trip to some pretty wacky places, ah, curiosity is required to borrow to day next on dw, we've got some hot tips for your bucket list. ah romantic cornered tread hotspot for food chair and some great cultural memorials to boot d w. travel off we go. ah july 20th march the 200 anniversary of the birth of gregor mendel. who you may ask do you know who's going to go monday was no idea. it rings about no nina, i don't think i know him all hybridization. we had that in biology. right. just

recently, and i was, i only know i mendel's laws of heredity and who as he something about genetic this is genetics in it. and then then yeah. okay. okay. yes. of course. yeah. what can you tell me what i he was a me that when they were unity genetics. yeah. he was among for all those still racking their brains will look at why his discoveries are so important and why schools still teach mendel's laws today. welcome to to morrow to day. the science show on t w gregor mendel was indeed a monk. in 1843, he joined a monastery in a town, now known as but no in the czech republic. he became intrigued by the peas growing in the monasteries garden. they had purple white in pink flowers. the pods were

different colors to some peas around, others were wrinkled. 2 how can there be so many variations? he wondered, he began cross breeding the peas, producing more than $28000.00 plants. the results amazed him. when he crossed purple in white flowers, he only got plants with purple flowers. then he crossed 2 of those 2nd generation purple flowers and got a few with white flowers. again, he began to understand the laws of inheritance. some traits are dominant, others a recessive young and impressive discovery that has been a huge benefit to the modern world. so happy birthday to gregory mental mood. mendel's laws still form the basis of our understanding of modern genetics. the later discovery of chromosomes further widened our understanding of how heredity works. to day plants can be bred to favor specific traits.

cannabis is one example of this. what at 1st glance might look like a marijuana plantation is actually a work in progress. the research is those green leaves are packed with valuable data to be assessed in the lab via dna sequencing. stevenson and his team are on a mission to unlock the secrets of cannabis. 3 repeated cycles of growing and analysis. soon, the results of that was going to a huge database about the plant eventful doggone old mistress each. some of the plans are susceptible to pester, chang shao while others have resistance mechanisms that are obviously of interest to us not through and some plans have a higher yield than others. all can some have a faster growth rate. so, and there are differences in their chemical constituents, we have clients containing g, h, c, and some that will not all dense,

but instead contain other fascinating chemicals that the school in the, in the hall to no foot. cannabis contains over 400 such chemicals, used in everything from medicine and the food industry to cosmetics around 200 have already been identified by the team at pure g. finding out which properties a particular plant has, involves the research as decoding its genetic information. it's dna. individual sequences contain information on specific properties, such as flavor, resilience and useful ingredients o pure gene has analyzed and evaluated the dna of thousands of plants. a task only possible with the help of artificial intelligence. the insights provided enable them to grow new cannabis plants with new properties. i eyes for the garage . the on the memo val caught,

one of the world's biggest cannabis growing companies will know, operates in areas that have major problems with patches of the a, such as a particular fungus lame and meet the rattling, also dish. make these meet the repealed small. this effect 20 to 25 percent dance arleson, which means substantial loss. oscar law dot thing that mean your net iep. we're center on thought. so we're current i working on cross greeting the to produce plans for that company resistance to the fungus route. so some so i can little bit to read off the mark, bring back along with genetic information. the database also includes the results of field experiments. the team has dissected, measured and photographed hundreds of plants, even record that the size, smell, and appearance of the roots. back in the lab, they also examined the all important buds. looking for evidence of pests and checking their exact color. the samples of them bagged and stored for future use.

the sisters here is some we look at the entire plant, the standing and the number of side shoot josiah, which together determine the plant architecture, t o n t, like many other aspects, og, the agronomic properties of cannabis are also relatively unknown. emotional how we want to find out which plant with which architecture has the best yields and results in a healthy plant density her. this one, the best understood the the key to cultivating new cannabis plants is combining knowledge at the plant architecture with dna. is that of resulting to gene manipulation. the research is used the conventional technique of cross breeding. they create new combinations from different plants with different properties. it's called molecular breeding. and in this case, it's also a business model. you can imagine that a pharmaceutical application will want a very structured plant in terms of its kind of annoyed and token ratio. and

another customer might once a, a fiber from the plant and the plant that produces the fiber is very different from the plant that produces the kind of a noise or turbans. so here are we've read the varieties which are fit for purpose for their application for our clients. the potential market for a range of cannabis products is huge. steven sand started the venture with cannabis derived tobacco substitutes. 3 years ago he set up the research campus here at just the right time. ainus eda had made the mobile tie down a call. the opportunity was there since cannabis has long been demonized by lawmakers who only focus on the t h. c. it contains 8 and little else, but at the same time that we fight huge progress with molecular breeding molecule, analyzing this amount of data and generate data points on this kind of scale that, that would not in the hospital a few years ago,

though technologically or affordably. all gotten moved, look, see order to solve all future breeding programs will mean having big investors on board. but also seat developers bio informative sions, and a i experts as well as enormous computing power. to give you a few examples. we've generated 200000 data points for cannibal noise alone. just this year we generated a 1000000 data points of physical characteristics. laplant and our genome sequence said generates $10000000.00 data points per week. thus, each a taking a look evil. this is a technology that can be applied to all plants, of course, but a professor once told me, the imagine you have an apple, you change one single property and you end the shelf life by 7 days. people think about the changes that would mean for the world outfit. it gives you an idea of what will be possible in the future with molecular breeding. that soft ice will come from off bullish that so now they're focusing on cannabis. and with the basic

research soon set for completion, your gene is ripe for a $1000000000.00 market. once again, all that genetic fine tuning is based on gregor mendel. laws. his discoveries brought real change to farming and the 20th century. plants could now be propagated to bring out specific characteristics like rape said, for example. it thanks to lindell that we now have palatable canola oil. but the 20th century also produced a broader agricultural revolution. here's an example from germany. a farmer, some animals, and the simplest of implements for many centuries that was typical and agriculture . the farm, his hands were his main tools, augmented by patience and lots of muscle power blue.

but the yield was often meagre. about 1.9 tongues perfect as the weight in 1900. then farmers started using fertilizers and pesticides that these did harvests by the 1950s. wheat yields had increased by almost one ton per hector, partly due to advances in farm machinery, agriculture grew more efficient. mixed in blue doctor with the 7 gene, 22 and 28 horsepower bulldog models. loans puts a tractor into the hands of the foreign community that makes the farmer's work more effortless, economical and profitable. i thought i'd just type in 1955 around 800000 tractors were registered in west germany alone. gradually, the machines established themselves everywhere and german agriculture. bland was cleared for them and areas were consolidated. many smaller farms lacked the money

for the expensive technology and gave auntie german farm as grew almost 5 tons of wheat. a hector, the use of pesticides went up as well when the bank that when the vineyards have winter cold and me frosts behind them shut, pest control, begin, shift. the progressive era uses the culture track a 12 with the holder, p t o, the self propelled unit with excellent, lower efficiency, save time and money, i won't get there was so much production that silos overflowed. starting in the 1960s funding came from the newly founded european economic community. it brought products from farmers at fixed prices. it was a time of butter mountains and milk lakes. in the 990 is the european union changed the subsidies. now farm is received. i wrecked

payments the moorland, the more money, large farms were the winners of the new agricultural policy, the yield of wheat po, hector also continued to rise reaching $7.00 tons in the year, 2000. then more space for nature and more sustainable production became the new catch phrases. many farmers switched to organic farming. yet the bulk of agricultural products still come from industrial fonts. and those rising wheat yields for hector in 2018 germany suffered from drought and they fell sharply. livestock farming has also undergone massive changes. pick cows, for example. in the past they provided both milk and meat. now they're specially bred beef cattle, have more muscle. dairy cows tend to be leaner, but have huge utters a modern dairy cow, produces 3 times more milk than

a century ago. and breeders continued to fine tune in the lab with artificial insemination. a prize bull is brought in for work extinct this vehicle. so the bull mountains to the cow, but the operator has an artificial vagina ready for which the bull ejaculates in 2 . and that's how we collect the seamen lock on the how much seamen did. they get this get to say from one jacqueline, we get 200 to 800 doses depending on the age of the bulls age. but it's business as usual at the farm which belongs to a company called swiss genetics in northern switzerland. their main business is collecting semen, the bulls are called in twice a week. the company supply semen from prize bulls to thousands of farms all over switzerland. cows are then artificially inseminated with the desired seaman.

more than 700000 cows are impregnated in this way every year. it's been the company's main business for decades. but swiss genetics is now exploring new avenues. did that in mid fifties house with in vitro fertilization, excels are harvested from sexually mature cows who smoke did and brought to the laboratory. and we fertilized them there. the so called that dimmer said. then we take them over to these incubators here, where they are cultivated for 7 days. after that, we either freeze them or transfer them straight to a cow with some, instead of insemination. the cows directly with the bowl seamen, eggs, fertilized separately in the laboratory. the focus is on harvesting eggs from the most economically productive cows. these excels of unfertilized and implanted in a number of different cows which are effectively sorry godmothers. the procedure is

expensive but necessary for the firm to hold its own in a highly competitive market. it this, milwaukee, that this technology is used a lot all over the world's intensive goals on the mid. so we have to keep up with to ensure our selection program stays competitive, finance fica. it allows farmers to quickly breed cows. the half desirable qualities, the honest kennedy said about forest the so say we have one cow that is genetically very valuable. so me, if i breed using artificial insemination that i get one calf each here a no homer for them the. but if i use i v f, then i can harvest eggs repeatedly from that same cloudy and fertilize them. would sperm from different bulls the image to ship and the fact that the thought that then i can get anything from $5.00 to $15.00 calves each year. depending on how i choose to breed from that one genetically valuable cow for them can. it does fact

for with you. meanwhile, the swiss town of zant gallon prepares for a castle show. these cows were in high demand as at donors priced for their genetic qualities. for breeders, as big business, despite the costs involved, bought the list of the community base to many long i can reproduce cows that are long living and have a top milk yield me. so my farm produces more milk from the same sized. heard here for the breeders, it's all about reproducing prize cattle at high speed in organic farming. this kind of technology is banned. it also raises fundamental questions about the future of farming is, is as seriously called the risk is that you end up with a reduced jane poll because you keep taking the same dna from a few top house for a bought in organic farming. we aim for which via diversity or adapted to the different environment size, that there is no one top dna and there are many,

depending on the environment. but swiss genetics argues ivy, f could be used to breed a wide range of cows saying it's not just about attaining a high milk yield in san from stud. and today it's more about issues like the feed version rate. so the efficiency with which livestock convert feed into desired output. awesome. and then other issues like longevity, no horns and good hell and loss. he came on. the excellent guy. oh, these days, livestock breeding is a high tech business. opinions differ on whether that's a good thing or not, but this switched genetics. time is certain, it's on the right path. genetic engineering also allows cattle to be bred without horns. so the less likely to injure each other. many farmers cut off the horns by hand, a painful procedure for the animal. with genetic engineering,

there is no pain. but animals still need to be slaughtered. if we want to eat meat, there's no way around that. or is there, ah, this laboratory is growing the meat of the future. biologist, p at try kruger heads up a research team at whitening in university. cultivating so called clean meat a project they've been working on since 2019. the process begins by taking some muscle tissue from a piece of real meat. the research is isolate the stem cells and multiply them and then create that artificial meat pit. i clue guy believes lap grown. meat will play a key role in the future. if and anger threatened us endorsement, it's shocking how few people in groups are involved in this area of research in germany. it's angry because we have a growing global population revokable and 20 years from now. we won't be able to

feed everyone sufficiently with existing methods or more student chron would. so laboratory me, it will become a crucial element up wall. more than 80 star tops and research groups are walking on lab, meet world white in 2013 moser meet presented the 1st cultured berg patty at a cost of over 200000 years. it concerns joked us be cut and we can also learn a lot, especially in these early stages by, by 3. yet we do now have products that are far cheaper than before, but they're still too expensive. anything towards them, not the toys room. so we need this process development, you're powell, and i'm trying to think with it's harry murphy pit i. kruger, and had team have chosen to take a very specific route in their research. it involves cultivating what to called steroids from thousands of 1000 cells normally need a surface to grow on. if none is available, after a day or 2,

they start to join up with other cells. as of your one ones that who list we'd be delighted if our idea with the steroids really took off and we could use that in large scale production buffoon chron. but there is still some obstacles in their way. steaks, for example, have a grain their streets with fat and have a firm consistency characteristics that are tricky to reproduce in the lab. when it comes to minced meat. however, the researches have far more promising results and can already produce an appropriate a soft consistency. ah, so far, most people in germany remain skeptical about lab grown meat. a recent survey suggested that just 14 percent of consumers but try us out. although young people were more open to the idea, a lab well flesh cling labs,

mate, has a science fiction ring to it. like what was that than the ever many people, the word laboratory conjures up images of a mad scientist, especially when it comes to producing meat, which we associate with something alive. yes. or lee bending can or he had to spin on. and it's probably these images that make people skeptical through the light of that. yeah. and skepticism. i was the most of the word lab suggesting the absolute opposite of something natural women and they had a lot of people though you could just as well ask how much of today's industrial livestock farming really has anything to do with nature and natural product to simply looking elsewhere, the concept has already taken off. the israeli start up super meat is known for its regular bag or events at restaurants, where diners are offered the chance to test its lab grown patty p at try clue ga and her team also have ambitious aims. reprint

booklet, few accomplish bits we could produce, meet taylor to particular talkers. for spike, folic acid enriched made for pregnant women, couldn't meet, i mean, we could add vitamin d and provide a more easy to to me. i can adding a variety of nutrients to serve in retirement. hyams, she'd been in national from no one irish and there's no limit. rarely as he comb clinton gets it. there's still a long way to go. that lab grown meet could play a key role in satisfying our appetites in the future. until lab grown meat becomes widely available. conventional meat and fish will remain important sources of protein for many still, there are also good sources of plant based protein including legumes and pulses such as beans and peas. but experiments are now underway to draw carbon dioxide from the air and turn it into protein. how is that possible?

d w's. ahmad chalabi looked into it. hey, have you heard about this? but you can eat air? i'm not kidding. you can turn carbon dioxide into food. say to says positive from finland, pay blessing. what's on the menu producing meet alternatives to different kinds of dairy products. it's also sweet ice cream. so on up in finland in northern europe, pass here on the top of that produces one kilogram of protein powder every day. hey, patsy. how do you do this? we haven't mike rope that basically swims around in a body of liquid water in a firm. and in the for a mentor we introduce levels of hydrogen and carbon dioxide. and this is what the micro needs to grow and multiply. and the mind group itself is our product crazy.

let's check it out. okay, if i understand correctly, but he uses microsoft with an appetite for hydrogen and c o 2 just add some new terms, like nitrogen and phosphorus, po, or the whole process with energy. and the micro will grow and grow and grow and you are a protein powder coming out. but passion, how does it taste? it is neutral in paste. therefore, the taste can be made per application, whether it's sweet or savor or her but with why should i, if the self passive,

about one 3rd of the climate impact is due to what we eat. therefore, we need to get rid of actually from the increase your so called base product. okay, so let's wrap it up. it is possible to turn carbon dioxide into protein powder that can replace parts of traditional agriculture. good for the climate that sound to leave food for thought. enjoy a new food if i let is read why i do you have a science question, then send it to us as a video, text or voice message. if your question is chosen for the show will send you a little surprise as a thank you. come on. just ask and

for more fascinating stories from the world of science check us out at d, w dot com slash science and on twitter. that's it for this week show. thanks for watching and see you next week for another edition of to morrow to day. until then . bye bye. and stay curious. with with ah, with

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