30 minutes on d w. so you want to know what makes with love and banding thing with them away from that. but i'm not going to have to work my own car and everyone with later holes in every single day getting. are you ready to meet the german and join me, right? just do it on d. w thanks . cow is off to the bathroom for a p and o in the name of science. ancient egypt has long been the focus of scientific curiosity. now it's been piracy, messages are being decoded and german astronaut mateus milda is busy with the variety of experiments on the i s s. he tells us how he's dealing with weightlessness. ah,

hello and welcome to tomorrow to day the science show on d. w. down down and down. it's the law of gravity on earth. what goes up must come down a parabolic flight can counteract the effects of gravity for a brief period of time. it's a state cold waiting with an astronaut, but he has maha has been living in that state for months. he set out for the international space station in november 2021. he tells us what life without gravity is like i'm doing fine. i'm every 2nd year space. it's working wonderful for me. it's my 2nd home. now. it has to be this know,

hailing a cab here to get back to his 1st time the international space station. the i assess is surrounded by the deep, dark vacuum space and the o mathias mara feels at home there. his body is not so happy with weightlessness, not least, his brain it took a while to get adapted. i have to say like, i mean flying up here the 1st few days, you feel kind of dizzy and, and overwhelmed with all the impressions and your brain is, are constantly learning how to cope with the 3 d environment. so basically you work in all directions in all walls and overhead on the bottom, and in the beginning you lose like a lot of the stuff all of all the time. and so you spend half of the time searching for the stuff that you just lost. and but after i would say like 10 days you get used to 0 gravity all to the some new environment. but the german

astronaut still doesn't feel on top of the world quite yet. even after weeks aloft, i feel almost like a tiny little bit like not dizzy, i would say, but it's, it's when you wake up in the morning and your brain is still not fully functional or you need little bit to fully wake up. so it's that face of not being 100 percent fresh and ready to go only at 95 percent. i would say it and it makes also working in space a little bit more challenging because you make more errors. you forget to thanks faster like all of my friends say like a space mathematics is more challenging than the mathematics on the ground. you know where liquids can flush about freely. they can also do it in an astronaut body . they can literally go to his head. you see clearly art on pictures,

an astronaut on the ground before launch looks different, then arriving in space in space. you have 3rd kind of in like a thicker, like a more round face. like i would always say like you look a bit like the moon, the rod shaped face. ah, because the liquid from your body is pumped up to the heart and but down on the, on the ground on our planet earth as you have gravity that puts down the liquid down to the legs. so he, in space, i have very thin legs because the liquid doesn't go down to the legs, but it's all pushed up by the a situation of that. they're up to the upper body and most of it also to the head. so it's, i have a slightly red, more reddish looking head. i think a head doesn't need more shampoo though. the fluid shift is known in astro speak as puffy face chicken lake syndrome is not a problem is such, but obviously when extra water migrates to the head,

there's less space in there because of the fluid shift, we have a higher cranial pressure, so more liquid in the brain and then so this pressure also squeezes the optic nerve air. i'd might actually also squeeze the eye boards. so and our vision, our acuity changes here in space and which means, and i have more problems like in the reading distance, but i have less problems in the long distance. and some people need to take classes like even if i don't wear classes on the ground, but in space they need classes and the other way around. so i got 2 classes, 1st, short site and for long distance seeing and but luckily i don't need both yet. the rather monotonous optical attractions of the i assess don't exactly exercise the eyes space agency. doctors see that is another was faulty vision. the eyes

really focus more than a few meters away. astronauts rarely have time to take in views like this with their time time schedules. hopefully it will go back when i'm when i land and back on the ground. some astronauts have been changes that are only 4 let the space duration other astronauts even have constant impacts on their site or even many years after their flight noses also have to get used to weightlessness. there's little to excite a sense of smell and the i assess said they're not very active any way. and with all that extra liquid up top, this pressure on the all factory notes as well. the sense of smell definitely has changed. i mean, i have very long nose now was choked like, until the smell arrives in my brain. it's got stuck in my long know. so it's like a already on the ground. i had didn't have the best sense of smell,

but he in space. i smell even less, i think it's also caused by the fluid shift, having like more fluid in the head or to cause instead the sinuses are kind of swollen. and that means like everybody, when we talk, we sound a little bit congested, maybe. and the we smell less and, and that's also this, that the sense of taste when we eat food is less. that's why as try food tends to be strongly spiced, even though it comes from tubes and bags. a space traveler needs some culinary excitement and of course the stomach is all so white. las liquids behave inside rather like this. water mathias mauer is manipulating with his hands. instead of settling at the bottom of his stomach, his gastric acid coats its walls in the same way. the water cuts his hands a phenomenon known as adhesion. this here is exactly what goes on in his.

and while stomach gas is float to the top of its contents on earth and the chunky bits full to the bottom in space, it's digestive chaos ah belches in weightlessness would expel solids and liquids rather than gas. not pleasant. that's why fizzy drinks a band on board ah, this i thought did to the audience needs, but he had space somehow. the burping is not press it. so basically all the only way that we use to get rid of our gas is lack by fatty at the so you have some more smells here in the space station you been made. smith's and bertha, much smelling that were through the nose, is kind of an advantage in this situation. and when the digestive pressure mouths, the i assess, does have a loo. though it's more of a vacuum cleaner. nothing falls into the bowl in a waitlist environment. oh,

and one more thing is i do like this most of the day. we don't fight, i should say, like most of that i'd, we, we're just double people. if you say, say digestion is all so down to earth, an elephant leaves of 100 kilos of manure behind every day nourishment and nesting for other creatures. snakes rarely eat. but when they do, they either own lace in one sitting in a shrew eats its own waste every single day. their digestion is supercharged, the very opposite of cows who as ruminants, spend lots of time digesting their feet. in fact, cows are extremely interesting to scientists. ah, it this cow comes here quite voluntarily.

it's not a cage but a cow urinal. ah, in just 9 days, she and 10 other cows have learned to do their business using the toilet. ah, yon lun by and taught them how. these ativa, these animals have learned to respond to their internal signals law that is their full bladder. just as we do again, daphne, they perceive that on and then linked the action to it. now they go to a certain place to urinate on. so ah, but how did the animals learn that young buying used an old trick to teach them? if the cows p there they get a sweet treat made of electrolytes and molasses. nice and sweet. if the cow piece outside the green box, it gets unpleasant. the date of quick,

the idea of the project was that if we can manage to separate their feces in urine, for example, by having the cows go to a toilet 1st to urinate, then we can reduce ammonia emissions. hazeltien. ammonia gas is formed when urine and feces mix, it's an indirect greenhouse gas that contribute significantly to air pollution. more than 90 percent of the ammonia pollution in germany comes from agriculture, cattle cars, around 50 percent of it. if they used separate toilets everywhere, this could significantly reduce ammonia gas generation. ah, a stupid cow. no way. we obviously underestimate the animals. they can not only learn to go to the toilet why they also communicate with each other folk over again as succeeded in decoding parts of the cows language, or vocalization and technical jargon. what he notices right away is that our camera

team is causing unrest in the barn as hip of something new is happening in the barn, but they don't know what it is because it's outside the routine. that's one situation. when cattle start vocalizing in stressful situations or regrouping situations, that these are situations in which you can hear increased vocalization from cattle . the best is when it's quite in the barn, and then you know, the cadillac doing well, oh good. they're coming to decode the cows language. the scientists have built a kind of translator transmitter was attached to the animals next and sends the cow sounds to a special computer program. here the mooing is translated into a wave profile. the researcher wants to understand the animals to find out what they need to feel comfortable young to my we looked at the number of vocalizations that is how much they vocalized in a certain time period. and then we looked at their meaning behavior. at the same

time, we noticed that about 3 hours before the peak of the mating behavior was the peak of the vocalization behavior. that's when we heard the most vocalizations, which means we're even better than the farmer who watches his cows 247. in this way, the farmers can determine the optimal insemination times more precisely. that means fewer failed attempts and fewer insemination interventions, which boils down to less stress for the tao ah, the likeness institute of agricultural engineering and bio economics in close quote is also working to reduce stress for the cows. the scientists have discovered that heat is very stressful for the animals. as heard. animals, they like to stand close together, which also drives up the temperature in the barn. and that has a negative effect on milk yields. if all

fine with the researchers are using high tech to track down the cows heat problem, a pedometer on the ankle measures the cows activity. a sensor on the nose monitors breathing and a chewing sensor on the neck. monitors the number of chewing motions, regular blood analyses, and e k g's ensured that the scientists don't miss anything. with the help of the data, they found out that dairy cows already perceived mild temperatures as high and react to them with how doesn't mind 0 degrees. but starting at 16 degrees, it's already uncomfortable for the animals. they already feel heat stress. so ventilation houses were installed throughout the barn, cooling the animals even better, and bringing more relaxation by surveillance cameras. we also saw that the boxes to lie down in a being better utilized again. that sudden in the dairy farmers can implement easily. langford, i'm problem dental and that's exactly the goal to find solutions that help the

animals and are feasible for farmers without large additional investments. the researchers have even built a wind tunnel for this purpose. they're using it to test out the barn of the future should we designed. the important thing here is to position the barn in relation to the wind direction so that the animals have the best air and climate conditions. if all these findings were taken into account, the animals would feel better be healthier and even perform better. if our blood is red, why i'm with it now. it's time for you. if you have a science question, send it to us by video, text or voice message. if we answer it on the show, we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you. dawn just does 12 o'clock noon and 60 minutes later, it's 1 o'clock. and also quintanilla in el salvador,

wanted to know why that is ah, where does our system of time keeping come from? every day has 24 hours, each of which is divided into 60 minutes, which might seem a logical at 1st glance. but it's based on an ancient system of counting, developed by the babylonians. they lived 3000 years before the common era in mesopotamia between the euphrates and tigress rivers. they used the thumb of their left hand to count the seconds of its other forefingers. they of course, total 12, a sacred number for babylonians. they didn't know yet. the earth needs a day to rotate once around its axis. they simply saw the dark night and the bright

day is to separate wolds. and they divided each of them into 12 hours duration, ah, to subdivide the hours. they use their right hand, using all its 5 fingers to count the 12 segments of the left hands full fingers, making 60 in those days exact time keeping was not an issue. the fractions of an hour will more of a theoretical nature. for most only astronomers use the number 60 as a base for their calculations. the precise subdivision of the night sky made it possible for them to record and then predict the movements of the stars and planets. the invention of the pendulum made the number 60 important, the time keeping. at that very moment,

humans became able make correspondingly exact time pieces cold clocks. it was the end of counting night and day as separate entities and the dawning of the 24 hour day. something which has stood the test of time to this very minute. the permits are still standing, the test of time these royal tombs are considered egypt most important cultural relics. when french, general napoleon set out to conquer as he took a 100 scientists and engineers along with his army. militarily, his campaign was a disaster, scientifically, a roaring success. one highlight was the discovery of the rosetta stone, with a priest's decree, chiseled into it in 3 languages, ancient greek, demonic, and hieroglyphics. as linguist, john francois shamefully all began deciphering the hieroglyphics. he opened

a window into ancient fara, ionic egypt, his discovery unleashed a flood of european reset into the country on the low in nile discoveries like those of british archaeologist, howard carter only added to the rush. he found the tomb of tea in common and the digging continues. in 2021, the world looked on an o as each of largest ancient city was discovered. its houses full of every day implements. lots of fines from archaeological digs are kept in museums like the pirate relics we're about to see. ah, the collection at berlin's noise museum is packed with history and tales of the past. some of these stories from an ancient era would chiseled into stone, others, and on to paris. their tales of daily life on elephantine island set in the river

nile un offering an invaluable window on to 4000 years of cultural history. there, professor verena lebron's, special field of research and her passion in these, of its benefits. in this cabinet, we have elephant time preparers scripts from the 5th century b, c, e, in a variety of languages and scripts licensed by the here. and this here is a list of donations, how in the, in the, when you look closely, you can see women's names, women had their own property and had their own corresponding means of spending money. a right of exercised here is here and making a housekeeper for over a 100 years egyptologist from around the world have flocked to the nile island a 1000 kilometers south of the capital cairo. no other location in egypt has yielded such a wealth of documented history. unfortunately, much of the content remains obscure, because so many of the documents are no longer legible. as in here we see to paris

amulets williams, m this highest m, popularly d. that was piracy that's been folded up very tightly into little bundles that could be hung around in your bones, neck didn't follow. and as neither warren collected, we had con, this kind of medicinal magic amulet, is very special. it says of afghans was annella's, as it's about giving protection magic and love to an infant that's just coming to the world on mcgee, on, on, on leave, a mitsubishi. unbundling the fragile pirate would leave only a pile of crumbs and snippets of out of the pirates. documents found on elephantine island had already crumbled. they became pieces in a huge jigsaw puzzle whose parts are scattered around. museums throughout the world . cleaning cataloging and reconstructing them is a mammoth task in berlin as well. hold boxes of fragments await reconstruction and deciphering. he kissed amid deezen the box with these poppers fragments very,

very valuable alice. all, they're all originally detailed, some of them date back 5000 years. ah, now we have the opportunity and means of recovering the elephant time treasure. that's a hayton. an international project is now underway, aimed at reconstructing and evaluating all the elephantine writings. as part of it, these scientists now want to decipher the contents of the amulets. the hm. yeah. and then we have a little piracy package here. we found at one of the excavations science it's just like the pirates amulet we saw in the noise museum. knowing we're assuming there's text inside and dickie end of analysis is text, stop them buffy. mass, it's so fragile, we don't want to open it physically, at least, and my food just as a manuel of so together with our physics and mathematics colleagues, we've come up with a procedure for the unraveling, something like this, virtually to any m. i saw his picture in ethan come. first of all,

the researchers use a handheld x ray device to look for middle based inc. only if that's the case, will it be possible to decipher the bundle? or preliminary test known as mapping will decide if the experiment should go ahead . it's been mapped now. how standing we can see the graph yet it looks good in the to metallic components. the iron content spikes really high there says that means the ink in there contains i in at the helm, hold center for materials and energy in berlin, berlin, a leper wants to know if the metallic traces are really part of an ancient inc. and if so, if the text be made legible, that would enable the egyptologist to use the amulet script and language to find out how old it is and what it was for. to be us out, inspect the amulet in an x ray tom. a graph for humanity said here,

we're installing a specimen between the x ray source and the detector. this is the light. it's the same kind of radiation. you get in a dentist office and config gooden. i landings. however, here we rotate the specimen around in the beam of feel is a fast enough ink that gives us the transmission picture from a variety of angles. what's easy is that we see the specimen held in the beaker and the dark spots we can see are probably iron. so is so, and that's what we're after. this is just vessels interested, daniel bomb and felix counter from the berlin susan institute for applied mathematics and computer science are also involved the computer program they've developed. mix the ancient script visible without having to unfold the amulet. then it's fit on the next step in determining if there really isn't a writing on the piracy is the unfolding or unrolling step. that's for that. we've developed a module that allows us to go through to piracy layer by layer to generate

a lattice work graph approvals for poor taryn i lee. and so, kennedy on using this as it's orientation the teams program can project the data from the x ray trauma graph, scan directly on to the lavish layers. when the numbers are finally crunched, the computer reveals a word to the world that has remained hidden for over a 1000 years. we have yet to we actually have coptic letters here. the 1st symbol is if p done. com, then there's a special coptic character and egyptian special children and then an 0 $1.00 and an age as high as joe is the lord and with the article, if joe, it's clear, it's the law and how it does it was often used as an abbreviation for pa joy, jesus christ of emmett, thought it means we have an amulet here that speaks directly to the lord jesus christ. this is a huge initial success. sadly,

the rest of the text has no metal component and remains hidden from sight. it will need another revolutionary computer model to bring it to light. doesn't time fly. we've already reached the end of this weeks to morrow today. join us again next week, until then take care and stay curious. bye bye. ah ah, with

who head off to the south of germany. luca steady is showing as bonbon boats most exciting in delicious site, including its capital city. still guard is pretty varied and really has a lot to offer the wind rowing this way, being cuisine and the automobile history years. just look guard which again

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with successes or soon, you know, we're weekly, coven 19 special. every thursday on d, w. my name is jungian day and i have paid almost every price of being a journalist and a country like turkey. i was threatened, i was jailed, i was a tad. more people like me and guardians of truth, john done, and mexican investigative journalist unable at this point i, you know, every day the government is saying, mom, she's been digging the country soil to find out the truth. they want to kill me

and they try me. they killed some of my sources just because they took whitney, facing the guns can change your life. people need to know what is happening with guardians of truth. certainly 3rd on t w ah ah, this is the w news and these are our top stories. the last ukrainian troops fill in the perceived port city of mario paul have to fight a russian deadline to surrender. russia says its forces had surrounded round 2500 ukrainian soldiers holding out in a huge steel mill rushes offense. ministry warns it will destroy those who continued to resist ukrainian.