jet stream contributing to the warming of the arctic tomorrow to day next on d w. o . what people have to say matters to us for that's why we listen to their stories. reporter every weekend on d. w could we soon be filling out tanks with carbon dioxide almost fuel out of strong more on that in a moment. but 1st, we had no to norway research as they are trying to understand how the winds on changing norway is also to be home to a new spaceport. all that and more coming up on tomorrow to day d, w,

science magazine b. no, the norway, for 60 years researchers have been launching rockets from here into the northern lights. in this way, they hoped to gain an understanding of the interior of the dancing around a rocket hill. m site was set up on the island of undo. yeah. they are now plans to enlarge it, to give europe a new spaceport and more independence in space travel. final preparations are being made for the launch of a nasa research rocket in norway's far north. the u. s. space agency knows the answer yes, space center close to the low photon islands is a place to study. the northern lights or aurora borealis. it's

a long range that's very far north, and there's not many of them. we can take a rocket and reach the aurora. because it's, you know, our, our rockets are limited in range. so we have to get close enough to the or to be able to launch into it from where we're at me. this is nothing new for nasa. norway's rocket launch site has been in operation for almost 60 years now. some 1800 research rockets have already listed offering here and now norway wants to start launching commercial satellite in competition with major u. s. companies like space ex. hello. i saw that he thinks live it's that i am the satellite sectors growing fast, a and all the who it is maybe even one of the fastest growing industries. i said, i believe the u. s. alone is striving to double the volume of business to $5000000000.00 by 2024 to $1.00 hollow mili i did. they did the lot.

the arctic island of andrea is getting a new spaceport. norway is building at south west of the islands. main village of underneath the current site of the space center. the new launch site near the town of not mila will be about half an hour's drive away. the 1st rockets are set to ascend from here in 2022 rocket factory, ox book and ease our aerospace are 2 germans startups that want to use the launch site to get into the commercial satellite business for you of and as it is used to be the exclusive preserve of big business. nowadays we have s m e 's and start ups mixing it up in a moment. so this market is booming, but there are far more providers and be the for isa aerospace. this is the chance to get a foothold with a small, flexible, and affordable launch opportunity. toddlers and grind, soaking up here north of the arctic circle. the 2 southern german

companies are hoping for high turnovers. under yes, location is very favourable. from here it requires a comparatively small amount of energy to launch satellites that can orbit the earth pole to pole, covering large parts of europe and fulfilling vital roles as well from observations of the earth to detecting forest fires, to supporting self driving vehicles in the to communication services to gps from a low orbit travel to the moon and other planets and, and, and to the plan. it wouldn't one, there's an expanding market, these small satellites, and there's a lot of liquidity in the market, each of those financing available to you. oh, so ward. no, sir. the rugged sector is practically booming,

and more and more staff are needed to cope with this demand. this group of physics students are training on under. yeah, with rockets that they built themselves. after climbing several 100 meters, the rockets parachute back down to earth, eternally eric theo, risk of an okay, it will be incredibly important to get enough training doesn't have it at all. they don't all have to be physics or math graduates, but i think we will also need other stuff to, to them in order to construct a spaceport on what you can launch rockets carrying satellites. and both of her saw the letter of late space junk has been causing problems on under yeah, they have long been exploring the atmosphere with laser beams within a 100 kilometer range. now they want to use this laser imaging detection and ranging equipment or a light r for short to stop this used satellites getting in the way of new ones near the launch hub. mit isn't fields,

i think with all these satellites that are accumulating an orbit. it's necessary to collect this space debris hot and in that and we are involved in projects with german partners can. is that even the to observe this debris? does he a diesel, fucked, and use these lasers or lead our systems to trace the exact orbit of tim um event so we might be able to bring the bits back down to earth in many years time assume to elderly and the tidy or the orbit. the better because the bloom in the satellite sector and the new spaceport has the potential to spark new conflicts, high above the earth. or from an dea, we travel even further north to no with small but archipelago. from here, data is collected daily about the winds that glow around our globe and that effect

the climate. the polar jet stream is an important part of this wind system. it hurtles around the globe at an altitude of several kilometers about the earth. but the data shows that the dead stream is wavering. the small bard archipelago inside the arctic circle molly on much a really has been a regular visitor over the last 20 years. conducting studies on how global warming is changing the climate in the arctic region. new older son is the northern most permanent settlement in europe. originally a coal mining colony, it's had a new lease on life as a tiny, but vital hub of climate science with research stations representing 10 different countries. this is the roof of the joint, german french facility, where mario much of really collects a wide range of meteorological data. listen,

i've gone to fans. it's just basic data like temperature, humidity, air pressure, and the wind of the. and of course you also have clouds. boy liquid and solid particles, ice crystals, aerosols, everything that is transported in the air. well, i guess others fuss in their loft in various trace gases to all of your version of one garza. we use that data to monitor the state of the atmosphere and also to study the long term changes taking place and the reasons for them to the doctor to own done, to coordinate a few to images. and those changes are severe, even in winter, the fjords up here, north of the arctic circle, now barely fries over, and the snow line is right using there's ongoing sea ice melt and the permafrost soil is thawing. the climate connected temperature rise worldwide now amounts to an average of one. we celsius, but here in small but it's been 3 degrees in just the last 20 years. the

meteorologist believes that changes in the prevailing wind direction are among the causes and persona, and invent on one item, convers, in, in the winter months, especially with the air currents are coming more frequently from the south. and majority of these circulatory changes mean more warm and humid. air is being brought from the middle latitudes, that has an impact on the precipitation. and the clouds that form here, here and thus on the local climate, of course, not, not really does kima here for aught marian matter, really suspects that a wind system at an altitude of 10000 meters is a decisive factor in the creasing appearance of southerly winds. in the arctic, this polar jet stream is generated by warm air rising at the equator and then heading north where it clashes with cold air from the polar front. the extreme temperature difference hinders the 2 masses of air from quickly mixing. they're

driven in an eastward direction by the earth's rotation until now the resulting high altitude wind raced around the northern hemisphere at speeds of up to 500 kilometers per hour in an undulating but stable corridor. but it's a system now being destabilized by climate change. daughters does their own, does heat in the narrowing difference and temperature between the arctic and the middle latitudes has an effect on wind patterns that includes the high velocity jet stream which normally has a zonal flow to parallel to the latitude. so until you place your visor, so now i as a poly and with the wind is no longer having the same intensity than high velocity band of wind sways off course contest. saw to i'm flying on these are stock vent bundles. this is also the balloon with gas environmental engineer figure gotta, has spent an entire year doing research work at the station. her daily routine includes preparing weather balloons, task carrying highly sensitive probes. there

a vital element in her colleagues surveys on the wind, changes and part of an international project. to understand the global scale interconnections at play, comparative data is required. so the different project partners involved used the same kind of probes, the researchers around the world launch balloons at the same time every day. the probes and their data to the ground stations by radio waves for minor missiles and t, sierra vista, they're really important for me because they're the only way to take measurements. 30 kilometers on dikes and the height resolution is very high as well. the balloon rises 5 meters per 2nd and takes a measurement once a 2nd equal to also on top it. so that means every 5 meter says something other devices can't match the screen. the underwriter mission marion much really studies have provided insights into the consequences of the now slower polar jet stream. a

drop of speed sees the jet stream losing geographical stability to, and swaying rather than streaming uni directional around the globe. this results in loops, in which the weather fronts shift between warm and cold air. smaller loops drive the high and low pressure areas around the world. larger loops on the other hand, mean a slower movement of these areas and their weather fronts. this leads to prolonged and often extreme weather conditions of long term high pressure front can trigger drought while a low will translate into intense rainfall. dec lima bundle in that's the climate change is changing the wind, which leads to new circulation patterns. a shift in the system of high and low pressure areas and a growing frequency of blocking highs v to of on. and we're also seeing the wind transporting warm and moist air masses up to the arctic,

which in turn contributes to increased warming right here in the office by take warming, that increases the pace of thought in permafrost soils, which then release additional greenhouse gases. a development seen in the c o 2 emissions data recorded on the instruments being serviced by fi carotid today. with the ever increasing thawing of the polar sea ice and glaciers, we lose an important global climate cooling function. while light colored eyes reflects the majority of the sun's rays in ice, free ocean absorbs additional heat. that changes to prevailing winds are the driving force behind. another vicious circle of climate change further south around the pacific winds also play an important role in weather and climate, and thus also in the oceans. plankton and fish paraphrase in the cold new trent rich humboldt current off the coast of south america. but that changes

regularly when the weather phenomenon el nino slows down the winds at none send me into from argentina, wanted to know more and sent us this question. how do a nino alanine yet come about? both are linked to a phenomenon that occurs in the pacific in repeating cyclical patterns. the air and water currents between latin america and southeast asia change. switching between albino alanine ya phases. in an amino year, the trade winds weaken weakening to the cold humboldt current along south america's west and coast. the temperature of the water them rises. many clowns form that in turn leads to severe rainfall on the western side of the andes. during

alina phases, there are repeated cases of landslides on flooding. if even wet enough to make the world dr. devit, the attic comma in chile blossom, because the cold, nutrient rich water off the coast, is displaced by the warm surface water plankton dye. this means fish lose their staple suit and go in search of it elsewhere. ringback only new easy theses teach an extreme drought in south east asia and australia. the dangerous forest fires increases considerably, harvests are endangered because it in el nino year, the annual monsoon rains a much reduced even southeast and africa is affected by el nino

tramps occurred because of the lack of trade winds that otherwise transport moist ocean and language in the la nina, phase, the situation is reversed. the trade winds increase this time, se asia and australia experienced heavy precipitation because of the warming of the ocean water. it's south america by contrast is plagued by drought, but of the coast as cold. nutrient rich water rises from the deep plankton find food again on the fish return. eventually filling the local fishes nets. we asked you was effects from el nino and la nina d feeling you region bright. now, linear rains in the pacific alfano rights from indonesia. it's true that there

are many changes due to this phenomenon. however, it is positive that forest fires do not break out as frequently as i did a few years ago. from the other side of the pacific premier now reports right now, the lamina phenomenon is happening and we have a prolonged drowned pier in my country, chevy and sandy rock, something similar from peru, there is a drought that affects life. stop and agriculture in venezuela. linea shows regional differences, phoenix writes that it hasn't stopped raining there for 2 years. eliana also reports continuous rain from columbia. ah, nanina is ok such different extremes. thank you for your comments. now it's up, up and away again. air travel uses fuel from petroleum and that not only emit c o 2 into the earth, but also such,

all the an al tentative that don't involve fossil fuels. so called bio jet fuel is already being produced from plants such as rab see it. oh boy, polls that is on land, which however, could often also be used for growing food. research team is now trying to turn stroll into kerosene. it's the only cooperation of its kind. a research aircraft from the german aerospace center, together with one from nasa or investigating the influence of the combustion of kerosene on the atmosphere and global warming. their main interest is how to reduce its negative impact. one thing is clear. aircraft pump out a huge volume of harmful emissions producing an estimated $1000000.00 tons of c o. 2 alone. the nasa aircraft is equipped with numerous sensors. it's measuring the emissions coming from the german aerospace center plain. the air

bus 320 is being filled in part with bio jet fuel. the aviation industry's big hope for the future we're missing can we wouldn't have to change any airports or build any new types of aircraft or infrastructure. yeah, the fuel is used just like today's petroleum oil based variant. oh, monthly ike now is researching how aviation fuel can be made more sustainable. conventional kerosene develops large amounts of foot when it come busts. and that's particularly problematic at high altitudes. aircraft emit for vapor and soot particles as well as c o. 2. when water condenses around the cit particles, it creates ice crystals. and then con trails. they can spread to formed cirrus clouds, which in turn trapped thermal radiation from the earth in the atmosphere,

creating a rise in temperature. and they reflect little sunlight back into space, which also has a warming effect. so the more such we emit into the atmosphere, the more we contribute to global warming, but this negative impact can be reduced significantly by adding the right amount of bio aviation fuel. the german aerospace centers institute of combustion technology in stuttgart is researching what that kind of designer fuel might look like. there e, kerosene is based on plants or plant based oils and maybe even straw. it's available in large quantities and doesn't compete with food crops. it's already clear that biofuels could make a considerable contribution to reducing harmful emissions with music. conventional kerosene contains

a large number of chemical molecules including aromatic compounds. can they account for between 8 and 25 percent of that kerosene and triggered the creation of cit particles whose by producing new fuels we can avoid them. i'd o 80 ation biofuel produces no such when it burns to use it as efficiently as possible. different glens are tested in the laps combustion chambers, along with the exact mixing, ratio, efficiency and reliability are also key. a combination of laser measuring technology and simulation are also being used to show in detail for the 1st time. how so forms in an engine combustion chamber re combust oh, the site does this, this shows the importance of not just using synthetic fuels, but using them wisely. we call it fuel design, is optimizing the chemical compositions and it's into right. what can the design of sustainable aviation fuel achieve?

trial flights are intended to find that out initially with just a small amount of biofuel in the fuel tank. measurements taken by the german aerospace center and nasa show that this can lead to a decisive drop in harmful suit emissions in particular. and the researchers think more is possible there. monday came by optimizing the chemical composition with a mix of 30 percent biofuel. we can reduce stood particles by 70 percent of ships, what's in those particular this year. the researchers also found that adding sustainable fuel to conventional fuels has no negative effect on playing engines. so why not just switch to 100 percent, biofuels straight away as the markets intervening often, firstly, there's too little of it. the factory simply don't exist to produce it. secondly, it's more expensive, significantly more expensive

e e. kerosene costs about twice or 3 times more. even if it were to be produced in large quantities, massed up hairstyles, and that means plane tickets would cost more, but it's a price we should be willing to pay. the use of sustainable aviation fuel would go a long way toward saving the climate. of course us is also working on technologies to make feel more climate friendly. one idea yesterday made from carbon dioxide. what we currently emit as exhaust fuel could be we used as fuel again and fill the tank. only put off much collide. he took a closer look and hey, have you heard about this? you can fill up with the greenhouse gas c o 2 and use it to drive or fly for power to shift crazy. fuel made out of thin air. no need to burn

fossil fuel any more using something that is c o. 2 neutral, impossible. asked him, he makes this kind of stuff. hey tim, how does it work? do you turning the combustion process on its head in a what we aim to do is take energy, water and c o 2 and turn them into synthetic fuel. so that closes the seo to cycle and we can create c o 2 neutral fuel austin. ok. it works the other way around to really understand it. i think i have to go to i love then please correct me if i'm wrong. you say you take water, it's to, oh and energy. lots of energy in the form of electric power. that electric power splits the water molecule into hydrogen and oxygen. no need for the

oxygen. we only need the hydrogen. and here it comes. you combine the greenhouse gas t o 2 with hydrogen. and what's her good is fuel glue fuel that recycle c o 2. instead of emitting it done, is it really that easy? good. i just put your scientific fuel in my car instead gonna vents the sun in and if we can deliver sufficient quantities to gas stations, then you can fill your car with it. that's a major opportunity provided by c o. 2 neutral fuels monkey you can use the existing infrastructure. woodson, cotton okay, got it. synthetic fuel megs, dirty god, plea. as long as the whole process is powered with the energy.

well, that's a lot to think about. that's it. for this edition of tomorrow to day d, w signs program had to see you again next week until then stay curious. with ah, with

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