

hours duration, ah, to subdivide the hours. they use their right hand, using all its 5 fingers to count the 12 segments of the left hands full fingers, making 60 in those days exact time keeping was not an issue. the fractions of an hour will more of a theoretical nature. for most only astronomers use the number 60 as a base for their calculations. the precise subdivision of the night sky made it possible for them to record and then predict the movements of the stars and planets. the invention of the pendulum made the number 60 important, the time keeping. at that very moment, humans became able to make correspondingly exact time pieces cold clocks. it

was the end of counting night and day as separate entities and the dawning of the 24 hour day. something which has stood the test of time to this very minute. the permits are still standing, the test of time these royal tombs are considered egypt most important cultural relics. when french, general napoleon set out to conquer as he took a 100 scientists and engineers along with his army. militarily, his campaign was a disaster, scientifically, a roaring success. one highlight was the discovery of the rosetta stone, with a priest's decree, chiseled into it in 3 languages, ancient greek, demonic, and hieroglyphics. as linguist john francois company all began deciphering the hieroglyphics. he opened a window into ancient fara, ionic egypt,

his discovery unleashed a flood of european reset into the country on the low and nile discoveries like those of british archaeologist. howard carter only added to the rush, he found the tomb of tea in common, and the digging continues. in 2021, the world looked on an o as egypt largest ancient city was discovered. its houses full of every day implements. lots of fines from archaeological digs are kept in museums like the pirate relics we're about to see. ah, the collection at berlin's noise museum is packed with history and tales of the past. some of these stories from an ancient era would chiseled into stone, others, and on to pirates, their tails of daily life on elephant island set in the river nile. you are offering an invaluable window on to 4000 years of cultural history. there,

professor verena lepers, special field of research, and her passion in these i've, it's enough in this cabinet. we have elephant time for piracy scripts, from the 5th century, b, c, e, in a variety of languages and scripts by 1st, by the here. and this here is a list of donations, how in the, in the, when you look closely, you can see women's names, women had their own property and had their own corresponding means of spending money. a right of exercised here is right here and like a housekeeper for over a 100 years egyptologist from around the world have flocked to denial island, a 1000 kilometers south of the capital cairo. no other location in egypt has yielded such a wealth of documented history. unfortunately, much of the content remains obscure, because so many of the documents are no longer legible. as in here, we say to piracy amulets letter to sizes and potentially d,

that was for piracy that's been folded up very tightly into little bundles that could be hung around in your bones, neck didn't follow. and as neither warren collective yet con, this kind of medicinal magic amulet is very special. it's, as of afghans was on dallas as it's about giving protection magic and love to an infant that's just coming to the world on maggie on, on, on leave a mid so gave unbundling, the fragile pirate would leave only a pile of crumbs and snippets. a lot of the pirates documents found on elephantine island had already crumbled. they became pieces in a huge jigsaw puzzle whose parts are scattered around, museums throughout the world. cleaning cataloging and reconstructing them is a mammoth task in berlin as well. hold boxes of fragments, awake reconstruction and deciphering the kiss to mid deezen. the box with these pirates fragments is very, very valuable. alice, all,

they're all original really. d tie, some of them date back 5000 years. i now we have the opportunity and means of recovering the elephant time treasure to hayton. an international project is now underway, aimed at reconstructing and evaluating all the elephantine writings. as part of it, these scientists now want to decipher the contents of the amulets. danya and if we have a little piracy package here, we found one at the excavation science. it's just like the piracy i me that we saw in the noise museum and knowing we're assuming this text inside an vicki, end of analysis, text, stop them buffy mass. it's so fragile, we don't want to open it physically, at least, and make susie as manuel of so together without physics and mathematics. colleagues, we've come up with a procedure for unraveling, something like this, virtually to any. am until i his pickin ethan come. first of all,

the researchers use a handheld x ray device to look for middle based ink. only if that's the case, will it be possible to decipher the bundle? a preliminary test known as mapping will decide if the experiment should go ahead. it's main map. now, how standing we can see the gras? yes, it looks good to me to metallic component. the iron content spikes really high there . says that means the ink in there contains i in this at the helm, hold center for materials and energy and berlin that they know leper wants to know if the metallic traces are really part of an ancient inc. and if so, if the text be made legible, that would enable the egyptologist to use the amulet script and language to find out how old it is and what it was for to be us out inspects the amulet in an x ray tom a graph. a for him as the instead you here, we're installing

a specimen between the x ray source and the detector. the glass, it's the same kind of radiation you get in a dennis office. lincoln said gooden, i lead thinks that however, here we rotate the specimen around in the beam of theater fashion of ink that gives us the transmission picture from a variety of angles. russ izzy, it's thus we see the specimen held in the beaker and the dark spots we can see are probably iron, so it's hm. and that's what we're as durcan does as does vessels miss daniels bomb and felix hunter from the berlin sousa institute for applied mathematics. in computer science are also involved. the computer program they've developed makes the ancient script visible without having to unfold the amulet dennis fit on the next step in determining if there really isn't a writing on the piracy is the unfolding or unrolling step. that's for that. we've developed a module that allows us to go through to piracy layer by layer to generate a lattice work graph approval. so poor adam,

i. li. and so kennedy on using this as it's orientation the teams program can project the data from the x ray toma graph, scan directly onto the lavish layers. when the numbers are finally crunched, the computer reveals a word to the world that has remained hidden for over a 1000 years. you have yet, we actually have coptic letters here. the 1st symbol is a pay dot com. then there's a special coptic character, an egyptian special chose your ad and then an oh on and an age as high as joe is the lord. and with the article give cho, it's clear it's the law and has done. it was often used as an abbreviation of hipaa joy jesus christ of in that thought. it means we have an ambulance here that speaks directly to the lord jesus christ. this is a huge initial success. sadly, the rest of the text has no metal component and remains hidden from sight. it'll

need another revolutionary computer model to bring it to light. doesn't time fly. we've already reached the end of this week's to morrow to day. join us in next week until then take care and stay curious. bye bye. ah, ah, with

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