on our website that's d w dot com. ah ah, ah, when precision engineer cowed sized found at his small workshop in gina germany a 175 years ago. he could not have foreseen what the future had in store for his company. it has since become a global corporation that continues to push technological progress around the world today with its innovations in computer chip development and medical technology. ah, one such ongoing revolution within the field of microscopy is taking place at harvard university in boston. professor jeff leachman had discovered that the key

to understanding the brain lies in its architecture that is in the spatial structure of the organ. but how can one look inside the brain? because a suitable microscope didn't exist. least men set about helping size to develop on the brain, as you probably know, is made up of many nerve cells that are interconnected in this vast network of connections that are poorly understood, largely because it's so complicated. and until recently, there haven't been technologies that would allow one to image the brain at that high resolution. one is you have to look at something that's very large and brain is very big. and you have to look at it at very high resolution. and usually the imaging techniques that allow you to look at high resolution, look at very small areas. and the imaging techniques that give you a field of view of a large area have low resolution. but in order to see the brain's wiring diagram

when needs both a large area at very high resolution. and that's only been possible with recent technologies. microscopic technologies. the result is a microscope that, apart from needing the oversight of a technician, it's fully automatic and operates 247. using $91.00 parallel electron beams, it depicts the brain tissue as a whole, a millions of a millimeter. at a time, policemen, a world renowned nearest scientist, uses the microscope that has little in common with the original creations of called size. it helps us to understand parkinson's and outsiders, and instead of pure optics, complex computer networks display the smallest structures in 3 d and in color. the humble beginnings of size lying a simple microscope created by the founder. he then found an ingenious partner in

answer, abbe, how its eyes an update on cards i sent. and st. abby had a clear vision, and they worked unrelentingly on innovations in the field of optics and photonics integrated. these are still, we even have founding documents from abbey asked where he writes, that these are the fields on which the company should focus. it's development. so, and that's what it has done over the past 175 years, failed to see those fields. photonics and, or tronics, are still broad enough for us to continue down that path. you wanted uniforms occurred in the housing with him altogether on november. the 17th 1846, the young calcite opened his 1st workshop in the small town of gena. the 1st he is wont, easy in size, kept the company afloat by selling eyeglasses at the time that people simply didn't know what it took to make it good microscope. so there was a lot of trial and error to begin with through the university

sized got to know as the other, a 26 year old private lecture in physics, whose research allowed for an exact calculation of optical lenses. this technology could lead brought a steady income, and soon the company moved into big premises. that size optical factory was becoming a scientific enterprise. auto shot a young chemist from written was lowered to yanna in 1882 with the promise of a custom made glass laboratory. the new high quality glass put size ahead of its competitors in 18. 88 carts ice passed away. but his approach remains engineering combined with the scientific approach and a network of top class researchers. so many years professor michelle touched girl was at the helm of the company high above the sized headquarters in oba coffin.

he explains how a constant pursuit of called sizes vision has turned the company into a global front rama in photonics. is rich to me or i would like to see many more interactions like this, between science and business in germany, talk soon, and it can only be beneficial for the country and all the better if we at science can contribute in this way. i. so i believe that our work is being recognized office, but we still need many more to follow our example of your personal feed, a few of our former. but what would he tell car size if he could show the founder, what has become of the company? right, very much alicia, if you're an order not, you know, i would probably take him here or to the large construction site in nina and ask him whether he could have imagined size taking on these dimensions back at the beginning and would have him go botanist. but i would also like to ask him if it's true that he had the microscopes that didn't meet his quality standard, smashed with a hammer on hobby bit, iron hamas. we'll probably never know if the story is truth and that the myths

certainly lives on as what, right near fun of them, utah slipped off, are the for the vital at least we know that one thing is not a myth. the highest goal of size and i bet was absolute perfection. they looked closely at their customers needs, and a bare developed one, optical, measuring device after another. they paid a visit to the world fair in paris to find out more about international microscope production technology. and the company's portfolio grew rapidly to include photographic lenses, measuring instruments, astronomical devices, planetarium, and lenses for eyeglasses. the company's expansion continues to this day, and currently a new dies campus is being built in, nina. one person who knows more than most about the founder is historian stefan petrov. i'm was in which i'm on fans off forced and the and start up on tiny him. you have to imagine him like a startup entrepreneur. ones not quite like those. we have to day dad, but the 19th century version. not so alice said mahan,

he had to do almost everything himself because he had very few people visor. sometimes just one or 2 employ. mid abide, and so tying his line against klein and was very small company this year. and so he had to do the bookkeeping himself, boucher, for another destiny of berwin, published a manual, i still have the ledger where it's ice entered, all his business transactions have enlisted every microscope. so when a script analyst stood there for call from because cooper, vagina is does that he probably found the environment of a university town with an up and coming natural science department, a very stimulating environment for his work. don. um, mit dem uh the list included the famous natural scientist, schleiden bolton, who also made a great contribution to microscopy. gammas hot dasa, das eyes i t was unfair and fun. after the death of his business partner up, he came up with a plan to honor that ice name and ensure the continued existence of their firm. he decided to set up a foundation is made that ice and shot companies independent of external owners,

allowing profits to be used for further investments and scientific promotion. this unusual organizational structure has remained a key to its success, but there were darker times ahead. size got caught up in the maelstrom of 2 world wars. in the 1st war, the company produced binoculars and range finders for the military. and in world war 2, the entire production was focused on armaments. the companies work force was bolstered by thousands of force, laborers, concentration, camp, prisoners, and prisoners of war. it was impossible to imagine the town at the time without the camps facing up to its past. so i became a member of the foundation remembrance, responsibility, and future. in 1945 after the 2nd world war science became a coveted prize for the us and soviet union, we take the brain became the us strategy. the most important blueprints were taken

along with the 77 top employees to over cochrane in the u. s. occupied side, the soviets to ported 275 sized employees along with all the machinery. at the time, few would have thought that this company could ever be resurrected. but thanks to a belief in their own abilities and the will to succeed, the workers turn things around from its new location in west germany is over kochenda size brand reached new heights in the so called free world and from gainer in the newly founded east gym. and state the named size became known throughout the eastern bloc. the growing competition between size and the westerns ice in the east was also played out in space photography. back then, space photography was considered pointless because earth's atmosphere would not allow any details to be seen. nasa's workaround was to pick up a hassle blad camera with its ice lens from a photo store in houston before the 1962 mercury atlas mission flight. it worked

all be it moderately, this lead to hassle. glad and science is close to collaboration on developing the special cameras which gave us the impressive images of the moon in 1969. in 1978, east germans sigma again went into space armed with a multi spectral camera built by cal tie. sienna, those images showed earth with an accuracy of 10 meters. soviet space flights used this technology into the 1980s in 1993. after the end of the cold war, all rec, val to flew to the international space station, i assess together with 5 american astronauts. for him, the subject of photography and space has a special significance grad about another trans,

even the under me soon for more when nasa plans a mission to the moon that costs $50000000000.00 that so nothing but the best will do both in terms of cameras and lenses because that's why they went with hustled blood and science high school. i can tell you a lot about the beauty of our earth in lectures had, but a picture is worth a 1000 words merits 1000 fought. after the fall of the berlin wall in 1999, the 2 companies will re united sizable alcohol foley because has he not a di by ice about coffin on and called sites una. both claim to be the legitimate successor to the workshop. once founded by tie, san eunice was i, this is why they were 2 very different companies. she went on im, this one was a huge state owned company in east germany that manufactured optical instruments for the entire eastern block aust block optician implemented with an incredible output and about 30000 employees and anita isis 1000. me to abide. when does under this and fits and the other was

a highly specialized west german medium sized company vos, which wasn't doing too well financially. i years 900. 891990 finance. yeah. it needs to would daft on it does have to go in austin. the plant in the east was in decatur, and the whole business concept relied on making most parts internally us monday. a few zip spots or am i know static e d ordered in, but that's a strategy that might have seemed logical under the conditions of a planned economy on because there were shortages of good and because they tried to buy as little as possible in the last 2000 and i'd so coulson, but it made no sense in the new era of the free market as with annoying side kinds in mag, it does has by don't. and im sticking idly auction in, forfeit. that meant both companies were already dealing with financial and organizational difficulties back that at all. she really won't. nunes oil. naturally on top of that, isn't this much smaller company from ober coffin was supposed to integrate a much larger company and her name, which had this amazing range in manufacturing. i know when globally she had to go

got a lot of economical, dead weight, diminished overture for some dim hyphen con, into clia. but despite all the differences, the one constant has been the company's dedication to the microscope. the nobel prize winner in medicine, robert cock who discovered the color. a pathogen was one of its most prominent customers since then, more than 30 nobel laureates and many other researches, world wide have sworn. but the size, microscopes, and just like in the early days, production starts with a glass block from shot which is turned into a variety of lenses. the image resolution of today's microscopic lenses can reveal the structures, the size of 1000th of a hair, light microscopes, and now stand it like an examined living cells 20 times faster than before. the next generation works with x rays, enabling nondestructive imaging in 3 day and about single most magazine

against our bay. once said that the microscopes of the future will have little more in common with those of today the name. when things continue to move in that direction, in 10 years time, microscopes will be technically even more complex than today company. but for the customer, there'll be like a box where the sample enters at the front and the result comes out of the back that i gave is holes called modern microscopes have long been designed according to a modular system. thinking about microscopy in the last 20 years or so, the amount of progress that we have made just from the kind of samples that we see in life sciences cells, microorganisms in material sciences. you know, all your complex materials that goes in semiconductor industry. it's been a tremendous journey in the scope of what can be achieved in microscopy. and the last 2030 years and zeiss has been at the forefront of it. and this one is the cross beam fi, 50 system,

which in addition to the existing electron microscopy side of it, it is our focused eye on be microscope. which enables to actually mill the samples and very 10 intervals to actually collect 3 d information in the biological field right now. one of the biggest things the customers are looking for is to conduct research on extremely tiny object like proteins and specific structures within the cells. and in order to do that, traditionally, it has been done and room temperature conditions. but this microscopes will allow you to prepare your samples under cryogenic conditions and the crowd. any conditions means your samples are below minus 140 or minus 100. it's 50 degrees celsius. norm numbers, gun salute. so to disclose the secret homes, the german future prize 2020 goes to dr. peter kurtz of the doctor, the on hot. michelle, you cursed us and dr. sergey you living together with the frown of the institute

and the trump company size was awarded to jim in future prize for the development of e. v lithography. it's based on photonics, the scientific field of lazy technology. d for tonic or vote. photonics will remain a key technology of all the, however, it's also the basis for new fields such as quantum technologies, which will certainly cause revolutions in the coming years of vote, size and upper harm in modern gas ice and other for always worked on increasing the resolution of optical instruments, and today's methods are going further and further into short wavelengths by applying the abbe formula in quotes, veiling belies. the idea is to further increase the resolution of optical instruments. he with the shorter wave length, lightest, the o. this was the basis for the new generation within lithography that which was awarded the future prize neu, again, as i'd say, own improvised little coffee d caught him in. so comes ice. also. extreme ultraviolet radiation is produced by

the world's most powerful laser shooting to beans at a droplet of tin. the 1st makes it swell. the 2nd creates the plasma here and machine, the size of a camper. then collectors capture the ear, the light emitted by the plasma, bundle it and transfer it to this i. so thought graphy system for exposure of the chip since lies is easily absorbed by the air and by objects. the process takes place in a high vacuum and environment without a molecules instead of lenses. the research is used, mirrors the light is and projected through a photo mask. lastly, a patent is transferred onto a silicon sheet that has previously been coated with a light sensitive chemical substance. this complicated process is what lies behind the creation of a micro chip with billions of transistors. how did any one come up with this idea?

it was in fact breathtaking, least simple. the camera lens was flipped and light sent through it for more than a century sized camera lenses have also been coveted by hollywood alongside the manufacturer, our read size is twice one the technical oscar for its lenses. the producers of the lord of the rings trilogy are among those who choose size lenses. the lenses a crucial for the brilliancy of the images as star director vin vendors can confirm this is so it's just fun viet asthma, vice versa. and lindsey, it's priceless to know what a lens can do and how it depicts the world. so until when you've ordered 3 sets of lenses and do a test by looking at the same setting through different lenses. so you really see the difference. when does the limits underscore isn't so unless you don't owe the

lenses are as different as our eyes sort of your eyes. the viewers eyes or my eyes are not all the same. and the great thing about lenses is that they keep evolving. but because they have to be able to capture and reflect the present time. so i don't think you could make a film with the old lenses from the fifty's that set today. i'm going to do that. the hardest them vendors teaches at renowned film schools world wide and he often refers to 2 of his most successful films. is rudo wooded. my cousin point, i saw police pictures, never, i would name the american friend loom and paris, texas because both films really succeeded in creating their own visual world. we wanted the movies to have their own narrative feelings to their own aesthetics and unique coloring. it in both films that also had a lot to do with the choice of cameras and lenses in bible film,

zermatt of i'd come wasn't an instance of to your me size would probably have been pleased to know that his company has remained truth. optics in continues to manufacture, eyeglasses to this day. and in addition to that measurement technology to day multi sensor process is guaranteed that the highest standards are met. in the automotive industry, there is no room for deviations when hundreds of thousands of cars leave the assembly line each year. as ice is also the world's leading company in surgical microscopes. ah, we are mariah from the may have enabled a number of nobel prize winners to perform their experiments for the 1st time with

the science equipment. feel it a few and many other innovative companies are using science technology as of, as we are leading in research everywhere, including in medical technology and if the world's best brain and spine surgeons use our surgical microscopes because they trust that size offers the best solution available on the market for their operations. in cancer therapy advancements have made radiation therapy possible during surgery. x rays appointed the spot with a chima was located. this is done using spherical adapter that fits exactly into the chima bed. in the case of brain tumors, this can significantly improve the patient's chances of survival. the ambition of cal sized to create the world's best equipment for optics evolved into an extraordinary company with 35000 employees at a 100 locations worldwide. the sleepy cocker valley became germany, silicon valley, and still manages and researchers that science want to push the boundaries of what

is physically possible guided by the companies core values, a pioneering spirit, and the courage to try new things. the great grand daughter of carl sized daughter catherine zibert, pays tribute to the founder. the file and the to saw for the spanish err, eigenschaften i and libra harley guide can always guide. of course, some protestant value, such as perseverance, accuracy, and a sense of duty come to mind. if you set out with those values, there is a good chance that you can reach yourself on post goals and the, and we all know that the company became leading and optics world wide. i don't know if you can call it a pride since there's no personal achievement to having a famous ancestor i. but of course he is a role model for her and that's something which is inspiring. sure is and for bid on good bunch born in order to maintain its place at the helm of optical

technologies, size is investing over 300000000 euros at its founding site. in yonah, where brand new production facility is being built, the high tech complex is characterized by its networked architecture. it's divided into 2 ground floors integrated into the hillside for production laboratories and infrastructure as well as 7 superimposed corpses. size is keen to create an attractive and dynamic environment for young start up companies innovation research and development need highly qualified specialists. the company wants to find and promote these in yona. the col sized foundation is one of germany's largest science, promoting foundations.

back at harvard university in boston, the acclaimed nero scientist jeff littman gives us some fascinating insights into the brain. thanks to size see these nerve cells, these big, large colored blobs and in between them are all the wires that connect one cell to the next. and as we zoom in, you see that these wires seem to be moving and that's just because we're moving through space not, not through time here. we're just following these wires as they go from one place to another. and the brain is just wires filled with huge numbers of wires and impossibly complicated wiring diagram. we can only begin to imagine what a work of one, the, the brain is. and the amount of data and stores is in comprehensible. the brain is densely packed with information and it's the brain as big as this.

whereas you can for a genome, it's a linear array of nucleotides, and i think it's about $1.00 gigabytes is the total human genome in terms of data. what you'd have to store for a cubic millimeter of brain tissue and a human has a 1000000 cubic millimeters. but if you have one cubic millimeter of brain tissue, that is about 1.4 petabytes 1000 terabytes. so that's $1400.00 terabytes of data per cubic millimeter. and then you have to multiply that by many orders of magnitude to do a whole brain of the size of a human brain. it's frankly impossible, at the moment to get a wiring diagram of the human brain at this resolution is the amount of data it would require is comparable to the total digital data in the world at s point in time.

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ah, it is perhaps the greatest leonardo masterpiece in the collection of the louvre and no, it is not the mona lisa. it is the virgin of the rocks, 2 versions, multiple copies, and a hidden drawing. was there another symbolic meaning to this beautiful baby that perhaps we just don't understand? a switch for answers starts july 7th on d. w. yet i guess straw skipping many people find having a chill put down a thread really unpleasant is that an absolute must be you should watch the w's help. so before deciding, today, we'll be looking at the stomach virus exams. try spring on stomach cramps, how.