oh d w so you want to know what makes the germans. you just did the german love via and batting thing, stuff away from stuff but i'm not even know how to work. my own car and everyone with later holden every single day getting. are you ready to meet the germans and join me? rachel stuart on d. w. on this glittering new edition of tomorrow, today i'll report to investigates how c o 2 can be turned into diamonds. and we visit is swiss research institute testing how to treat household waste water. so it can be re used passing water consumption in ha, but fust we caused our eyes to al, to space and ask, are they ways to prevent an asteroid from hitting oh, hello and welcome to to morrow to day. the cillian show on

d. w. on the 15th of february 2013, the russian city of chill yup. in school was hit by an asteroid. with the base done. right. there's an issue with me, but as soon as we don't ready ministries you a big long as you realize the shock wave caused massive destruction. windows shattered hundreds of people were injured by flying glass shards, thousands of buildings were damaged, some walls even collapsed. scientists estimate that the asteroid was 20 meters in diameter, roughly the size of a 5 story building. it weighed more than $10000.00 tons. and there even bigger

rocks hurtling through space. in 19 o 8, a massive asteroid exploded over siberia. it had a diameter of 70 meters and destroyed an area of the size of a washington d. c. scientist to explore the remote area and later years found millions of trees that had snapped like match sticks. so asteroids do pose a real threat. what can we do to defend our planet asteroids or chunks of rock or metal? the orbit, our solar system in a zone between jupiter and mars, called the asteroid belt. the asteroid belt is composed of millions of pieces and, and most of those pieces are actually very small dance. gretchen benedicts, she's been studying asteroids for more than 30 years. there's millions of them. they are small. in total,

the millions of pieces actually make up less of less mass than the mass of the moon . like planets, asteroids formed around 4500000000 years ago from cosmic dust, because they're so small, they don't have an atmosphere. so let's get the name straight. and asteroid is a space rock. when it enters the earth's atmosphere, it's called a meteor. and if it survives the trip and hit the ground, it's called a meteorite. in order to identify potentially dangerous asteroids space organizations like nasa and isa are constantly on the lookout. we have opposite. 5 observatories all around the earth, with brown based telescopes, done we observed the night sky. this is elena adams. she's a space systems engineer at the johns hopkins university, applied physics laboratory. and then, night after night, you come back and you see what things have moved in the sky that are not the stars

. when they discover a new asteroid, astronomers measure its brightness and the speed to calculate its orbit. then they try to estimate whether the asteroid is on collision course with earth. that can be quite challenging. remember, most of them are quite small. that makes them very hard to spot. and they're only visible when they reflect the sunlight. that's why most asteroids are only visible at night when they're speeding towards the earth with the sun behind them, they're almost impossible to spot. it's like looking into a car's headlights. the best way to find them is actually in the infrared wave length, but we don't have infrared telescopes on earth. the best way to do it is actually from spaced. so you're able to look around the whole space and i using infrared technology. i'll look for dark objects that are glowing.

there is another challenge. asteroids can change their course. for example, they react to the gravity of planets. this is so many moving parts. the earth is going around on an orbit, it's not descending, still. everything else is going on in orbit and, and those everything kind of interact with each other and so, wobbles occur. so far, scientists have discovered almost $30000.00 asteroids whose orbit brings them close to earth. around $2200.00 of them are considered to be potentially dangerous because they're larger than 140 meters. they would cause considerable damage on earth. when you detonate 500 tons of t and t, you get a massive explosion. but that's tiny compared to an asteroid,

measuring 20 meters in diameter. that would compare to $500000.00 tons of t and t. an asteroid of this size, 150 meters, would create an even bigger explosion. equal to 300000000 tons of t and t. that's enough to destroy a large city. asteroids measuring 10 kilometers in size are called global killers. when they hit the explosion would compared to 100000000 mega tons of t and t, it would have global consequences. and this threat is not just theoretical. 66000000 years ago, and asteroid measuring roughly 10 kilometers struck the mexican peninsula. the impact created so much dust that the climate changed only 25 percent of animal and plant species survived. so asteroids can create massive destruction. there would be a shock wave that could go potentially very car,

like global on the side. and the other thing is the 70 percent water. so the odds are that are russel hit water. so what we might have to worry about, it's more than anything and it doesn't make a difference whether they reach the ground or break up and the atmosphere the effect would be so catastrophic that space agencies from around the world have set up planetary defense centers. but what can we actually do to avoid being hit by an asteroid? everything depends on the timing. if the impact is estimated to be in less than one or 2 years, there's not much you can do other than evacuate the area. but if the asteroid is discovered 3 years or more from the estimated impact, then space agencies would have just enough time to prepare. in the case of

a smaller asteroid, they could attempt to change its flight trajectory of you centimeters could be enough. the thing is, is in those orbits a little change here is a big change around the other side. so if you can make a little, if you have enough time, make a little change here. you can have a big effect along the way. and that's what the planetary defense mission is trying to do right now. nasa and isa have sent satellites to an asteroid called dd most. it's orbited by a moon called d morphis. the aim is for one of the satellites to collide with the moon to make it change its orbit. what you're doing is you're hitting the moon of the larger asteroid, and all you're doing is just changing it just giving it a flick. so you're changing the orbit around the larger asteroid you're, you're slowing it down. and then it falls into a smaller orbit. um,

around the larger asteroid. to be clear, the to asteroids don't pose any danger to earth. this is just a test run. so we can save our plan at the next time we spot and asteroid heading her way. another option would be a so called gravitation tractor. a small spaceship could fly next to the asteroid using its gravitation. it could cool the asteroid out of it's dangerous trajectory . but there is a cabbie, it. ready it would only work for small asteroids. if we spot an asteroid, bigger than 400 meters in diameter, heading our way. the only option is a nuclear weapon. and no, that does not mean blowing it up like they do in hollywood movies. no,

that's a bad idea because you create a whole bunch of chunks that are still going to go in the trajectory towards you will also not take bruce willis, but however, what you can do is you would detonate something. i charge nuclear charge. in this case, fairly close to the answer to what you're creating is just a shock wave. and the shock wave will push the asteroid out of its way. it will need to store the asteroid, but it will make it missed. and then there are a few other as yet on tested ideas, a huge laser beam that would not be asteroid onto a different course. another option is to paint part of the asteroid. then the sun's radiation could push it out of the way that could cause a change deflection. but it's also very hard. you have to see if that's the right color change. and i mean, you need

a lot of time for that. we're not super promising but, but an option. but in case you dread going to bed to night. here is the good news. so far, scientists have only identified small asteroids said to collide with our planet and the next 100 years. most of them will burn up as shooting stars and our atmosphere . so make a wish that there is no big rock lurking behind it. ah, scientists are also keen to study asteroids to find out more about the origins of our solar system. in 2014, a japanese space probe says out on a 300000000 kilometer voyage to the asteroid, re you go. the higher boost to mission took samples from the asteroid, so they could be studied back at home in december 2020. the capsule containing the samples arrived back on us. so far, scientists have found more than 20 amino acids in the sample,

the building blocks of life. what's moon asteroids often contained precious metals and rare herbs. so one day we might well be mining raw materials in outer space. ah, when it comes to clean water, then we need to focus our attention back here on us and figure out ways to conserve this precious resource. in some regions, ground water is already depleted back according to his study carried out by the world resorts institute, using data from 189 countries or some countries are particularly high risk of water stress shown here in orange. the situation is especially dramatic in places like cutter, israel, lebanon, and iran. saving water is more important than ever, and in a special house in switzerland, new technologies being tested, to teach us,

or when it comes to conserving water. this building is setting a new standard. that's because the researchers here are determined to prove that waste water is not waste, but a valuable resource at the nest. modular research and innovation building and zurich researchers are developing and testing sustainable new housing technologies at this was federal institute of aquatic science and technology. airbag environmental engineer, corina doth, is one of the researchers investigating how domestic water consumption can be reduced to a minimum. does main focus is waste water. but about that and tell fearfully, waste water contains a lot of valuable resources. there's the water itself,

as well as the nutrients and energy, and if we can separate the waste water streams at the source, then we can treat them more easily and recover those resources of a saucer hooked together. in the nest housing modules, the researchers divide the waste water into different categories, depending on how polluted it is. this is duncan smallest, this is an ordinary kitchen sink. what special here is that the waste water flows into a separate pipe light pull up. we call this waste water heavy grey water because it has a relatively high fat content. and the researchers don't want the grease fats and oils to mix with other kinds of waste. water that will make it easier to treat the heavy grey water the water from the bathrooms is also kept separate according to category, thus effect, waste water from the shower and the bathroom sinks is called light green water

because it's only lightly contaminated with so as opposed to heavy grey water, which has a higher fat content. so the light grey water goes down a pipe of its own things get more complicated when it comes to waste water from the toilet. a special no mix toilet separates the urine or yellow water from the black water containing feces and toilet paper. and the yellow water runs along the toilet wall into its own separate pipe. the black water flows into a different pipe network at the back moon . the various wastewater streams then flow through separate pipes to what's called the water hub. the heart of the national research facility, the hub,

uses different technologies to treat the different kinds of waste water. in a bio reactor, the organic matter in the light and heavy grey water is decomposed by bacteria and purified as much as possible. and the process is similar to what happens in the municipal water treatment plant. it behind the the, the color we treat the gray water so that it can be reduced. right? here we have a membrane bio reactor in which bacteria work to decompose the organic matter of fact. so, and then having the anim and here's a membrane that filters the water to remove viruses and bacteria. but to pick a house of ever in an when the next step in activated carbon filter sift south organic substances at the end of the treatment process, the reclaimed water is not bure enough to drink,

but it's perfectly good to shower was long. ready oh, in the water hub, yellow water is treated for re use as a fertilizer. urine contains many valuable nutrients, including potassium, calcium and nitrogen. here for the theory, this is where we produce hurdle iser from urine. behind me you find the nitro vacation reactor, where the urine is stabilized, the nutrients remain in the liquid, but there is no longer an unpleasant odor. natalie uranus passed through this activated carbon filter, which sifts out micro pollutants because it will find equal health. it will flow. finally, the liquid is evaporated or distilled, which leaves behind a concentrated liquid fertilizer. and that conference top top the black water is treated to remove the liquids and unpleasant odors. what's left behind can be turned into pellets better, energy dense,

and can be used as fuel and heating systems. for example. it's hope that one day the technology used in this water hub could reduce fresh water consumption by up to 50 percent. relieve the burden on municipal wastewater treatment plants and recover valuable resources. but can onside systems like this be used on a large scale? is always effort worth it. mm. also sophistic that we want to develop ways to close the water cycle and nutrient cycles, so that we can recover resources from it intern wastewater into a valuable resource buffer of uneventful little sources. the question of the cost of optimizing the cost will be addressed at a later stage when we get to the point of implementing these technologies on a commercial scale. so waste water is more than just, it's

a resource here at nest. the researchers are determined to find ways to harness it . if i let is read why i gave you. now it's your turn. if you have a science question voice wanted on said, send it to us as a video, text or voice message. if we answer it on the show, you'll get a little surprise as a thank you. come on to start. antoniette reyes from el salvador wants to know how our deserts formed around one 5th of the earth's land mass is covered with deserts. areas in which few or no plans can grow. most of the deserts are found in the some tropical zones, to the north and south of the tropics. like this, a horror, dry cloudless air flows to these areas from the equator. bringing with it heat and

aridity the whole year round. china is home to the gobi, what's known as a rain shadow desert. the himalaya mountain range, which mice in the south act like a cloud barrier. allowing little precipitation to pass over its peaks. cold ocean currents can also lead to the formation of deserts, liken namibia on the west african coast by preventing moist air from coming ashore . even the polar regions are deserts. very little precipitation falls here, and it's so cold that water vapor freezes right in the air. so deserts mainly emerge due to a lack of water. their areas which received less than $200.00 millimeters of precipitation per year. but global warming is changing the amount of precipitation. it's distribution and intensity that can lead to the expansion of

existing deserts or the creation of new ones. humans are playing the greatest role in this desertification with its thirsty crops industrial farming not only harms the soil but consumes vast amounts of water to such intensive farming. lent the rawls see to dry out. it's once fertile bed is now still to damp. in many regions of the world, the ground water table has fallen dramatically. raising livestock also promotes desertification to many animals grazing. a meadow harms the vegetation which protects the soil. in south america, rain forests are being clear to sell the wood and raise cattle after their slashed and burned. the meadows can only be used for a short time before the soil loses its fertility. each year the deserts expand by some 70000 square kilometers a surface, the size of ireland,

or lake victoria in africa. ah, yes, sense of ways of being studied to remove the greenhouse gas c o 2 from the atmosphere like carbon capture and storage. the idea is that carbon dioxide from factory emissions, for example, would be stored permanently, and coal mines old reservoirs, or deep se, line aquifers. the direct air capture method is one promising approach and several pilot projects are underway. and the biggest one is an iceland and it's operated with geothermal energy. it pumps the carbon dioxide, 2000 meters underground after its been sucked out of the atmosphere by troy and fastened in the point of source capture method. the c o 2 emissions are captured directly at large sources like up this power plant in scotland. the carbon

dioxide is then transported through an offshore pipeline and finally stored permanently deep underground. but there are other rather unusual ideas out there for capturing c o 2. as i reporter ahmed collage, he found out hey, have you heard of this? you can make diamonds out of the greenhouse god, not one dark side. me, no joke. you can actually mine the sky. well at least then from great britain say, so then is this for real? the idea came about thinking about carbon capture and realize that we had to lock it into something permanent. and that led me to think of dimes as most part of the form of carbon transforming thin air into sparkling diamonds. sound

somehow. not because order h ladies and gentlemen. let's make some divers. dane, it's your turn. how does it work? sir? we capture rain water and we split it to make hydrogen. we, we don't need the oxygen. we capture c o 2. and we feed hydrogen and c o 2 into another machine that makes neat. but it's basically the gases that we feed in that super high temperature, which then enables the carbon in the me thing to drop out and form the crystalline structure. ah, and in 2 weeks you, diamonds, diamonds are tended of purity going to perfection.

no. but then why should i do all this out to me to get one diamond mining is really destructive process to the environment. the holes so big you can see them from all mining industry digs, 1100 tons of rock to make that one tiny stone. and that whole process emits enormous amounts of c or 2 and pollute the environment. ok, thanks for the listen. got it. so if on naming of having a diamond without damaging the environment, i just have to lie in the sky. for more fascinating stories from the world of science and technology take out our website or follow us on twitter. that's all for this edition of to morrow to day.

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the economics magazine lead in germany on d w. ah, go mike speaking, how can this passionate hatred of a people be explained? a gold top, where does it come from? come all swept the history of antisemitism. is a history of stigmatization and exclusion of religious and political power struggles in the christian christianity wants to convince that is why christianity use the figure of the jew as any parent, similar to sla, it's a history of slender, of hatred and violence is the bodies from from then on the jews were considered servants of evil. we simply told you the most atrocious chapter

and that within 6 years, a 3rd of our people were exterminated in meeting 6000000 jews. like microbes to be annihilated. even 77 years after the holocaust hatred towards jews is still pervasive. a history of anti semitism starts july 2nd on d w. ah ah, this is debbie news. these are our top stories. g 7 leaders have agreed to invest $600000000000.00 in global infrastructure. the pledge came on the 1st day of their annual summit, which germany is hosting this year. the investment aims to advance sustainable and transparent economic development. leaders of the world's richest industrialized democracies also said their focus is on energy security. since give has been rocked by several explosions. russian strikes.