every journey begins with the 1st step and every language with the 1st word alone, pinnacle rico is in germany to learn german. why not learn with him a simple online on your mobile and free to shop. d w e learning course, nico speak, german made easy. the earth, a huge store house of rural materials, even the ocean floor is being mindful, rare earth demand is insatiable, but the environment is suffering. private companies and space agencies are looking for new opportunities as resources on earth. i'll find eyes such as exploiting the moon, the us only natural satellite. is there going to be a luna gold rush? ah, hello and welcome to tomorrow to day

d w signs program. the moon overseen planet earth is some 384000 kilometers away. several new missions are due to start in the near future. the lunar orbital platform gateway, for example, is set to become the starting point for journeys to the moon. the space station will orbit the moon and serve as an intermediate station for man flights as part of nasa's ottoman space program. the autumn is 3 mission will be the 1st manned moon landings since apollo. 1750 years ago. the russian space. probe, luna, $25.00 will concentrate on the moon. south pole. india is also planning a lina polar exploration mission with chandra. yon 3 mankind and the moon. unexciting relationship. but let the moon tell her story. ah, let me introduce myself. the moon at your service compared to other celestial

bodies, i might be considered insignificant. my surface is gray and full of scars craters and dust. but what does it matter? i have the most beautiful partner in the solar system. ah, the earth. what a magnificent planets. ah, and so dynamic, it's oceans have created an abundance of diverse life forms. where else can that be found in the solar system? lose more than it is in actually the moon in the earth are a matched pair. they interact together. they don't obey the sun separately. they're held together by gravity. and the center of gravity at the center of the earth revolves around the sun. so in effect, they belong together as um, ah,

my orbit around earth takes $27.00 and a half days. and i do it in a way that the earth always sees the same side of me. so one of my days is as long as 14 days on earth. i've been observing the hustle and bustle down on earth for billions of years now. and i am a bit surprised by you humans. you've only populated the earth for a brief time now and have managed to change its face quite drastically. ah. ah, my face on the other hand hasn't changed much over time. oh, i'm like an archive. a window into the past ah no atmosphere confines me no wind, ravages my mountains. no rivers gouge into my rocks. a tiny meteor rides do

constantly rain down from space pelting my face, turning my rocks into dust. ah, my surface is covered with mountains of light colored rock and large, smooth dark surfaces which were created much later. you earthlings love to see images in these landscapes, such as a human face or the silhouette of a rabbit. some of you even claim to see the navel of the moon, but that is actually a very deep crater, almost 90 kilometers in diameter. it's one of my brightest craters, and in the middle, a mountain peak rises, 1600 meters into the sky. around the impact craters, rim is a mountain range as high as the outs. and you call that a belly button. without me, there would be no tides,

no ab and flo. the earth would revolve faster and faster and the days would get shorter. but then again, you probably wouldn't be there. i'm the one who gives earth, it's stability. and the etiquette and wanted to convert if the earth would have no moon, then its axis would level back and forth on jupiter would pull from the one side and the sun from the other. the poor zeros would tilt and the poles would melt in the ice age would begin in the sahara, wisconsin. everything would be out of whack, a little fun, and the climate crises will be much, much worse, less than what we've seen so far as this was will be 2nd. oh, for you, earth dwellers. i am the brightest object in your night sky, and i am always there for you. like a good friend, wolves. how at me and other species of animals use my light for orientation. you humans wax romantic about me. i awaken longing for the unknown. the mysterious

power unattainable oh, all engine run. but in july of 1969, you decided to reach for the stars quite literally. for the 1st time you set off on a journey to visit me. it didn't even take you 10 years to develop the necessary technology and practice all of the maneuvers except for the landing bits. get right on it. oh, i mean, no one could tell you what to expect. will you be able to land safely, or will you sink into my dusty surface and capsize? it was a flight into the unknown. gar gaudy beer blue

and it won't uncall when you look at the moon. when you look at an apollo film, then you see that the landing was just a very small pin break. i don't know if the moon even noticed the astronauts were there. and if the moon did notice, and she probably said to herself, well, they can't stay very long in a few days, it'll be night. and then they'll have to leave in. so i don't think we really bothered the moon at all at nissan dealership. oh, actually you tiny creatures did bring a bit of life into my tranquillity. with each of your visits in total sex, you gained confidence and became more courageous. even daring to drive around in vehicles. and in those bulky space suits, it, couldn't have been easy for you to move around and collect data for your research. by the way, everything that you left behind will still be here in the future. should you come back? it's proof that you were here. oh, of ice,

who knows how long mankind will exist? and maybe one day won't. they'll be a kind of moon archaeology at some future being. we'll stop on the moon to take a look at what the apollo astronauts were up to 1000 or 2000 years ago. 6 o. 6 6 science owes great insights to the apollo astronauts of your or rather the rock samples from my surface that they brought back with them. that actually gave away some of my secrets. for example, concerning my origins more than 4500000000 years ago, a celestial body as big as mars grazed the earth. it's believed i was created out of the debris that came out of that impact. the so called big splash.

i have taught you that the early days of our solar system were a lot more dramatic than you thought. asteroids and comics bombarded everything in their path. but the traces of these impacts on earth have almost disappeared. in the meantime, i have become the most researched, celestial body in our solar system. next to the earth. of course, whole swarms of satellites have targeted me since the millennium. from all over your planet, the usa, japan, europe, india, and china probes have peered into every crater with cameras and spectrometers mapped my surface and explored my resources. in fact, you have even bombarded me with rockets and crushed satellites onto my surface to see which substances are hidden in my swirling dust. even my backside has been

explored. in 2019 the chinese put down a robotic lunar rover for the 1st time on my dark side called the you to to you discovered my most hidden raw materials. even the water in my darkest craters at the poles. ah man, mister fawn. alice gained us this fussy, and you'll have to assume that the water isn't simply lying there as ice, that you can take a chunk out of. you'll have to dig around to find it as well as with most of it will be hidden inside the rock. in the form of tiny water crystal in the rubble on the surface, highly dea, should she stay off to overflow you league? for decades, you have been tinkering on machines and your laboratories that can collect my moon dust in order to use it as building materials or extract water from it. and your vehicles need to be pretty versatile and easy to maneuver if you want to drive on

my powder. fine, sandy lunar soil, which you call regolith. pretty soon, the united arab emirates will send its 1st rover to me named rashid with a lunar lander from japan. there's a gold rush, feeling right now. oh lou of research robots are scheduled for a visit in the near future. and russia is planning to land on my surface again after almost 50 years. india wants to try again as well with a loaner vehicle that will chemically analyze my rock. it's 1st lunar lander in 2019 fell silent just before touch down. nasa has something big plan to. it wants to send a golf cart sized robotic rover to my south pole to search for water ice. it will be the 1st time that

a vehicle visits one of my permanently dark cold craters. there is a fence and tug along on the moon. it's daytime for 14 consecutive earth days and then my time for 14 days, so it may not be a big problem for humans. button, any electronic equipment at minus a 100 degrees celsius, just put your phone and the freezer after 5 minutes, it'd be ruined with everything that goes to the moon has to be able to survive 14 endless nights. but you, earth, people with your immense curiosity and desire to explore will not let yourself be stopped by such minor problems. at my south pole, i have craters. the rims are so high that they are almost always in the sunlight. with nasa is planning to build a station at one of these craters, the so called lunar base camp. and that'll be the end of any peace and quiet here.

on the plan is that astronauts initially come here for a short visit to check out the immediate surroundings while robots bring the necessary equipment and build up the infrastructure. until the time when you arrest weller's could move here for good morning. how are you? i'm doing some old yet. actually, the moon can already be considered an extra continent to us. it certainly close enough that was in 50 years. it will probably be something like antarctica on, it'll be a continent where people go to conduct research as mod, fossil deployed, and this will be proper research stations on the moon, yawning, and hotels. maybe not in 50 years, but probably in a 100. and people will do business on the moon with their mortgage. after more this year nasa ames to bring its new moon rocket to the launch pad for the 1st time

and send off a capsule for an orbit around me initially without a crew. if everything goes to plan, astronauts could soon be visiting me once again. in addition, a small space station is to built in my orbit. the components are already being constructed on earth. before the end of this decade, the 1st modules could arrive and be assembled. the outpost will serve as a springboard to land on my surface. it will make visits to my south pole possible at any time. not only for robots remotely controlled from the station, but it will also allow you earthlings to explore my terrain. like never before. soon you will be gazing up at me through new eyes. ah,

so will materials such as silicon titanium and red earth missiles which are necessary for cellphones and batteries alluring us to the moon? it good us wondering would you like to fly to the moon? and what would you think about the idea of mining rule materials there? soon to all rights i would go to the moon after doing my best for the earth. undress says over the years, decades and centuries, our earth will run out of metals and other elements. it is necessary to extract these will materials and the most likely place to do so is the moon. melissa writes, the moon is important for the earth. we don't know if it's used could have

secondary effects on tides, ocean currents, and even be earth's rotational axis. toby fears the richer looking for something to speculate on instead of properly taken care of the us. why are they spending the money on something unattainable? why didn't they say money to repair the damaged us? she's our home dcea is also skeptical about mining on the moon and writes. it's a very bad idea. mankind is not satisfied with destroying the us, but still wants to wipe out the rest of the universe. and marcus rides, nobody likes the idea, but everybody wants the me. my phone. thanks for your interest in comments here on earth. a wide variety of materials is used in the construction sector,

which materials i used for which purposes and which types of buildings depend on the local environment and climate. but harvey, any materials used on as well suited for building on the moon. forget concrete and clay. building on the moon calls for something completely different. oh, here it is, the future of humanity. that is, if this man has his way, i was shown inclined. even a small object would be a 1st in human history and event. we've been to the man what we've never built anything outside of earth's atmosphere to mathias spell of the german aerospace santa is working on precisely this vision. these baked bricks should one day be used for buildings on the moon. ah,

they could then one day look like this. residential buildings, green houses, warehouses, paved paths or even protective walls and foundations for radio telescopes, and other large scale technical equipment. construction under extreme conditions, cosmic radiation is just one issue. there's also gigantic temperature swings from minus $100.00 degrees to plus $100.00 degrees centigrade. transporting, building materials to the moon would also be too expensive for building the only raw material that makes sense to use as to be found on site moon dust. for their experiments on earth material researchers are using volcanic ash, which is physically and chemically, almost identical to lunar dust. the results look like this. the shine had seen

actually the bricks don't look perfect yet of course they're not supposed to be perfect and then thought it is the thing the, the important thing about the method is that it's simple and available and robustness. so it can be made to work relatively quickly with little effort in an environment that really doesn't have electricity in one little costume. uncles up the solution, some light, it can be used to generate enough heat to fire the bricks virus. so like hell like this one at the german aerospace santa a helio start is basically a huge mirror and it reflects the sunlight into a concentrator. a honeycomb pattern of 159 mirrors concentrates at 5000 times and directs it into the interior of the solar farm. s. a single highly focused fema flights generates temperatures up to $2500.00 degrees

centigrade which is needed to bake the moon dust together layer by layer on a special table that scans programmed mold. the brick is created and a kind of 3 d printing process. this light beam acts like the print head in the process. the horse, if what, how big advantage with this method is when i do it layer by layer in 3 d printing, or i'm much more flexible on site and i can build exactly what i need on the spot with little material to like, and i'll probably to make building on the moon as easy as possible. research has a tinkering with different geometric shapes that support one another without mortar or scaffolding. after all, those materials would have to be transported to the moon. but if it works

on earth, how can you be sure it works under lunar conditions? vinegar parameter often mourned is an important factor on the moon is the vacuum. and that's why we're also doing some of our solar furnace experiments with vacuum chambers. and with these we determine whether the process of baking bones, luna sans, depends drastically on whether there's oxygen present or not, hours off into a given hobbled and the result even without an atmosphere like on the moon. the process works. so in the end, the moon dust becomes stone like a solid as plaster. it could already be used to build walls on the main that would be thick enough to protect astronauts from cosmic radiation. so far, the e u has invested around $1000000.00 euros in these bricks, all walking towards the ground vision of the moon village,

but couldn't brakes made of some of so be handy here on earth. in the desert, for example, baking sahara sand into breaks fi, a 3 d printing would be comparatively expensive, but another variety is promising. we have other things and break out. we've also recently finished a project where we don't make bricks directly fall in the sand, but where we 1st improve the desert sand then which is often unsuitable for producing concrete, for example, in addition through our processes, in some cases, if we could make very good concrete based materials from the desert, sand in these remote regions. so piracy of po, to be torn, crunched all figured out, we hadn't, couldn't, ah, an industrial partner for this project is already in place. and until the next mean mission mateusz bell will continue working on the stability of his 3 d printed

bricks. he hopes that instead of being simply as strong as plaster, they will one day b as hard as concrete. a time now for our view, a question. mm. hm, the world is full of incredible natural phenomena. sometimes it's enough just to sit back and admire them, but sometimes figuring out the science behind them is just as fascinating. frederick k, a before from gonna wants to know. how is a rainbow formed there? one of nature's most colorful displays for a rainbow. you need 2 things. countless water droplets suspended in the air and sunlight. under the right conditions, each water droplets can act like a prism. this is how it works. water is denser than air. so light passing through

a drop, let slow down a little at its path, is altered, that process is called refraction. the light then balances back off the inner surface. on the opposite side of the droplet sunlight is made up of radiation of many wavelengths. some are perceived by the human eye as colors. depending on how long or short the wave lengths are, they slow down inside the water droplets might different amounts. this causes what we otherwise see as white light to become visible and its component wavelengths, the visible colors that make up a rainbow. so a rainbow is an optical illusion. it doesn't actually exist, been a specific spot in the sky. being able to see it depends on where you're standing, the water droplets have to be suspended in the air, which is why we might see them around the time that it rains. and the sun has to be behind the observer. it also needs to be pretty low in the sky. the light needs to strike the raindrop in front of the viewer at a 42 degree angle. for the observer,

the lower the sun is in the sky, the more of an arc, the rainbow will appear to have a full rainbow is actually a full circle, but viewed from ground, you can only see the part that appears above the horizon. rainbows can also often be seen there waterfalls on sunny days because of the droplets in the spring . so if you're standing in the right place at the right time, when it's sunny and raining, you may just catch a glimpse of one if i let is read why i gave you. do you also have a science question? send it in to us via video text or voice message. if we answer it on the show, we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you. so just ask. i'm there are more sign stories on the web to head for our web size. oh, should twitter that's

it for this edition of to morrow to day. stay curious about the world around you and the universe beyond it to go by and see you next time with with ah, with

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the 75th con film festival. is everything back to normal. welcome to reality. the music documentary film festival. no volley. a portrait of pollutants adversary. important owned timely art. 21. in 30 minutes on d. w. o. a master of the artist confrontation. this is rob of a veteran of verbal combat. i mean, you're gonna really, i try the undisputed champion of tough political talk. you trying to frighten people? no, i so far, everybody on the side there except you enter the complex zone and join tim sebastian as he holds the powerful to account. this is

a big failure. whichever way you like to spin conflict zone. postpone renew on d. w. oh, up to date. don't miss our highlights. the d w program online. d, w dot com highlights interest the global economy our portfolio d w business beyond. here the closer look at the project, our mission. to analyze the fight for market dominance. get us to the head with d w. business beyond ah

ah, this is the dublin years, and these are our top stories, finland and sweden say they will apply for natal membership, a historic shift away from neutrality prompted by russia's invasion of ukraine. finland's government declared a new era after confirming its intention to seek membership. as late as sweden's governing party announced an official policy change paving the way for sweden to apply within days, nato secretary general yen stilton berg says.