how can this passionate hatred of a people be explained? a gold comp go. a history of anti semitism is a history of stigmatization and exclusion of religious and political power struggles. it's a history of slender, of hatred and violence. even 77 years after the holocaust hatred towards jews is still pervasive. oh, a history that you semitism this week on d. w ah ah, ah, ah, july 20th march the 200 anniversary of the birth of gregor mendel. who you may ask for you know, getting amended was no idea. it rings about no, no, i don't think i know him. oh hybridization. we had that in biology. right,

just recently and i was, i only know i mendel's laws of heretics campbell, who as he something about genetic this is genetics in it. and then then yeah. okay . yes, of course. yeah. what i, he was on to me when in the beginning genetics. yeah, he was among for all those still racking their brains will look at why his discoveries are so important and why schools still teach mendel's laws today. welcome to to morrow to day. the science show on t w gregor mendel was indeed a monk. in 1843, he joined a monastery in a town, now known as but no in the czech republic. he became intrigued by the peas growing in the monasteries garden. they had purple white and pink flowers. the pods were

different colors to some peas around, others were wrinkled. 2 how can there be so many variations? he wonder? he began cross breeding the peas producing more than $28000.00 plants. the results amazed him. when he crossed purple in white flowers, he only got plants with purple flowers. then he crossed 2 of those 2nd generation purple flowers and got a few with white flowers. again, he began to understand the laws of inheritance. some traits are dominant, others a recessive young and impressive discovery that has been a huge benefit to the modern world. so happy birthday to gregor mental mood. mendel's laws still form the basis of our understanding of modern genetics. the later discovery of chromosomes further widened our understanding of how heredity works. to day plants can be bred to favor specific traits.

cannabis is one example of this. what at 1st glance might look like a marijuana plantation is actually a work in progress. the research is those green leaves are packed with valuable data to be assessed in the lab by a dna sequencing. stevenson and his team are on a mission to unlock the secrets of cannabis. 3 repeated cycles of growing and analysis. soon, the results of that was going to a huge database about the plant eventful doggone automation each. some of the plans are susceptible to pester, chang shao while others have resistance mechanisms that are obviously of interest to us not through and some plans have a higher yield than others. all can some have a faster growth rate. so, and there are differences in their chemical constituents, we have clients containing g, h, c, and some the devil not at all dense,

but instead contain other fascinating chemicals that he's gotten in the, in the hall floor for cannabis contains over $400.00 such chemicals. used in everything from medicine and the food industry to cosmetics around 200 have already been identified by the team at pure g. finding out which properties a particular plant has, involves the research as decoding it's genetic information, it's dna. individual sequences contain information on specific properties such as flavor resilience and useful ingredients. o pure gene has analyzed and evaluated the dna of thousands of plants . a task only possible with the help of artificial intelligence. the insights provided enable them to grow new cannabis plants with new properties. eyes for the

garage, the on the memo, val caught one of the world's biggest cannabis growing companies with no operates in areas that have major problems with patches the such as a particular fungus lame and meet the recycling. also dish. pick the from, eat that appealed small. this effects 20 to 25 percent dance artist, which means substantial loss. oscar law dot thing that means your net e birth center on ta. so we're currently working on cross screening to produce plans for that company. resistance to the fungus route, so some so i can literally to read off the mach, bring back along with genetic information. the database also includes the results of field experiments. the team has dissected, measured and photographed hundreds of plants, even record that the size, smell, and appearance of the roots. back in the lab, they also examined the all important buds. looking for evidence of pests and checking their exact color. the samples of them bagged and stored for future use.

dusty just as you get some, we look at the entire plant, the standing and the number of side shoot josiah, which together determine the plant architecture tool and like many other aspects, og, the agronomic properties of cannabis are also relatively unknown. emotional hello. we want to find out which plants with which architecture has the best yields and results in a healthy plant density her soon, the best understood the. the key to cultivating new cannabis plants is combining knowledge of the plant architecture with dna. is that of resulting to gene manipulation. the research is used the conventional technique of cross breeding. they create new combinations from different plants with different properties. it's called molecular breeding. and in this case, it's also a business model. you can imagine that a pharmaceutical application will want

a very structured plant in terms of its kind of annoyed and token ratio. and another customer might want a, a fiber from the plant and the plant that produces the fiber is very different from the plant that produces the kind of annoyed, so turbans. so here we've read the varieties which are fit for purpose for their application for our clients. the potential market for a range of cannabis products is huge. stevens sand started the venture with cannabis derived tobacco substitutes. 3 years ago he set up the research campus here at just the right time. i knew seats i had made the move with tie down the call. the opportunity was there since cannabis has long been demonized by lawmakers who only focus on the th c. it contains 8 and little else, but at the same time that we fight a huge progress with molecular breeding molecule, analyzing this amount of data, and generated data points on this kind of scale that would not have been the hosp

full a few years ago. the technologically or affordably all gotten with mach, lexi auto new to solve all future breeding programs will mean having big investors on board. but also seat developers bio informative sions, and a i experts, as well as enormous computing power. to give you a few examples, we've generated 200000 data points for canada, noise alone. just this year, we generated a 1000000 data points of physical characteristics. laplant and our genome sequence generates $10000000.00 data points per week. thus, each of taking a look even. this is a technology that can be applied to all plants, of course, but of a professor once told me, the imagine you have an apple, you change one single property and you get the show flies by 7 days. see. but think about the changes that would mean for the world outfit. it gives you an idea of what will be possible in the future with molecular breeding that. so thanks will

come from off bush, but for now they're focusing on cannabis. and with the basic research soon set for completion, eugene is ripe for a $1000000000.00 market. once again, all that genetic fine tuning is based on gregor mendel. laws. his discoveries brought real change to farming and the 20th century. plants could now be propagated to bring out specific characteristics like rape c. for example, it's thanks to mendel that we now have palatable canola oil. but the 20th century also produced a broader agricultural revolution. here's an example from germany. a farmer, some animals and the simplest of implements for many centuries that was typical in agriculture. the farmers hands were his main tools,

augmented by patience and lots of muscle power. 1 ah, but the yield was often meagre. about $1.00 tons per hector for wheat in 1900. then farmers started using fertilizers and pesticides that these did harvests by the 1950s. wheat yields had increased by almost one ton per hector. partly due to advances in farm machinery, agriculture grew more efficient. with in blue doctor with the 7 gene, 22 and 28 horse power bulldog models. loans puts a tractor into the hands of a farming community that makes the farmer's work more effortless, economical and profitable. i thought i'd just type in 1955, around 800000 tractors were registered in west germany alone. gradually the machines established themselves everywhere in gem and agriculture. bland was

cleared for them, and areas were consolidated. many smaller farms lacked than money for the expensive technology and gave up. others came in and bought the land. farm became larger and larger and with further optimized for yield. in 1980 german farmers grew almost 5 tons of wheat for hector. the use of pesticides went off as well. then the bank that when the vineyards have winter cold and me frosts behind them, pest control, begin, shift. the progressive empire uses the culture track $812.00 with the holder, p t o, the self propelled unit with exxon blower efficiency sage time and money site won't get there was so much production that follows overflowed. starting in the 1960s funding came from the newly founded european economic community. it brought products from farmers at fixed prices. it was a time of butter,

mountains and milk lakes. in the 1990s, the european union changed the subsidies. now farmers received direct payments. the more land, the more money lodge farms with the winners of the new agricultural policy, the yield of wheat po. hector also continued to rise reaching $7.00 tons in the year. 2000. then more space in nature and more sustainable production became the new catchphrases. many farmers switched to organic farming. yet the bulk of agricultural products still come from industrial fans. and those rising wields per hector in 2018 germany suffered from drought and they fell sharply. livestock farming has also undergone massive changes. pick cows, for example, in the past they provided both milk and meat. now they're specially bred beef

cattle, have more muscle, dairy cows tend to be leaner, but have huge utters a modern dairy cow, produces 3 times more mil than a century ago. and breeders continued to fine tune in the lab with artificial insemination. a prize bull is brought in for work extinct is theodore. so the bull mountains, the cow, but the operator has an artificial vagina ready for which the bull ejaculates in 2 . and that's how we collect the seamen lock on the how much same into they get. this get to say from one ejaculate, we get 200 to 800 doses depending on the age of the bulls age. but it's business, as usual at the farm which belongs to a company called swiss genetics in north and switzerland. that main business is collecting semen, the bulls called in twice a week,

the company supply semen from prize bulls to thousands of farms all over switzerland. cows are then artificially inseminated with the desired seaman. molten 700000 cows are impregnated in this way every year. it's been the company's main business for decades. but swiss genetics is now exploring new avenues. the emitter effect is hot. with in vitro fertilization, excels or harvested. ization excels, are harvested from sexually mature cow's milk did, and brought to the laboratory. and we fertilized them their, their so called that dimmer. so then we take them over to these incubators here where they are cultivated for 7 days after that as we either freeze them or transfer them straight to a cow it good. so instead of inseminated the kaos directly with the bill semen exit fertilized separately in the laboratory,

the focus is on harvesting eggs from the most economically productive cows. these excels of, and fat, to list an implanted in a number of different cows which are effectively sorry, got mothers. oh, the procedure is expensive, but necessary for the firm to hold its own in a highly competitive market. it takes milwaukee with this technology is used a lot all over the world intensive canals on that mid. so we have to keep up to ensure our selection program stays competitive. friends face luca, it allows farmers to quickly breed cows that have desirable qualities. a honest cannetta said about force here. so say we have one cow that is genetically very valuable. saw me. if i breed using artificial insemination, i get one calf each here a no comma for them to you. but if i use i v f, and then i can harvest eggs repeatedly from that same cow he and fertilize them,

would sperm from different boesky in the to sit in the fact that the thought them i can get anything from $5.00 to $15.00 calves each year. depending on how i choose to breed from that one genetically valuable cow for them can, it is fact for with you. meanwhile, the swiss town of saint garland prepared for a cattle shy these cows are in high demand as at donors priced for their genetic qualities to fritos as big business. despite the costs involved before the looseness of many british to many long, i can reproduce cows that are long living and have a top milk yield me. so my farm produces more milk from the same sized heard tear for the breeders. it's all about reproducing prize cattle at high speed in organic farming. this kind of technology is band. it also raises fundamental questions about the future of farming. this is as seriously called the risk is that you end up with a reduced jane poll because you keep taking the same dna from

a few top house for a bought in organic farming. we aim for rich via diversity or adapted to the different environments size that there's no one top dna and there are many, depending on the environment. but swiss genetics argues i vs could be used to breed a wide range of cows saying it's not just about attaining a high milk healed in sand, thrones to hurt. and today it's more about issues like the feed conversion rate. so the efficiency with which livestock convert feed into desired output also. and then other issues like longevity, know, horns and good health laws. it came on the exxon kind oh, these days, livestock breeding is a high tech business. opinions differ on whether that's a good thing or not, but this switched genetics. time is certain, it's on the right path. genetic

engineering also allows cattle to be bred without horns. so the less likely to injure each other. many farmers cut off the horns by hand. a painful procedure for the animal. with genetic engineering, there is no pain, but animals still need to be slaughtered. if we want to eat meat, there's no way around that or is there, ah, this laboratory is growing the meat of the future. biologist, p at try kruger heads up a research team at whitening and university cultivating so called clean meat a project they've been working on since 2019. the process begins by taking some muscle tissue from a piece of real meat. the research is isolate the stem cells and multiply them and then create that artificial meat pit. i clue, gabby leads,

lab grown meat will play a key role in the future. strand anger threatened us, encouraged, it's shocking how few people and grapes are involved in this area. of research in germany is angry because we have a growing global population for folk home and 20 years from now. we won't be able to feed everyone sufficiently with existing methods. more student chron would say robert's family. it will become a crucial element up wall. more than 80 star tops and research groups are working on lab me. 12 white in 2013 moser meach presented the 1st cultured berg patty as a cost of over 200000 years. catherine is doped us be caught and we can also learn a lot, especially in these early stages by, by 3 yet. we do now have products that are far cheaper than before, but they're still too expensive. anything towards them? lots of toys who mm hm. so we need this process development, you're powell and i'm going to speak with a terry massey id like krueger and her team have chosen to take

a very specific route in their research. it involves cultivating what to called steroids from thousands of 1000 cells normally need a sophistic row on if none is available after a day or 2, they start to join up with other cells. as of your notes that who list we'd be delighted if our i did with the steroids really took off and we could use it in large scale production buffoon chron. but there is still some obstacles in their way. steaks, for example, have a grain there, streaked with fat and have a firm consistency characteristics that a tricky to reproduce in the lab. when it comes to minutes to meet. however, the researchers have far more promising results and can already produce and appropriate a soft consistency. ah, so far, most people in germany remain skeptical about lab grown meat. a recent survey

suggested that just 14 percent of consumers but try us out. although young people were more open to the idea lab, well flesh, clint labs mate, has a science fiction ring to it. like what, what did it and the, for many people, the word laboratory conjures up images of a mad scientist, especially when it comes to producing meat, which we associate with something alive. yes or lindy can, or he had to spin on. and it's probably these images that make people skeptical through this life that yeah, and skepticism. i was the most of the word lab suggesting that the absolute opposite of something natural women and they asked a lot of people though you could just as well ask how much of today's industrial livestock farming really has anything to do with nature and natural product. simply looking elsewhere, the concept has already taken off. the israeli start up super meat is known for its regular bag or events at restaurants,

where diners are offered the chance to test it, flap grain, patty p at try clue. go and her team look so half ambitious, amos reprint, booklet, few cornish bits, we can produce meat tailored to particular talk actors, fish like folic acid enriched made for pregnant women, couldn't meet, i mean, we could out vitamin d and provide a more easy to, to me i can a variety of nutrients to serve in retirement. hyams for heating and gnashed often . no, i'm irish and there's no limit. rarely does he comb. clinton get it. there's still a long way to go. that lab grown meet could play a key role in satisfying our appetites in the future. until lab grown meet becomes widely available. conventional meat and fish will remain important sources of protein for many still,

there are also good sources of plant based protein including legumes and pulses such as beans and peas. but experiments are now underway to draw carbon dioxide from the air and turn it into protein. how is that possible? d w's. ahmad chalabi looked into it. hey, have you heard about this? you can eat air. i'm not kidding. you can turn carbon dioxide into food. say to says patsy from finland. hey classy. what's on the menu? producing meat alternatives to different kinds of dairy products. it's also sweet ice cream and so on. up in finland in northern europe, pass it on the fact of that produces one kilogram of protein powder every day. hey patsy. how do you do this?

we haven't mike rope that basically swims around in a body of liquid water in a firm and i need the for a mentor. we introduce levels of hydrogen, i'm carbon dioxide, and this is what the micro needs to grow and multiply. and the micro itself is our product. crazy. let's check it out. okay, if i understand correctly, but he uses microsoft with an appetite for hydrogen and c o 2 just add some new terms, like nitrogen and phosphorus, po, or the whole process with energy. and the, my girl will grow and grow and grow a protein powder coming out. but passion, how does it taste? it is neutral in paste. therefore,

the taste can be made per application, whether it's weak or saver or but with why should i, if the self passive, about one 3rd of the climate impact is due to what we eat. therefore, we need to get rid of actually from the increasing use of animal based product. ok, so let's wrap it up. it is possible to turn carbon dioxide into protein powder that can replace parts of traditional agriculture. good for the climate that so to leave food for thought, enjoy new food. if i look, let is read, why i do you have a science question, then send it to us as

a video, text or voice message. if your question is chosen for the show will send you a little surprises, a thank you. come on. just ask ann for more fascinating stories from the world of science. check us out at d. w dot com slash science and on twitter. that's it for this week show. thanks for watching and see you next week for another edition of tomorrow to day. until then, bye bye. and state curious with with ah, with

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