speaking, how can this passionate hatred of the people be explained? oh, go upon, go. a history of anti semitism is a history of stigmatization and exclusion of religious and political power struggles. it's a history of slender, of hatred and violence. ah, even 77 years after the holocaust hatred towards jews is still pervasive. oh, a history that you semitism this week on d. w. ah, a dark, cloudless night, is perfect for star gazing and for admiring the moon, a celestial body with a mysterious romantic appeal. and without it, life on earth wouldn't exist. but 1st, we take a look at mercury. the baby colombo mission is now heading its way and sent some

snapshots back to us here on a welcome to to morrow to day the science show on d. w. as we cast our eyes towards the sky's mercury is the innermost planet and our solar system and it's rather hard to reach . the baby, colombo probe is heading there on a long and securities route. it will be making a number of fly buys, pos, mercury to calibrate it's trajectory. the 2nd fly by was in late june 2022 on the prob, sent back some selfies as a momento law, and we already have a soundtrack from the 1st fly by oh, the spacecraft will have to do full moon fly buys before it reaches its mercury orbit and with and some rather extreme conditions. aw,

1000000000 euros. that's how much the european space agency and japan's jackson space agency shelled out on their bet be colombo project. although mercury is relatively close to the earth, studying the innermost planet of our solar system is still a major challenge. viewed from the earth, mercury is easily obscured by our central star, the sun. that makes observations with a telescope very difficult, and any one wants to fly to mercury has to contend with the sun's relentless gravitational pull. all european space flights are monitored here at the aces operating center in darmstadt, germany, in order to enable bebee colombo to reach an orbit around mercury. engineers have had to calculate a complicated route. the total travel time, 7 years. this kind of computation in maneuvers are extremely complex because we are

flying to our do the sun, which is like a, well, there's an extreme gravitational pull in that area. medical is very close to it. we're actually mixing 3 different types of energy. we're actually flying with our rocket, the area and 5 that is launching us in space. we are using electric propulsion on board the spacecraft itself. and we also use planetary swing by the flight to mercury is in a way the longest breaking distance in space history. debbie colombo has now flown close to venus twice each time the probe has given up a bit of its kinetic energy to the planet. that is allowed the probe to approach mercury's orbit around the sun. bebee colombo, as passed by its research object at 200 kilometers distance between them twice so far. and in keeping with the times has sent cosmic selby's of the planet end itself back to her. but the probe is still traveling too fast. it has to slow down another

6 times through swing by maneuvers. would the help of mercury's gravitational field only then after 7 years of flight will the prob, andrew are in orbit around the planet and split into 2 observations, satellites, one european and one japanese. that's when the real challenge begins. not only use the solar radiation on mercury 10 times stronger than on earth. in addition, mercury's daytime side heats up to 480 degrees celsius. for asia project manager as a mountain yom, it's been an unprecedented challenge. when did he almost stuff you did my tell you only database a visa was way up to 120 degrees centigrade, whereby we will experience temperature of the other 250. so one can get the fitting of the gas that has to be ridged. with this program to protect the sensitive technology from the heat of special covering made of ceramic fibers. and titanium

was designed for a bit b colombo and sewn by hand. in 2025, the european satellite will focus its attention on the surface of the planet. while the japanese magnetic orators main objective is to find out why mercury is the only planet besides earth to have a magnetic field. with certain times, mercury, and other planets and outside the system of visible from here on. and sometimes 2 or more planets are visible on a single path. but the planets all that around the sun at very different speeds. so this kind of a planetary conjunction is a bare event. in late june 20, 225 celestial bodies aligned in a kind of planetary parade across the heavens. action, moss,

jupiter and venus will still be visible for a few more weeks. the string of puff lined up along the horizon. close i. gabriel asa from columbia had a question about that. why did the planets we see in the night sky, shine like stars even to the naked eye? a few of the small dots of light up in the firmament, standout, while most of them keep a constant distance to each other, a selected few move in relation to the rest. the ancient greeks called them the aesthetic planet tie or wandering stars. they noticed the light from the wanderers was all so different than that from the more fixed points. they didn't twinkle, but shone with a steadier gleam. but the mystery only began to really unravel with the invention of the telescope. it revealed that light, the moon and the sun. the spheres we called planets were closer to us than the most

distant stars. ah. the fact that they close, at least in astronomical terms, is one reason why some of the other planets in our solar system of visible from the earth's surface 5, a bright enough to see with the naked eye, our closest neighbors, mercury, venus, and mars. and the more distant gas giants, jupiter and satin, all sun, like all the stars, is a vast ball of gas slowly collapsing under its own gravity. the enormous temperature and pressure caused the lighter elements in it to begin fusing together into heavier ones. releasing energy, some of it as light. so stars produce their own light. us and the other planets in our solar system on the other hand, don't generate gravitational fields strong enough to cause them to collapse and begin nuclear fusion. so they don't produce their own right. they only reflect the

light of the sun, but the other planets is so much closer to earth than the distant stars that they seem to shine just as brightly, if not more so, even though they aren't emitting the light themselves and affect perfectly demonstrated by the brightest object in the night sky, the celestial sphere closest to earth of all the moon the night sky would not be complete without the moon to us, it appears to wax and wane, but its position is actually it is changing in relation to the earth. it revolves around our planet in an elliptical orbit, at its furthest point from the earth. it's known as a micro mill. when a full moon coincides with the orbits closest point to the earth, it's known as a super moon. it appears bigger and much brighter than the micro moon. but there are many other light phenomena that appear in the night sky. let's take

a look at 5 of the most impressive light displays on. ready first, stop in our top 5 light phenomena is found far, far away from our home, almost 400000 kilometers above us. the moon, as we typically picture it. although sometimes it looks like this. imposing the large and bewitching lea rent so what's going on there? meteorologist him stagger, explains the mystery of this enchanting sight. brood! mourned with the blood or copper moon occurs, and when the moon moves into the earth shadow during a total lunar eclipse of the eye as the earth casts its shadow across the moon. in some of the sunlight is refracted on entering the atmosphere on good. while the

blue light scatters the red light reaches the moon and it's a bit like the color filter. the red light is reflected back to us, which is why we see the moon as having his dramatic red color aside when stunned him one. but that's not the only moon related phenomenon. sometimes the moon appears to be enormous as it nears the horizon. how so? usually of people used to believe that the refraction of light from the moon was the reason for the moon appearing to be closer to us all good. it was a belief shared by aristotle from us, but unfortunately they were wrong in light of fudge. oh, in fact, it's an optical illusion. when the moon's right on the horizon, we can't help comparing it with other objects. also in our view, such as buildings. and as we can't really judge the distance to the moon, our brains perceive it as bigger than it actually is. for obvious reasons, the phenomenon is known as the moon illusion. the moon seen here on the right, for example, looks larger than the one on the left. but in reality,

they're the same size. coming back down closer to earth, around 400 kilometers above us. we've recently been witness to this mysterious light phenomenon. what looks like a luminescent string of pearls seen here above the netherlands. it's name is starling. starlight is a project operated by feel on mosque and his face ex company. it comprises the constellation of satellites for delivering high speed internet anywhere on the planet, especially in areas where access is currently very limited. the system is eventually set to boast of phenomenal $40000.00 satellites orbiting the earth. that however, increases the danger of collisions as well as of space junk accumulating. and that's not all. some of these satellites communicate with each other and those signals can interfere with radio astronomy estimate if you're trying to receive

radio signals from distant galaxies and, and they're being disrupted by a network of signals all around the earth. you might well get distortions and inaccurate resolves fell so radio astronomers are a bit anxious um, yet at a more terrestrial altitude of 10 kilometers, we have halos. ready so where do they come from blue? you can image they can be created when light is refracted by ice crystals. if the crystals are aligned in a particular direction, mostly they all refract the light in the same way and then you suddenly get these spectacular phenomena when like par, halleck circles or sun halo said if in a mean new eaten by spi kaiser, and sometimes there were some really interesting combinations of these many halo phenomenon and these are guns hogwash are no are number one, life phenomenon is found just above the earth's surface and is on

a far more minute scale. glow worms, our fire flies, emit light in order to attract partners. and the key to that tantalizing low is something called mile luminescence. is the key. michelle, it's due to a chemical reaction inside the creatures. a lament. 3rd, there's an element called lucifer in, and it reacts with oxygen and the atp energy molecules from cells menlo fun in a key. and that conversion of chemical energy into light energy is exceptionally efficient. and glo worms kemesha in a key leak in a given. and at the same time, on balmy summer nights, those little lighting bunks can conjure a truly magical atmosphere glen glen. lisa, they tales when they want to attract a mate. it's a passionate encounter, complete with romantic lighting. ah,

but not all creatures had that option. some seek out other forms of lighting to illuminate the night, throats and other amphibians liked him made during the full moon. many sea creatures do the same, not because it's especially romantic. the full moon simply signifies the start of mating season. and that's not all the moon has a profound effect on our entire planet. during a full moon, the moon is often an imposing presence in the sky. they cast everything in its magical light. you feel that the earth is under its spell, wolves howling and a full moon may be the stuff of legends. but many nocturnal creatures do use the moon as a compass of sorts. the precision with which lunar cycles affect nature can

be seen at australia's great barrier reef. there the moon triggers the annual mass corresponding and early summer. on a certain day after a full moon, the corals release their sperm and eggs into the water at the same time ensuring their reproduction as the biggest light source at night. the moon gives orientation to life on earth. but what role does it play in celestial mechanics? what would happen, for instance, if the moon didn't orbit the earth, that would be a change with disastrous consequences. over millennia, the earth would start to spend wildly like a top, and everything would change. by an extreme tilt of the earth's axis, the north pole would go 3 months without any sun rule, just half

a year later, the same pole would be facing the sun. day and night. there would be a constant juxtaposition between extreme cold and extreme heat. most life forms would be unable to adapt to such extremes, which would bring unimaginably strong storms with heavy rain causing floods. in other words, without the moon that be no life on earth, it's the moon that stabilizes the earth's axis of rotation. the gravitational worse between them keeps everything in place. that's how stable climate zones were able to develop. cold, warm, or moderate regions that plants and animals have adapted to

the moon's gravity tugs at the water in our oceans and even the land itself. creating titled bulges and even causing land masses to rise by nearly half a meter. the moon literally holds the earth in place as it rotates. without it, our planet would spin 3 times faster. the phases of the moon also affect the ocean tides. those who manage to adapt to the title, rhythms can prosper. here. these mudflats host 10 times more living creatures than a normal seafloor. the size of the area is subject to flooding on earth are also dictated by the moon. oh, assuming it was just 120th the distance from the earth. every coastline along the world ocean would be under water at high tide.

so when the moon in the night sky appears nearly as powerful as the sun, that's a pretty good indication of its importance for our life here on earth. the moon is once again tang a greater role in space. exploration. everyone is looking to get in on the action under the ottoman space. my program humans will once again land on the moon during this decade. a nasa, the european space agency and other partners will spend the coming years preparing class. ah, there's lots to consider when developing and building space vehicles. so students in germany are getting some practice designing moon rovers like this one and building space rockets,

ions for long mission accomplished. this rocket launch gets a lot of points on the ascent. it was very good. and the descent was really nice. children. 17, some students are competing against each other with their model rockets, mom and whoever managers to shoot a raw egg into space and bring it back safely, winds 4 days earlier, the icarus team, 3 mechanical engineering students are planning their model. the challenge, the rockets need to be stable, but also lightweight. they're creating the blueprint on a computer with then it's time for some hands on work. the 1st step, the fuselage, the students have decided to build a laminated structure made from resin and fiberglass foil,

so it remains stable and light. with what's important here your gotten plan off in for should definitely make a good plan beforehand so you don't get a surprise at the end and don't expect everything to work out the 1st time. i have ideas and be able to alter things quickly and i'm calling. you should also enjoy tinkering around with things you've bought from boston off info. on the next step, the nose cone of the rocket in which the egg needs to be carefully transported. the students idea a cone made of soft plastic, not of hard laminate. the 3 d printer takes care of the construction the result, a kind of airbag for the egg. the competition is pursuing other ideas. the

stalks team made up of to electrical engineers and an astronaut. want to see wait, i've been there is under hers was bitter funded. co. our fuselage is special, but you can see the diameter is different here. them here and it's one part of you must, we did it like that especially. so the engine fits directly into the tube water, the others have to make a shell around the engine them. so it fits into the larger body tube. we save that weight and want to use it to achieve more altitude yet. oh. for that reason their rocket is made out of laminate throughout. even the fins. these many wings stabilized the flight trajectory. besides the flight performance, the design is also graded up. every rocket looks different.

teen icarus, is working on the parachute. there is also a dilemma here. too large means too heavy and difficult to pack. too small can mean too hard. a landing team, icarus, believe the diameter of 60 centimeters isn't good. compromise will that really protect the ag enough to remain unbroken on landing team. vigorous is doing a drop test to check it out. collision with a wall on the way down. and a crash landing on asphalt. is the anchor still intact? oh no, not any more. next attempt ah,

if morris can't win the competition with a broken egg, no more is it's broken again. it's time. the competition is starting on the fields next to the gushing campus. one of them and indeed, every ranken is unique and each group believes it's going to win because of its own special ideas that he thought that was a rocket is a bit bigger, but we have more room for the parachute. we get a longer flight time and the egg has a softer landing of colon and gordon from ion aftermarket or the rocket is probably one of the lightest here. only 40 grams. that's a lot lighter than most others. which things cuz our, our overall package is good and our design is really nice. oh, bar. oh,

goodness, the 1st take on oh. stable flight path. the parachute opens good flight duration. that adds up to a lot of points on this team has a good chance of victory. as long as the eggs stays intact, i like the chance of victory evaporates of island on our 2nd take off teams space, eggs, water, space, eggs, the lightest rocket. there will be lots of points for that alone with these eggs. rocket is now the one to chase is either the staunch team gets it now red and black rocket ready?

oh, good disappointment? following the salvage operation, the nose cone and with the egg. our last that's only good for flavor and last team icarus. yeah, i'll let everyone ready. then i'll asked him to day team because good. i oh. there rock it has a lucky landing. this is all this girl, the smiles for. oh. with great design, long flight duration, an intact egg. that's the winning combination. ah. if i'm a blood is red, why i gave you? do you have a sized question?

then send it to us as a video, text or voice message. if your question is chosen for the show will send you a little surprised as a thank you, come on, just does and from all fascinating stories from the world of science, check us out on d, w dot com slash science and on twitter. that's it for this week. so thanks for watching and see you next week for another edition of to morrow to day until then bye bye. ah ah ah ah ah

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