at a specific goal to build the best optical instruments in the world. ah little did he know that devices bearing his name would one day feature in the moon landing 21st century science into new realms. the rise of a global company, 175 years of size starts june 19th on d. w. o . the flora and fauna on earth have developed over millions of years driven by the process of evolution. * and by the survival of the fittest, take aunts, for example. they exist almost all over the world. so what's their secret?

but 1st olive oil is one of the most counterfeited food products. how can this be exposed? these topics and more coming up on tomorrow to day the d. w. science show he pallets grow on these tree. they're mainly native to the mediterranean region and have been cultivated since ancient times. most farmers still largely harvest their olives by hand. one reason why olive oil is so valuable, but it's also one of the most frequently tampered with food products, fake and adulterated. oil can be found everywhere. a research group now wants to get to the bottom of olive oil fraud. we're at the university of by white, northern bavarian and m r center chemist. jeff on chancing a is

a research team bent on tracking down some fraudsters, the c s i food it's latest. tests are aimed at olive oil forgers. the lie about origins, spike olive oil with green code, sunflower oil, or use an array of tricks to turn spoiled oil into something vacant sal mustang castillo. what happens then is that oils which have been stored a while a frequently pepto using various processes which involves heat treating them. but then they don't qualify as extra virgin olive oil. those kinds of oils are often mixed with virgin or extra virgin oils and make their way on to retail shelves against anti lang and soviet and, and handled. a professional olive oil mafia is skilled at evading the numerous checks already in place and getting sub standard oil into the stores. now a new chest to produce that this german research center offers instant results. it's about to even the playing field by analyzing 4 aspects of oil samples with one

single test. firstly, is it really olive oil? the analysis has to clearly differentiate which oil or oils are in the sample frequency. doyle, hemp or sunflower oil, not oil. or is it genuinely pure olive oil? something for a magnetic resonance or m r analysis. in this unit here, inside the temperature is kept at an optimum 23 degrees celsius for the m r spectrometer. in it, the oil samples are exposed to extremely powerful magnetic fields, with differing make up the substances contained in the samples respond differently to the energy each returning to its own characteristic signal. yes is looking at the fatty acids. you can see the different oils are highly distinctive and stylish talk. a sunflower oil returns a strong signal olive oil has a very weak warnock. as many as if i now combine the reading from

a single measurement which was confirmed another independent evaluations, i can obtain a very characteristic fingerprint of the various oil types with the common. then 2nd, where does it originate from? does it really come from where the blade says 70 percent of the world's olive oil production comes from europe, primarily from spain at around $1600000.00 tons. as well as italy and greece had some quarter of a 1000000 tons, each with italian oil commanding premium prices, as swift, swamp of labels can be lucrative for years, a considerable amount of greek olive oil has turned up at italian exporters with them mislabeled as italian extra virgin olive oil, the new magnetic resonance test, quickly lift the lid on this kind of fraud. the analysis shows that greek italian and spanish olive oil each returns their own individual signal. thirdly,

chemical quality control. a check is usually made by the producer, but quality changes over time. incorrect storage exposure to air light and warmth, all oxidize in oil. it becomes rancid in his hands sticky if it's rancid in this area, i'd see a very large cluster of signals. it can be difficult to get a real deal and discount supermarket when they get to the shelves, they've still only just acceptable quality. but olive oil ages fast. that severely affects taste, rather than fresh, bitter, sharp, fruity oil that tastes off dough shower, or even mouldy. can magnetic resonance measure that? so last but not least, the chased steve. since wash it quit at the moment. no amount of analytical technology can replace and soil testing by

a trained panel of tases. but in magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we can also see signals from taste related taste related compounds such as the shop and the bitter taste residential food because english mock. so it's actually quite possible that these 2 sensory impressions are very much in line with the tasting panels, results make them panel. so a hydrogen. the re jaylen goods industry is especially enthusiastic about the new technology. commercial labs expect to be offering the tests within the next few months, but even if the fraudsters find it harder to cheat in the future, if you want good quality in anything, it's best to develop but chaste for it. oh, you also need good taste buds and a good sense of smell to test chocolate. chemical analyses have found that the chocolate a taste is actually comprised of many other surprising flavors and aromas such

as peach, cucumber and potato chips. but her chocolate is much more than the sum of its aromas. how farm is it? how well does it melt? that's where another mysterious component comes in. the shape of the chocolate crystals, shanklin contains cocoa butter, which as a solid, has a rigid crystalline structure. with chocolate melts the crystals break um and the lattice shape dissolves when the mass cools the cocoa butter crystallizes again. but because it's polymorphic, it can crystallize into several forms with different physical characteristics. here's a simplified illustration. chocolate researchers have divided them into 5 groups. only one of these shapes is desirable and that can be challenging. the shape of the crystals influences the glazed, the texture,

and the appearance of the chocolate. if mainly crystals from these groups form, the chocolate will become dull, gooey, and robbery when you bend it, and it will have specs and whitish streaks. the lattice structure won't be stable with only when the ideal crystal structure comp beat a 5 predominates. will the chocolate get its proper shine and snap and melt pleasantly in your mouth? so how can you influence that? and important thing to know. different crystal forms have different melting phases . and that's what you need to keep in mind. set aside a 3rd of the chocolate melt the rest in a water bath pot, but not boiling. with at 40 to 50 degrees celsius, the fat molecules are receptive to every crystal form. if you now add the rest of

the chocolate finely grated, then this will have a next. the mass cools to the perfect temperature for the desired beta 5 crystals. the melted fat molecules magically assume the right crystal form. that's not only due to the right temperature, it's also because they prefer to take the form of the crystals in their vicinity. so they take their queue from the good grated chocolate. ah, sweet treats like chocolate, don't only tempt us humans. and so swiftly on the scene when they get a whiff of something delicious and may pass that information onto their bodies for the whole colony speaks. in no time at all lively traffic routes

formed right to the goodies. but believe it or not, ants are picky too. oh, oh. the son tis about to be duped. it's on the way to a feeding spot for the 4th time in rapid succession. the food is a sugary solution with rosemary. what are on doesn't know biologist, felix ober houser has changed the recipe. this time is a, took on newsome. we've put lemon into the sugar solution. so it tastes of lemon. be suit horner. but how will the, uh, react to that? the sugar content is just the same, so it's just as nourishing. when the sugar contained rosemary, the aunt was certainly cain. felix over hausa mocked the aunt yellow for easy recognition. it'll clean the marking of itself later. on the way back to its

nest, the insect dragged at 3 ran along the surface, leaving an invisible scent trail. tis a battle oak marked in blue with this leaf caught her aunt the almost the aunt put down sent on the substrate. here the paper to tell her nest made hey over here, there's something good to eat ticket of this. that's how and communicate with each other in the wild. an ant initially sets out on its own when searching for food. if it finds a good source, it runs back and forth between the nest and food marking a trail for the others. but what does it do when the food suddenly tastes different? when it finds lemon or not rose marie sugar water? it's been rejected. shame, but it seems the and had a certain expectation when, when the expectation wasn't fulfilled, it regarded the food source as less valuable than previously thought. that's also

evident in its st trail. this time it hardly left any trail for the others to follow. ah, we asked felix ober houser for more insights into the world of ants. i. yeah. magazine amazon thing we saw and don't seem to like lemon water as much as rosemary, water, ninty, other creatures of habit, the only consume was familiar to them. oh, connoisseurs, he don't like lemon water movements. it will messiah bonnie's gonna like is magnus, took us mindedness, in this case, the taste of the sugar, rosemary, or lemon, wasn't really so important. see what we actually wanted to see was if the aunts had developed expectations related to the tast. huh. what we've known for a while is that answer quite adept at recognizing good food sources of us, like when in and goes to the sugar water in nature, they feed on honey,

do they notice its quality? is the sugar water very sweet or less weight? you know, if they return on the sugar water is watered down and has less sugar, they often don't want it any more. that reaction has previously been considered logical from an evolutionary perspective. that answer would switch food sources when they're no longer worthwhile. however, what we found in our experiment was that the energy contained in the food is not necessarily what's decisive, and that ants have expectations about food on the whole. so that means the answer didn't just identified as a good source of food, but also that it tastes like lemon or rosemary to corn. what it was 1000000 when that like that, and that guides on searching for food. the how do they find a new source? has an assessment and if not on the think that's a very interesting question, it really depends on the species of and when we observe the black garden and for our experiment, we found that it relies heavily on its sense of smell on the hunt for food. often

a pheromone trail has been laid by another and they are known for doing that laying centrals that can be detected by others. with the help of a camera, we observed them do it on these centrals are very important. sensory impressions of sight is also important for the ants, just as much as it is for humans. they noticed, distinctive points on the ground, and use those as a guide. yeah, usually when young ants leave the nist, they 1st follow a pheromone trail because they know it'll lead somewhere interesting probably to food. and when they visit this food source, often many times they've got the chance to learn the route while getting a visual impression too high. that means that even if the entire centro were removed, they could still find their way. good customer? no. can i man your head back individual? lance could also just enjoy gobbling up the sugar bowl to drops all to themselves without informing other. and thanks for. in fact, why didn't develop into these altruistic little creatures now shine vital is titian,

titian and picket assessment. also very interesting, there are actually an stake don't do that. there are ancient species that only forage and search for food alone and returned to the nest alone to his nest. alaina, like it is all o worker female and often battle for power over who gets to reproduce. so to lay eggs myself as ants began to form larger societies, customs were created, such as one and being responsible for laying eggs. she usually also lives a lot longer than the others and the other female worker and complete other tasks in the at collin. oh. ok, gonna, as i mentioned, not this. and that certainly advantageous in terms of food sources like sugar water, which isn't the most natural example, but, and still march towards it. you have to put the camilla, the more ads from its own colony at the source,

the better chance to successfully defended a formula of hiding. it's also possible that when an ant leaves the nest, another insect will try to steal it. spawns susan, but this can be prevented by other and still present value. i don't need to explain the building of their nests. an obvious example of what ants can accomplish in groups. all these things together explain why the insects have thrived. jessica, some of the amazon formulas gamma that on fascinate. thank. thank you. thank you. you're welcome and have been able to spread far and wide thanks to their ability to adapt to different environments like ants. we humans to are constantly adapting our jaws and teeth have become smaller over time, adjusting to cooked food along we also seem to be developing a new artery in our for our normally it recedes in the embryo. but some people still have it. it's called our terry. a med yana. evolution just keeps on going.

our viewer lou more you are barbara vince. i wanted to know more is the theory of evolution. true or humans, descendants of apes. with countless species of plants and animals, live on earth and water on land and even in the air. this diversity was not created by one being all at once. british naturalists, charles darwin put forward a radical and shocking new hypothesis in the mid 19th century. his theory of evolution provided scientific evidence that all life forms evolved gradually over long periods of time. evolution never stops on life is program to reproduce. but it's not an equal playing field. only the fittest have

a chance. those best adapted to their environment. this adaptation can cause populations of one species to evolve in such different ways that new species emerge . darwin explained how all life evolved from different primordial forms. the horses that inhabit our earth to day have a common ancestor. this properly, a theory hm was about the size of a fox, had told was rather than hoofs, and lived in humid forests in the thicket. scientists know this from fossil bones around 50000000 years old. preserved phones of our ancestors have also been found, helping to deduce our origins and the development of our unique features, such as the upright gate were not direct descendants of apes. but we have a common ancestor who lived about 6000000 years ago. dna analysis shows how closely

our genes match those of apes. we share around 99 percent with chimpanzees. so with this level of similarity, can we still consider ourselves a crown of creation? ah, here they live on the streets there, abandoned, unwanted, and rome wild while here they go to the hairdresser. there, groaned, brushed, combed, and spoilt. still the dogs have a lot in common. they can so resources and like us humans in high numbers, they can be harmful to the environment. for many having a canine companion is one of the joys of life. but pet dogs can cause environmental problems which ones geo ecologist mathias fink bye know from berlin's technical

university. wanted to find out. first he calculated the impact of the average german dog. 15 kilograms in weight, 13 years, life expectancy. he then examined the key aspect of a pet dog's environmental impact. it's food. mathias fink, binary took measurements across 15 categories, including climate change, soil, acidic vacation and water pollution. dog food production rated poorly in almost all categories. but one area was especially alarming. the amount of climate damaging gases, the average german pet dog generates 630 kilograms of c o. 2 emissions per year. quite a lot then does he foster and thus the intergovernmental panel on climate change recommends that we only him, it 2 tons per person per year in the future. so it's 630 kilograms. you've already

used up about a 3rd of your personal c o 2 budget for the dog. and if you've got a big dog, it's more than half done. it's from malice. you have the main culprit for this high c o, 2 footprint or pop rent the meat in dog food, especially beef that buys hate at us. we all know that cows is ruminants, emit me thing up, which causes climate change to buy it on and good than the cow is also fed partly with concentrated feed, which contains saw for example, which is also partly grown outside germany in brazil. well, and has been cleared, it has an inch plane deflation. give would it? well, we have to include all these factors when examining the environmental impact of dog food in this, when, if with i get eaten at home. as people no longer eat as much awful as they used to slaughtered animals, organs end up in dog food, mostly from factory farming. this is part of the reason why the average dog generates such high climate damaging c o 2 emissions. when was he bullied that

endorse lengthy malone given that 10000000 dogs live in germany was if you then extrapolate that it adds up to 6000000 tons of c o 2 emissions each year from dogs, alarms to inquire dog. food also affects the environmental once it comes out, the other end. over the average, 13 year lifespan, a dog excrete 2000 leaders of urine and 1000 kilograms of feces. these contain heavy metals and to nitrogen mathias fink by nurse discovered that urine and feces are a significant cause of the over fertile ization of water bodies. excrement also plays a role in water pollution because it's the song, the feel. you can't blame the dog alone for damaging a lake or a body of water on the soil. kashodi is the total impact of all kinds of other products and emissions, and look, good embassy. all of the pet dog does add to all of these categories, and he was entitled to by the average person doesn't generally notice if the

condition of soils in plants is deteriorate. pito, who to man wants to change that. she's out taking a stroll in munich with her dog. anton flam happens with that. now sometimes i worry that am i wonder about the full impact of what hands on leaps behind and what other docs do. take you all because i have no idea how it all affects plants or nature in general. what else we can at 1800 biologist ta cielo franklin. wanted to show her the impact canine hearing of fluid with highly concentrated nitrogen, has on plants. he'll kill him. on the feel, feel see it clearly here and there to these are stinging nettles. many people know they grow mainly in nitrogen, rich soil which gets that way mostly due to animal excrement, especially urine in cities. it's generally dog urine, him to the doctor building houses and so it's assigned. there are lots of dogs round her ball where the nettles grow. there are usually a lot of dogs out and about in the city or books of twist. these are who do the

high dog population, wherein advertisement encouraging lees very plants. and that's what it means. we don't have bio diverse green spaces in urban areas. so in cities we only see plants that thrive on nitrogen to him. now he shows her a sloping strip of greenery. many dogs do their business. they're too. nevertheless plants that do not tolerate nitrogen grow they're rare to lose. toma meadow, mushrooms and mouse ear hawk weed. there savior the slope. this means nitrogen flows out of the soil quickly to speaking how that's why we have much more biodiversity here in the plants and the soil itself. ports of the microorganisms in the soil, the fungi, bacteria might do much better here than in the flat areas impact thaws. in even inflation, that's why it is so important to at least always dispose of your dogs excrement. this relieves the soil and water. however,

the bags are made of plastic to plastic. the plastic bag has an environmental impact of causal, but being able to avoid the damage from the droppings definitely makes up for it. dog owners can do even more for the environment, cook the food yourself, and use more sustainable products. and when choosing a breed for your bread, it's best to get a smaller one. this is because smaller dogs cause fewer problems for the environment, then larger ones. but dogs do have a lot to offer. they can help the blind, and they can even sniff out corona virus infections. but many people, dogs are simply a companion or help or if i with what is read, why are they bottom media? i do you have a science question, then send it to us as a video, text or voice mail? if we answer it on the show, we'll send you a little surprise as

a thank you. come on. just ask if you can find us on the web at d, w dot com slash science and on twitter, that's all for this week on to morrow to day. thanks for watching, enjoying this again next week. until then. stay curious. ah ah, ah, ah, ah, ah. ah

ah ah, with who gigantic, modern and sustainable. the new national museum in oslo for museums combined into one a mega project and possibly the new cultural hotspot in europe.

euro macs in 30 minutes on d. w. they stare at ash confident. oh john. black. they tell their story and that's of the 1st that he created them, made the artist logo. can you see krista from gotten arts 21 in 60 minutes double? oh, a little nar, davinci is mysterious masterpiece. ah,

it is perhaps the greatest leonardo masterpiece in the collection of the louvre and no, it is not the mona lisa. it is the virgin of the rocks, 2 versions, multiple copies, and a hidden drawing. was there another symbolic meaning to this beautiful baby that perhaps we just don't understand? the search for answers starts july 7th on d. w. welcome to the dark side where diligence agencies or pulling the strings were organized crime rules. were conglomerates make their own laws? we shed light on the opaque worlds who's behind benefits

and why are they a threat to what's all oh, peak will this week on d, w a this is d, w. news live from berlin, war of attrition. the battle for ukraine's don bass region drags all russian forces pound cities and kill civilians as you pray and struggles to hold all the onslaught . also coming up the u. k. government says julian.