is too simple. now. don't be afraid to make mistakes. nothing can soften. that is that you are right. i am actually to see you and found her purpose. so probably taking a job and day is me. her women in india season to this week. july 20th march the 200 anniversary of the birth of gregor mendel. who you may ask big enough was gonna go monday was no idea. it rings a bell. no nina, i don't think i know him. i'll hybridization. we had that in biology right just

recently and i was, i only know i mendel's laws of heredity. and who has he? something about genetic this is genetics in it and then then yeah. okay. okay. yes . of course. yeah. what can you tell me what i, he was a me that one been made for unit genetic, see how he was among for all those still racking their brains will look at why his discoveries are so important and why school still teach mendel's laws today. welcome to to morrow to day. the science show on t w gregor mendel was indeed a monk. in 1843, he joined a monastery in a town now known as bro. no. in the czech republic, he became intrigued by the peas growing in the monasteries garden. they had purple, white and pink flower. the pods were different colors to some piece around,

others were wrinkled. how can there be so many variations? he wondered, he began cross breeding the peas producing more than $28000.00 plants. the results amazed him. when he crossed purple in white flowers, he only got plants with purple flowers. then he crossed 2 of those 2nd generation purple flowers and got a few with white flowers. again, he began to understand the laws of inheritance. some traits are dominant, others a recessive young and impressive discovery that has been a huge benefit to the modern world. so happy birthday to gregory mental mood. mendel's laws still form the basis of our understanding of modern genetics. the later discovery of chromosomes further widened our understanding of how heredity works. to day plants can be bred to favor specific traits.

cannabis is one example of this. what at 1st glance might look like a marijuana plantation is actually a work in progress. the research is those green leaves are packed with valuable data to be assessed in the lab by a dna sequencing. stevenson and his team are on a mission to unlock the secrets of cannabis. 3 repeated cycles of growing and analysis. soon, the results of that was going to a huge database about the plant. if i am of hold all go normally shows each some of the plans are susceptible to pester, chang shao while others have resistance mechanisms that are obviously of interest to us not through and some plans have a higher yield than others. all. can you some have a faster growth rate? so, and there are differences in their chemical constituents. we have plans containing g h, c, and some that are not at all against but steady chain. other fascinating chemicals

that he's gotten in the, in the hauled snow for cannabis contains over $400.00 such chemicals. used in everything from medicine and the food industry to cosmetics around 200 have already been identified by the team at pure g. finding out which properties a particular plant has, involves the research as decoding it's genetic information, it's dna. individual sequences contain information on specific properties such as flavor resilience and useful ingredients. oh, pure gene has analyzed and evaluated the dna of thousands of parts. a task only possible with the help of artificial intelligence. the insights provided enable them to grow new cannabis plants with new properties. eyes for the garage, the on the memorable caught, one of the world's biggest cannabis growing companies who know operates in areas

that have major problems with patches the such as a particular fungus lame and meet the rattling, also dish. make the for me to rebuild small. this effects 20 to 25 percent dance artist, which means substantial loss. oscar law dot thing that means your net e birth center on ta. so we're currently working on cross grieving the to produce plans for that company resistance to the fungus route. so some so i can little bit to read off to mark, bring back along with genetic information. the database also includes the results of field experiments. the team has dissected, measured and photographed hundreds of plants, even record that the size, smell, and appearance of the roots. back in the lab, they also examined the all important buds. looking for evidence of pests and checking their exact color. the samples of them bagged and stored for future use.

dusty just as you get some, we look at the entire plant, the standing and the number of side shoot josiah, which together determine the plant architecture to o n t. like of many other aspects of the agra nomic properties of cannabis are also relatively unknown. emotional. how we want to find out which plant with which architecture has the best yields and results in a healthy plant density, harrisonburg, under theater. the key to cultivating new cannabis plants is combining knowledge of the plant architecture with dna. is that of resulting to gene manipulation. the research is used the conventional technique of cross breeding. they create new combinations from different plants with different properties. it's called molecular breeding. and in this case, it's also a business model. you can imagine that a pharmaceutical application will want a very structured plant in terms of it's kind of annoyed and tokyo ratio. and

another customer might once a, a fiber from the plant and the plant that produces the fiber is very different from the plant that produces the cannibal noise with turbans. so here we've read the varieties which are fit for purpose for their application for our clients. the potential market for a range of cannabis products is huge. stevens and started the venture with cannabis derived tobacco substitutes. 3 years ago he set up the research campus here at just the right time. i knew seed sir, had made the move with tie down the call. the opportunity was there as cannabis has long been demonized by lawmakers who only focus on the th c. it contains 8 and little else, but at the same time them, we've made a huge progress with molecular breeding molecule, analyzing this amount of data, and generate many data points on this kind of scale that would not have been to the hosp all a few years ago. does technologically,

or affordably all gotten with mach look, see order new to solve all future breeding programs will mean having big investors on board, but also seat developers bio informative sions, and a i experts, as well as enormous computing power to give you a few examples we've generated 200000 data points for canada, noise alone. just this year, we generated a 1000000 data points of physical characteristics. laplant and our genome sequence generates $10000000.00 data points per week. thus, each of taking a look evils. this is a technology that can be applied to all plants, of course, but a professor once told me, the imagine you have an apple, you change one single property and you end the shelf life by 7 days. see, but think about the changes that would mean for the world outfit. it gives you an idea of what will be possible in the future with molecular breeding. the talk thanks, will come from all quote that for now they're focusing on cannabis and with the

basic research soon set for completion, your gene is ripe for a $1000000000.00 market. once again, all that genetic fine tuning is based on gregor mendel. laws. his discoveries brought real change to farming and the 20th century. plants could now be propagated to bring out specific characteristics like rape seed. for example. it's thanks to lindell that we now have palatable canola oil. but the 20th century also produced a broader agricultural revolution. here's an example from germany, a farmer, some animals, and the simplest of implements for many centuries that was typical and agriculture . the farmers hands were his main tools, augmented by patience and notes of muscle power. ah,

but the yield was often meagre. about $1.00 tons per hector for wheat in 1900. then farmers started using fertilizers and pesticides that these did harvests by the 1950s. wheat yields had increased by almost one ton per hector, partly due to advances in farm machinery, agriculture grew more efficient. with in blue doctor with the 7 gene, 22 and 28 horsepower bulldog models. loans puts a tractor into the hands of the foreign community that makes the farmer's work more effortless, economical and profitable. i thought i'd just type in 1955 around 800000 tractors were registered in west germany alone. gradually, the machines established themselves everywhere in german agriculture. landreth cleared for them and areas where consolidated many smaller farms lacked than money

for the expensive technology and gave up. others came in and bought the land farm was became larger and larger and with further optimized for yield. in 1980 german farmers grew almost 5 tons of wheat for hector. the use of pesticides went off as well. when the bank that when the vineyards have wind, you're cold and me frosts behind them. pest control, begin, shift. the progressive era uses the culture track $812.00 with the holder, p t o, the self propelled unit with exxon blower efficiency saves time and money site won't get there was so much production that follows overflowed. starting in the 19 sixty's funding came from the newly founded european economic community. it brought products from farmers at fixed prices. it was a time of bottom mountains and milk lakes. in the

1990s, the european union changed the subsidies. now farmers received direct payments. the more land, the more money lodge farms with the winners of the new agricultural policy, the yield of wheat po. hector also continued to rise reaching $7.00 tons in the year. 2000. then more space in nature and more sustainable production became the new catchphrases. many farmers switched to organic farming. yet the bulk of agricultural products still come from industrial fans. and those rising wields per hector in 2018 germany suffered from drought and they fell sharply. livestock farming has also undergone massive changes. pick cows, for example, in the past they provided both milk and meat. now they're specially bred beef

cattle, have more muscle, dairy cows tend to be leaner, but have huge utters a modern dairy cow, produces 3 times more mil than a century ago. and breeders continued to fine tune in the lab with artificial insemination. a prize bull is brought in for work, extinct is theodore. so the bull mountains, the cow though, but the operator has an artificial vagina ready for which the bull ejaculates into one, and that's how we collect the seamen, off on the how much semen do they get this, get this a and from one ejaculate, we get 200 to 800 doses depending on the age of the bulls age. but it's business, as usual at the farm which belongs to a company called swiss genetics in north and switzerland. that main business is collecting semen. the bulls called in twice a week. the company supply semen from prize bulls to thousands of farms all over

switzerland, cows of an artificially inseminated with the desired seaman. molten 700000 cows are impregnated in this way every year. it's been the company's main business for decades. but swiss genetics is now exploring new avenues. that emitter effect is hot. with in vitro fertilization excels are harvested from sexually mature cows, exhausted and brought to the laboratories and we fertilize them there that so on that dimmer. so then we take them over to these incubators here, where they are cultivated for 7 days. after that, we either freeze them or transfer them straight to a cow it good. so instead of inseminated the kaos directly with the ble semen eggs of fat allies separately in the laboratory. the focus is on harvesting eggs from the most economically productive cows. these excels of unfertilized and

implanted in a number of different cows which are effectively sorry, got mother's oh, the procedure is expensive, but necessary for the firm to hold its own in a highly competitive market focus. mm. he thinks marquee, vic, this technology is used a lot all over the world, and then safe connotes on the mid. so we have to keep up with to ensure our selection program stays competitive, finance 5 liter. it allows farmers to quickly breed cows that have desirable qualities. the honest ganette is said about forest the so say we have one cow that is genetically very valuable. so me, if i breed using artificial insemination, i get one calf each here a no comma for them to you, but if i use either yes and then i can harvest eggs repeatedly from that same cow a and fertilize them would sperm from different bulls the image to ship and the

fact that the thought that then i can get anything from $5.00 to $15.00 calves each year, depending on how i choose to breed from that one genetically valuable cow for them can. it is fact for with you. meanwhile, the swiss town of zant, garland prepared for a cattle show. these cows were in high demand as at donors priced for their genetic qualities. for breeders, as big business, despite the costs involved, both the list of the community base to many long i can reproduce cows that are long living and have a top milk yield me. so my farm produces more milk from the same sized. heard here for the breeders, it's all about reproducing prize cattle at high speed in organic farming. this kind of technology is bound. it also raises fundamental questions about the future of farming. this is as seriously called the risk is that you end up with a reduced jane poll because you keep taking the same dna from a few top house for

a bar in organic farming. we aim for which via diversity or adapted to the different environments sized that there is no one tub dna and there are many, depending on the environment. but swiss genetics argues i vs could be used to breed a wide range of cows saying it's not just about attaining a high milk yield in san from stud. and today it's more about issues like the feed version rates. so the efficiency with which lifestyle convert feed into desired output also and then other issues like longevity know, horns and good hell and loss. he came on. the excellent guy. oh, these days, livestock breeding is a high tech business. opinions differ on whether that's a good thing or not, but this switched genetics. time is certain, it's on the right path. genetic engineering also allows cattle to be bred without horns. so the less likely to

injure each other. many farmers cut off the horns by hand, a painful procedure for the animal. with genetic engineering, there is no pain. but animals still need to be slaughtered. if we want to eat meat, there's no way around that. or is there, ah, this laboratory is growing the meat of the future. biologist, p at try kruger heads up a research team at whitening in university. cultivating so called clean meat a project they've been working on since 2019. the process begins by taking some muscle tissue from a piece of real meat. the research is isolate the stem cells and multiply them and then create that artificial meat pit. i clue guy believes lap grown. meat will play a key role in the future. if and anger threatened us encouraged,

it's shocking how few people in groups are involved in this area of research in germany. it's angry because we have a growing global population folk home and 20 years from now. we won't be able to feed everyone sufficiently with existing methods, marched in chron would celebratory me. it will become a crucial element up wall. more than 80 star tops and research groups are walking on lap, meet world white in 2013 mazda meet presented the 1st cultured burg patty. as a cost of over 200000 years, katherine is joked us be caught in. we can also learn a lot, especially in these early stages, by, by 3 yet we do now have products that are far cheaper than before, but they're still too expensive. anything towards them not to toys room. so we need this process development. you're powell and i'm going to speak with a terry massey hit like krueger and had team have chosen to take a very specific route in their research. it involves cultivating what

a court steroids from thousands of 1000 cells normally need a surface to grow on. if none is available, after a day or 2, they start to join up with other cells. as of your own words that who list we'd be delighted if our i did with the steroids really took off and we could use that in large scale production. buffoon chron. but there is still some obstacles in their way steaks, for example, have a grain there, streaked with fat and have a firm consistency characteristics that are tricky to reproduce in the lab. when it comes to minced meat. however, the researches have far more promising results and can already produce an appropriate a soft consistency. ah, so far, most people in germany remain skeptical about lab grown meat. a recent survey

suggested that just 14 percent of consumers but try us out. there young people were more open to the idea lab work flesh, clint labs mate, has a science fiction ring to it. like what, what did it and the for many people, the word laboratory conjures up images of a mad scientist, especially when it comes to producing meat, which we associate with something alive. yes. or lee bending can, or he had to spin on. and it's probably these images that make people skeptical through this life that yeah, and skepticism. i was the most of the word lab suggesting the absolute opposite of something natural women and they had a lot of people though you could just as well ask how much of today's industrial livestock farming really has anything to do with nature and natural product to simply looking elsewhere, the concept has already taken off. the israeli start up super meat is known for its regular bag or events at restaurants, where diners are offered the chance to test its lab grown patty

pit try clue ga and her team look so half ambitious, amos reprint euclid, few accomplish bits we could produce, meet taylor to particular talkers for spark, folic acid enriched made for pregnant women, couldn't meet, i mean, we could add vitamin d and provide a more easy to to me. i can any variety of nutrients to serve in retirement. hyams for sheep gnashed, often. not unlike irish and there's no limit, rarely does he comb. clinton give it there still a long way to go. that lab grown meet could play a key role in satisfying our appetites in the future. until lab grown meat becomes widely available. conventional meat and fish will remain important sources of protein for many still, there are also good sources of plant based protein including legumes and pulses

such as beans and peas. but experiments are now underway to draw carbon dioxide from the air and turn it into protein. how is that possible? d w's. ahmad chalabi looked into it. hey, have you heard about this? but you can eat air? i'm not kidding. you can turn carbon dioxide into food. say do, says patsy from finland. hey, blessing what's on the menu for producing meat alternatives to different kinds of dairy products? it's also sweet ice cream. so on up in finland in northern europe, pass it on. the fact of that produce is one kilogram of protein powder every day. hey, patsy. how do you do this? we haven't mike rope, but basically swims around in a body of liquid water in

a ferment. i need the for a mentor, we introduced more bubbles of hydrogen and carbon dioxide. and this is what the micro needs to grow and multiply at the micro itself is our product crazy. let's check it out. okay, if i understand correctly, but he uses micro with an appetite for hydrogen and c o 2 just add some new terms like nitrogen and phosphorus, po, or the whole process with energy. and the micro will grow and grow and grow. a protein powder coming out. but passion, how does it taste? it is neutral in taste. so therefore, the taste can be made per application,

whether it's weak or savor or but with why should i, if the self passive, about one 3rd of the climate impact is due to what we eat. therefore, we need to get rid of actually from the increased use animal based products. ok, so let's wrap it up. it is possible to turn carbon dioxide into protein powder that can replace parts of traditional agriculture. good for the climate that sent to leave food for thought. enjoy. mm hm. and if i was let, is read why i do you have a science question, then send it to us as a video, text or voice message. if your question is chosen for the show will send you

a little surprises, a thank you. come on. just ask an for more fascinating stories from the world of science. check us out at d, w dot com slash science and on twitter. that's it for this week show. thanks for watching and see you next week for another edition of tomorrow today. until then, bye bye. and state, curious with with ah, with

ah, with who the 77 percent of the national media is often accused of focusing only on negative headlights coming out of the africans. do you agree with the national news out there to do a lot of the end of the day? maybe what would you like?

very important. it's also telling the good story. it's not just about the ugly story. there is a lot missing and that a lot of what 77 percent in 30 minutes on d. w o is establishing an order. she g, president of the global power. china is part of a whole system which believes his time has come. he relies on an authoritarian system of total surveillance on economic expansion without scruples and again and again, she provokes and threatens with military aggression. the chinese president believes his way is for superior than that of western democracy. china's president, she ging ping starts july 30th on

d. w. go. mike used, how can miss a passionate hatred of a people be explained? a gold top? where does it come from? come all wrap up. the history of anti semitism is a history of stigmatization and exclusion of relief and political power struggles in the christian christianity wants to convert. that is why christianity you like the figure of the jew as the parent tumult, swa. it's a history of slender, of hatred and violence. is the bodies from then on? the jews were considered servants of evil. we simply told you about the most atrocious chapter under, within 6 years, a 3rd of our people were exterminating meeting 6000000 jews, like microbes to be annihilated. even 77 years after the

holocaust hatred towards jews is still pervasive. a history of anti semitism this week on d. w. ah, this is the w news live from berlin, a security shake up in ukraine. president the landscape fires 2 of his top officials saying they weren't doing enough to stop their staff colluding with russia. also coming up a nationwide state of emergency is declared entry long. that a move the new.