the capital of syringe, yes. to see the longest inhabitant breach. a city packed with culture, again in 30 minutes on d. w. these places in europe are smashing all the records. stepped into a bold adventure. it's the treasure map for modern globetrotters. discover some of you to record breaking sites on your back. youtube and now also in book form with july 20th marks the 200 anniversary of the birth of gregor mendel. who you may ask for, you know, getting amended was no idea. it rings about no. nina, i don't think i know him all hybridization. we had that in biology right. just

recently. and i was, i only know i mendel's laws of heredity and who se, something about genetic this is genetics. and then then yeah. okay. okay. yes, of course. yeah. what can you tell me what i he was a me when in the beginning genetics. yeah, he was a mom for all those still racking their brains will look at why his discoveries are so important and why school still teach mendel's laws today. welcome to to morrow to day. the science show on dw gregor mendel was indeed a monk. in 1843, he joined a monastery in a town, now known as but no in the czech republic. he became intrigued by the peas growing in the monasteries garden. they had purple white pink flowers. the pods were

different. colors to some peas around, others were wrinkled. how can there be so many variations? he wonder? he began cross breeding the peas producing more than $28000.00 plants. the results amazed him. when he crossed purple in white flowers, he only got plants with purple flowers. then he crossed 2 of those 2nd generation purple flowers and got a few with white flowers again. he began to understand the laws of inheritance. some traits are dominant, others are recessive and impressive discovery that has been a huge benefit to the modern world. 2 so happy birthday to gregor mental move. mendel's laws still form the basis of our understanding of modern genetics. the later discovery of chromosomes further widened our understanding of how heredity works. to day plants can be bred to favor specific traits.

cannabis is one example of this. what at 1st glance might look like a marijuana plantation is actually a work in progress. the research is those green leaves are packed with valuable data to be assessed in the lab by a dna sequencing. stevenson and his team are on a mission to unlock the secrets of cannabis. 3 repeated cycles of growing and analysis. soon, the results of that was going to a huge database about the plant. if them, if will dogs normally show us each? some of the plans are susceptible to pester katcha while others have resistance mechanisms that are obviously of interest to us know through and some plans have a higher yield than others. all, can you some have a faster growth rate? so, and there are differences in their chemical constituents. we have clients containing g, h, c, and some that eval not at all again,

but instead contain other fascinating chemicals that he's gotten in the, in the hold. so for cannabis contains over 400 such chemicals, you sent everything from medicine and the food industry to cosmetics around 200 have already been identified by the team at pure g. finding out which properties a particular plant has involves the research as decoding it's genetic information, it's dna o, individual sequences contain information on specific properties such as flavor resilience and useful ingredients o pure gene has analyzed and evaluated the dna of thousands of plants. a task only possible with the help of artificial intelligence. the insights provided enable them to grow new cannabis plants with new properties. eyes for the garage to own, the memorable caught,

one of the world's biggest cannabis growing companies with no operates in areas that have major problems with patches you such as a particular fungus lame and meet the recycling. also dish. pick the from eat that have built small. this effects 20 to 25 percent dance artist, which means substantial loss. oscar law dot thing that means your net yeap worth sooner on ta. so we're currently working on cross greeting to produce plans for that company. that resistance to the fungus route, so some so i can literally the off to mark, bring back along with genetic information. the database also includes the results of field experiments. the team has dissected, measured and photographed hundreds of plants, even record that the size, smell, and appearance of the roots. back in the lab, they also examined the all important buds. looking for evidence of pests and tracking their exact color. the samples of them bagged and stored for future use.

the sisters here is some we look at the entire plant, the standing and the number of side shoot josiah, which together determine the plant architecture to o n t like of many other aspects aug viagra. nomic properties of cannabis are also relatively unknown. emotional, how we want to find out which plan to play with which architecture has the best yields and results in a healthy plant density. her thunder wished understand the. the key to cultivating new canvas plants is combining knowledge at the plant architecture with dna. is that of resulting to gene manipulation. the research is used the conventional technique of cross breeding. they create new combinations from different plants with different properties. it's called molecular breeding. and in this case, it's also a business model. you can imagine that a pharmaceutical application will want a very structured plant in terms of it's kind of annoyed in tokyo ratio. and

another customer might want a, a fiber from the plant and the plant that produces the fiber is very different from the plant that produces the cannibal noise with turbans. so here we've read the varieties which are fit for purpose for their application for our clients. the potential market for a range of cannabis products is huge. stevenson started to venture with cannabis derived tobacco substitutes. 3 years ago he set up the research campus here at just the right time. i knew seed sir, had made the move with tie down the call. the opportunity was there as cannabis has long been demonized by lawmakers who only focus on the t h. c. it contains 8 and little else. but at the same time, them, we find a huge progress with molecular breeding molecule, analyzing this amount of data, and generate data points on this kind of scale that, that would not in the hospital a few years ago,

though technologically or affordably all gotten with mach look see order new to solve all future breeding programs will mean having big investors on board. but also seat developers bio informative sions, and a i experts as well as enormous computing power. to give you a few examples, we've generated 200000 data points for cannibal noise alone. just this year we generated a 1000000 data points of physical characteristics. laplant and our genome sequence generates $10000000.00 data points per week. thus, each a taking a look evils. this is a technology that can be applied to all plants. of course, one of our professional ones told me the imagine you have an apple, you change one single property and you get the shelf life by 7 days the. but think about the changes that would mean for the world outfit. it gives you an idea of what will be possible in the future with molecular breeding. that soft ice will come from off bullish that for now they're focusing on cannabis. and with the basic

research soon set for completion, your gene is ripe for a $1000000000.00 market. once again, all that genetic fine tuning is based on gregor mendel. laws. his discoveries brought real change to farming and the 20th century. plants could now be propagated to bring out specific characteristics like rape said, for example, it's thanks to mendel that we now have palatable canola oil. but the 20th century also produced a broader agricultural revolution. here's an example from germany. a farmer, some animals and the simplest of implements for many centuries that was typical in agriculture the farm. his hands were his main tools, augmented by patience and lots of muscle power. ah,

but the yield was often meagre. about $1.00 tons per hector for wheat in 1900. then farmers started using fertilizers and pesticides. that boosted harvests by the 1950s wheat yields had increased by almost one ton perfector, partly due to advances in farm machinery. agriculture grew more efficient. within blue doctor, with the 1720 jew and 28 horse power bulldog models, loans puts a tractor into the hands of the foreign community that makes the farmer's work more effortless, economical and profitable attack. i'd just type in 1955, around 800000 tractors were registered in west germany alone. gradually, the machines established themselves everywhere in gem and agriculture. land was cleared for them and areas where consolidated many smaller farms lacked the money

for the expensive technology and gave up. others came in and bought the land. farm fields became larger and larger and were further optimized for yield. in 1980 german farmers grew almost 5 tons of wheat for hector. the use of pesticides went up as well. when the bank that when the vineyards have winter cold and me frosts behind them, pest control begin shift. the progressive era uses the culture track a 12 with the holder, p t o, the self propelled unit with excellent, lower efficiency saves time, and money site won't get there was so much production that follows overflowed. starting in the 19 sixty's funding came from the newly founded european economic community, it for products from farmers at fixed prices. it was a time of butter mountains and ill claim. ah,

in the 1990s the european union changed the subsidies. now farmers received direct payments. the more land, the more money, large farms were, the winners of the new agricultural policy, the yield of wheat po, hector also continued to rise reaching $7.00 tons in the year. 2000. then more space in nature and more sustainable production became the new catch phrases. many farmers switched to organic farming. yet the bulk of agricultural products still come from industrial fonts. and those rising wields per hector in 2018 germany suffered from drought and they fell sharply. livestock farming has also undergone massive changes. pick cows, for example. in the past they provided both milk and meat. now they're specially

bred beef cattle, have more muscle. dairy cows tend to be leaner, but have huge utters a modern dairy cow, produces 3 times more milk than a century ago. and breeders continued to fine tune in the lab with artificial insemination. a prize bull is brought in for work extinct is theodore. so the bull mountains, the cow, but the operator has an artificial vagina ready for which the bull ejaculates in 2 . and that's how we collect the seaman lock on the, on the how much semen do they get, visited to say, from one ejaculate we get 200 to 800 doses depending on the age of the bulls edge. but it's business, as usual at the farm which belongs to a company called swiss genetics in north and switzerland. that main business is collecting semen. the bowls a cold and twice a week. the company apply semen from prize bulls to thousands of farms all over

switzerland. cows are then artificially inseminated with the desired seamen. more than 700000 cows are impregnated in this way every year. it's been the company's main business for decades. but swiss genetics is now exploring new avenues that emit perfect is hot. with in vitro fertilization, excels are harvested from sexually mature cows exalted and brought to the laboratories and we fertilize them there. the so called that dimmer. so then we take them over to these incubators here where they are cultivated for 7 days. after that, as we either fries them or transfer them straight to a cow it good. so instead of inseminated the kaos directly with the ble semen eggs of fertilized separately in the laboratory. the focus is on harvesting eggs

from the most economically productive taos. these excels of unfertilized and implanted in a number of different cows which are effectively sorry, got mothers. the procedure is expensive but necessary for the fan to hold its own in a highly competitive market. it's a smoky vic. this technology is used a lot all over the world with unsafe canals on it. so we have to keep up with to ensure our selection program stays competitive. friends face clipper, it allows farmers to quickly breed cows. the half desirable qualities, the honest kennedy said about force here. so say we have one cow that is genetically very valuable, saw me. if i breed using artificial insemination, i get one calf each here a no comma for them the. but if i use i v f, then i can harvest eggs repeatedly from that same cow a and fertilize them would sperm from different bulls image to ship and the fact

that the through them and get anything from $5.00 to $15.00 calves each year, depending on how i choose to breed from that one genetically valuable cow for them can. it is fact for with you. meanwhile, the swiss town of zant gallon prepares for a cattle show. these cows were in high demand as act owners prized for their genetic qualities. for breeders, as big business, despite the costs involved, both the least with the community base to many long i can reproduce cows that are long living and have a top milk yield me. so my farm produces more milk from the same sized. heard here for the breeders, it's all about reproducing prize cattle at high speed in organic farming. this kind of technology is banned. it also raises fundamental questions about the future. farming is, is as seriously called the risk is that you end up with a reduced jane poll because you keep taking the same dna from

a few top house for about in organic farming. we aim for which via diversity or adapted to the different environment size, that there is no one top dna and there are many, depending on the environment. but swiss genetics argues ivy f could be used to breed a wide range of cows saying it's not just about attaining a high milk yield in santa understood. and today it's more about issues like the feed version rates. so the efficiency with which livestock convert feed into desired output and so and then other issues like longevity know, horns and good hell and loss. he came on. the excellent guy ah, these days, livestock breeding is a high tech business. opinions differ on whether that's a good thing or not, but this swiss genetics time is certain. it's on the right path. genetic engineering also allows cattle to be bred without horns. so the less likely

to injure each other. many farmers cut off the horns by hand, a painful procedure for the animal. with genetic engineering, there is no pain. but animals still need to be slaughtered. if we want to eat meat, there's no way around that. or is there, ah, this laboratory is growing the meat of the future. biologist, p at try kruger, heads up her research team at whitening in university. cultivating so called clean meat, a project they've been working on since 2019 to process begins by taking some muscle tissue from a piece of real meat. the research is isolate the stem cells and multiply them and then create that artificial meat pit. i clue gab elites, lap grown meat will play a key role in the future. different anger,

shrinking does endorsement. it's shocking how few people and groups are involved in this area of research in germany. it's angry because we have a growing global population revokable and 20 years from now. we won't be able to feed everyone sufficiently with existing methods of most in chron would celebratory me. it will become a crucial element of wall. more than 80 star tops and research groups are working on lab me. 12 white in 2013 moser meet presented the 1st cultured burg patty. as the cost of over 200000 years is miss ernest helped us be applied. and we can also learn a lot, especially in these early stages by, by 3. yet. we do now have products that are far cheaper than before, but they're still too expensive. anything towards them, not the toys who mm hm. so we need this process development, your power, and what is it with its hair? my fear pit, like kruger and her team have chosen to take a very specific route in their research. it involves cultivating what to called

steroids from thousands of 1000 cells normally need a surface to grow on. if none is available after a day or 2, they start to join up with other cells. i severe ones that her least we'd be delighted if our idea with the sparrow it's really took off and we could use that in large scale production buffoon chron. but there is still some obstacles in their way. steaks, for example, have a grain. their streets with fat and had a firm consistency characteristics that a tricky to reproduce in the lab. when it comes to minced meat. however, the researches have far more promising results and can already produce and appropriate a soft consistency. ah, so far, most people in germany remain skeptical about lab grown meat. a recent survey

suggested that just 14 percent of consumers but try us out. although young people were more open to the idea lab, well flesh cling labs, mate has a science fiction ring to it like was washed dead than ever. many people, the word laboratory conjures up images of a mad scientist, especially when it comes to producing meat, which we associate with something alive. yes. or lee bindy can hurry up to spin on . and it's probably these images that make people skeptical through this life that yeah, skepticism. i was the most of the word lab suggesting the absolute opposite of something natural women and they had a lot of people though you could just as well ask how much of today's industrial livestock farming really has anything to do with nature and natural products and looking elsewhere the concept has already taken off. the israeli start up super meat is known for its regular bag or events at restaurants, where diners are offered the chance to test its lab grown patty p

at try clue ga and her team also have ambitious aims. reprint booklet, few accomplish bits we can produce, meet taylor to particular talk after yours. for like folic acid enriched made for pregnant women couldn't be to me, we could add vitamin d and provide a more easy to to me. i can any variety of nutrients to serve in retirement? hyams. she'd been in national from. no, i'm irish and there's no limit. rarely as he comb clinton gets it there's still a long way to go. that lab grown meet could play a key role in satisfying our appetites in the future. until lab grown meet becomes widely available. conventional meat and fish will remain important sources of protein for many still, there are also good sources of plant based protein including legumes and pulses

such as beans m p, 's. but experiments are now underway to draw carbon dioxide from the air and turn it into protein. how is that possible? debuse ahmad chalabi looked into it. hey, have you heard about this? you can eat air. i'm not kidding. you can turn carbon dioxide into food. tissue says, passing from finland, papacy, what's on the menu producing meet alternatives to different kinds of dairy products . it's also sweet ice cream. so on up in finland in northern europe, pass here on the fact that produces one kilogram of protein powder every day. hey, patsy. how do you do this? we haven't micro dot basically swims around in a body of liquid water in

a firm. and i need the ferment or we introduced levels of hydrogen and carbon dioxide. and this is what the micro needs to grow and multiply at the micro itself is our product crazy. let's check it out. okay, if i understand correctly, but he uses microbes with an appetite for hydrogen and c o 2 just add some new terms, like nitrogen and phosphorus, po, or the whole process with energy. and the micro will grow and grow and grow. a protein powder coming out. but passion, how does it taste? it is neutral in paste. therefore, the taste can be made per application,

whether it's weak or saver or but with why should i, if the self passive, about one 3rd of the climate impact is due to what we eat. therefore, we need to get rid of actually from the increased use of animal based product. ok, so let's wrap it up. it is possible to turn carbon dioxide into protein powder that can replace parts of traditional agriculture. good for the climate that sent to leave food for thought. enjoy new food. if our let is read, why a? do you have a science question? then send it to us as a video, text or voice message. if your question is chosen for the show will send you

a little surprises, a thank you. come on. just ask and for more fascinating stories from the world of science check us out at d, w dot com slash science and on twitter. that's it for this week show. thanks for watching and see you next week for another edition of tomorrow today. until then, bye bye. and state curious with ah, ah ah .

with ah . luke con, get more middle ages, then you can stay dive into the past and takes us to an agenda. spectacular. medieval site. visitors flocked to the capital of their

india to see the longest inhabitant breach. a city packed with culture. again, coming on dw, we allow ourselves to, to move on a tighter way. oh, rethinking the world can a more poetically need be artists, exclusive interview with math, fantasy, no arts, 21 in 30 minutes on d, w. ah, i will interest the global economy our portfolio,

d w business beyond. here's a closer look at the project. our mission. to analyze the fight for market dominance. east this is west. good, his debit head with the w business beyond. ah, co mike speaking, how can this passionate hatred of a people be explained a gold hon? where does it come from? come also that the history of anti semitism is a history of stigmatization and exclusion of religious and political power struggles. lucas in christianity wants to convey that is why christianity, you like the figure of the jew as the parent plum hope to fly. it's a history of slender, of hatred and violence is the body, switzerland,

on the jews were considered servants of evil. they simply told him the most atrocious chapter and within 6 years, a 3rd of our people were exterminating 6000000 jews, like microbes to be annihilated. even 77 years after the holocaust hatred towards jews is still pervasive. a history of anti semitism this week on d w ah, there's as dw news and these are our top stories firefighters are battling to contain dozens of wildfires across southern europe, from portugal and spain, to france, italy and greece. several firefighters have died in the places which are being.