of inequality ah 75 years ago, mahatma gandhi peacefully led the country to independence. what has remained of his vision? where does the world so called the largest democracy stand? where is india headed? this is the moment to unleash on on violet bars. gandhi's legacy start august 6th on b. w. o. demons a create test. as soon as we arrive on the planets, we stop making things. we even create ourselves as individuals, and build and invent with all the tools at our disposal. when it comes to technology and genetic engineering, the possibilities are almost endless. crowd,

ah, welcome to tomorrow to day the science program on d. w. ah, we're thousands of years. we humans have used other living creatures for our own purposes. we've changed their characteristics through breeding. wild animals have been domesticated and break to be productive and easier to keep and rear. oh, new plant varieties also give much higher yields than their wild counterparts. but breeding is a lengthy process. changes occurred generation by generation usually over the course of many years. modern science can drastically shorten this waiting time. simple breeding is largely a thing of the past. today is all about genetic engineering. intervening

directly in the genome, not only speeds up the creation of new traits. it's also more precise than ever before. for the 1st time in history, humans are becoming creators of new species. even the human genome could become part of this technical revolution. the instructions for building a human being are stored in its dna. the information is hidden here in a long chain made up of 4 different building blocks using so called genetic scissors. dna can be caught at specific locations and modified, and it's getting faster, cheaper, and more precise than ever in just a few years. these scissors have become one of the most important tools in the world's genetics labs. genetic scissors work on plants and animals. and

even on humans, they're universal, and that's why they have such huge potential the new technology is so powerful that in just the few years, it's become a fundamental technique for geneticists. in modern plant breeding in research and in medicine. but with great power comes great responsibility, should humans intervene in the blueprint of a living being? is it crossing an ethical boundary? in creating new species, many fear that humans are playing god. genetic scissors are already being used in a wide range of applications. customized plant breeding and the development of new

drugs, treatments and vaccines. it's created a lot of excitement in medical research, but some people are frightened by the technology geneticist, professor, you're watching video quote. says society needs to be aware of the opportunities and dangers, especially when it comes to human applications. the fog isn't mobile few months. i question is always about what you use it for lines of. and i think in basic research, the risks are very limited. rochelle, but it's use on humans. you the are the very big topic for discussion. a mix theme for is on a dub. it's crucial that people with concerns are included from the very beginning . doesn't that they're informed about the facts, you phone on and not left with some kind of vague message like, oh, well, there's still a big incalculable residual risk. dyson goes, his own colleague, but rather to tell people very clearly what the deal is and what it isn't involved

in waltney. ah, some researchers already have grand dreams of resurrecting extinct animals. could jurassic park become reality? could we bring the ancient bird archy up to rec, back to life? resurrection would only be possible if the original genetic material could still be read, recreating live from fossils that are millions of years old. is pure science fiction for now. but even if it becomes possible in the future, the environment of these animals also disappeared. millions of years ago. where would they live and who would benefit from them? for more reason, species like the mammoth genetic material is preserved in the permafrost of siberia, a resurrection could be feasible in the near future. but should humans be allowed

to reverse extinction? ah, movements through members of we will try to all of that. i'm certain it's on the end, it'll say, i don't think it will actually bring viable species back to lightly because far too many errors would be incorporated. i knew both. and if the population of organisms that you bring back is large enough, the money that mistakes could very well we'd themselves out if you let them on a low. but that would probably result in something new done give. i don't think you'd end up with the extinct species bag of an rather something new would evolve, excused on the ot me to hudson. and as the teacher taught safely, it was noise and with gene manipulation is nothing new. in the agriculture industry, genetically optimized plants yield bigger profits. ethical concerns about the intervention in plants genome are comparatively low. even though we still don't fully understand the impact this will have on the environment.

ah, society has far more heated debates about genetic modification on animals. farm animals are now genetically optimized and not just to produce more meat. scientists also look to genetic engineering to protect animals from diseases. domestic pigs, for example, could receive immunity to swine fever. the disease is in fatal to their wild relative award hob. thanks to gene variance, scientists hope to transfer them to domestic pigs blue . and what's possible for animals in principle could work on humans too. but nothing in the field of genetic engineering is more controvert than

intervention in the human genome. how far can we go with ourselves? it's tempting to think that we might be able to cure cancer, prevent hereditary diseases, stop epidemics, and halt the effects of aging. imagine using genetic scissors to cut out all defects directly from the genome and replacing them with health genes. is that what we want them? maybe one day genetic engineering will allow us to cure most diseases and correct most defects. but who decides what is a defect? and what simply is an undesirable trait. here we enter the murky territory of customization, designing humans. and no one really knows the full extent of the risks that entails

ah, do we even know all the possible side effects of gene therapy? and can they be controlled? theologian and chair of the german ethics council, pita dab oak says questions like these go hand in hand with the ethical dilemmas that arise from the rapid progress of genetic engineering. he's a movie effect, it said evolve the potential side effects haven't been clarified. and mia again, that's why we would need to wait several generations. and like i, i to establish that there really are no high risk consequences. easy cool for any of the offspring. alamo. hm. hot on the think could can't. and shouldn't be scientists alone. who decide these developments want them to get? there needs to be a wide spread global discourse if you're buying at this cross. ah,

however, we've seen a few success stories in modern gene therapy already. one example is blood cancer treatment. many dr. see great potential in the new technology in the future. diseases could be cured that are untreatable to day. but how far can we take it? should we even interfere with the genetic material of an egg or an embryo? this is known as human germ line engineering and his band for reproductive purposes in many countries, including germany. but what if it could be used to prevent diseases before birth? in germ line therapy, a genetic defect is removed at fertilization, or shortly after. in the subsequent cell divisions, all new cells carry the altered genetic material including the reproductive, or germ cells. not only is the baby short of the defect,

they will also not pass it on to their future offspring. whether or not this sort of intervention is justified is a question for lawmakers as well. how can you efficiently prevent malpractice? is it at all possible to avoid that people will abuse these laws and carry out in humane experiments when it comes to the life of an unborn child who gets to decide what's best for it? parents, doctors, or politicians. what starts out as a medical treatment could lead to the creation of design or super humans, and a form of artificial evolution been as doth so vivid us, even if we could do this the so i don't think we should do it on this bill to food

us as i would be in favor of fundamentally ruling it out on those. otherwise you really are opening up a path for new evolutions from and for me that's very clearly a human experiment. his door was on field under them going for historical reasons. and for many other reasons, that should never take place anywhere in the world, negotiate a list. and having said that, as i'm enough of a realist to say that there will be places where it's done financially, where they're a financial or other interest, wonderful nyc. and so it's easy to imagine is sparking a new kind of evolution of human kind. ah, we're at a crossroads. genetic engineering will change our lives. whether our future is shaped by the opportunities or dangers is up to us. ah, we asked what you think. should humans intervene in the human g name, or should this be off limits?

so, so says he understands the need for limits. the potential in this field is incredible, and it will be a great challenge for the future of human kind. but he also says that science fiction works like brave new world and blade runner have wound us about the risks of creating a society of different genetic costs. it's a see a guy brow thinks we need to end hunger fast. she didn't marry, i writes that we are living beings in a per of development. let's not confuse science with evolution. the caveman had a clue about a fair to day. humans have replaced the club with science out of fear, but we're still afraid. fear is about advisor and jessica 71 asks if we really need to reduce the diversity that exists in nature. thanks for getting in touch. in as we evolved into humans,

we invented tools that greatly expanded the scope of our abilities. that's been the crucial difference between us and of animals. ah, take climbing squirrels are much more adept than we are. but with a ladder we can get up there to. we're not as fast as them, but we have other ways of increasing our speed. ah, we've also invented tools to help our vision in all kinds of ways and not as even hope of creating devices that enabled power play jacks to walk again. swiss researchers have seen promising results being able to paddle across a lake by yourself despite being paralyzed or writing a recumbent bike, which you move with your arm and leg power. researchers use these images of freedom to advertise what's possible after only 5 months of training. oh,

the co head of this project says it gives many patients hope i live best scientists will submit the target group with people with paraplegic filled with various degrees of surveys as a standard treatment for fab lorshanda mic. i was also swap noble. it's made possible by an implant and a lower still intact spinal cord. 16 electrodes amplified the movement. impulses stimulating the nerves that move the muscles. research on the principle has been conducted for more than 10 years. furs paraplegic rats learn to walk again. later, researchers successfully applied the method to monkeys. in 2018 electrical stimulation enabled the 1st patient with partial spinal cord injury to walk again. now the latest step with especially developed implant chrissy that more review slee visa electrodes were used for pain management. hello. now we have specifically

designed implants that are longer and wider. they allow us to reach all the motor nerves and the legs and the pelvic muscles musically. these are, this makes movements much more precise, especially sideways. what various activities can be selected on the connected tablet. in addition to walking, swimming is also possible. for example, if all goes according to plan, the development from the zan should be available worldwide within 2 to 3 years. ah, science is widely considered the dominant human sense in many cultures at least, which as wide as art and so much other visual evidence of human kind, like photos and videos. what really fond of looking at other people and animals tape and our means of capturing these images is evolving the wrong cali circus now features holographic animals and it

doesn't stop that at 1st glance, they seem so real that you could touch them but really they're nothing more than light or illusions, as mathias mangold calls them, bringing them to life takes weeks. so how do whole the grams work? there are various ways to create 3 d images in space. and mathias bungled is about to reveal the secret of one of these techniques. for us. it takes a lot of alaneese and fast spinning rotors, they will come on come either through the holograms actually come about to rotor blades like this one is that they have lots of these small white eli diese gun which generate light through the number of rotations per minute what up to one, the road him of so quickly that the human i no longer registers it um and we basically only see the holographic image. her dog worth is in the middle of the

follow car for shopping. another technique can be used to create cerini avatars in something called a volumetric studio where 32 cameras record a person or object from multiple angles today. holocaust survivor, eva m laughs, is being filmed. a way of preserving her story for a future generations. verifying the let's me, we were the last are transport, went from set it 10 of ocoee viet unfriendly. from there we were taken to auschwitz ousley, this is, that's been the, is the image, is different air in 3 dimensions. it's more alive and morrill. yeah. in that i the men see on and it's still holding for me that it's there for generations to come in at high complied ones. and as it is the form technology authorization, that's fine with me for me. sorry, not to i thought part of the message. you some see the dream of

a life like hola gram began with this movie character princess layer. she appeared with an important message in the 1977 star wars for episode. just 40 years later. oh, the grams can behave just like humans and even fall in love, at least in movies like here in blade runner, 2049. 0 the gram seem just a disturbing, futuristic fantasy. at the same time, the market for a virtual and mixed realities is booming by 2030. it's expected to be worth more than $30000000000.00 us dollars. whatever the technological developments hold the grounds that can speak to us in real time like princess layer are still just fiction. when did our ending and thought, if you think install this princess layer, who appears as a hologram and talk like you could do that today by creating a holographic. phil, that was in that i did i night,

or someone to be fighting with a lightsaber and one hot a gun, wiping out the other. that wouldn't work. cuz that would be a whole different way of interaction. because under into i feel the door, not everything that we call a hologram is real hello graphy. to explain this to us, the physicist has set up an experiment with her colleague your involved with the laser. and these are the laser beam is split into here, one of the beams directed here. it's this mirror and illuminates our object. the light scattered from the star now reaches the photographic plate for the core hello graphy. we then need a 2nd beam which hits this claim directly one, but at this point, we record a hologram on this photographic plate and then develop a photo platter off column. afterwards, we can remove the object here and insert the hologram on dallas indicative oregon. yeah, i and that's it's

a complicated process. it's not for nothing that the discovery won the nobel prize in 1977 real whole. the grams are used on id cards and bank notes. they're only visible from a certain angle, whether they're real or pseudo holograms. the 3 the world really has quite a magical effect. and it offers museums new possibilities from making the invisible tangible, or 3 d viruses floated in the air. at this recent exhibition in the german city of hill design, along with a pumping heart and a digitized human being, giving a vivid insight into things that otherwise remain hidden. sophisticated technology was again, used to create the illusion. the exhibition curator explains how such a pyramid hologram works with you with i'm shot and if you look in here from below

average, you see that there are 3 screens above i might. that means the object is projected into the space 3 times from different directions. i'm quite yet, and these are, and these channels here are mirrors. you figure the flick t, they reflect the image is on the screens and seem to bring it together in the middle of the space almost to them. that crazy impression of spatial depth for people. it's a fascinating new way to present information and not just for museums, holograms have another advantage. they could soon also be used to store our collective knowledge in data coffee idea, phonographic data storage is ingenious addresses because you can actually tack holograms with data and then, and then you can get something like a terabytes of data. the size of a should keep up, which is a comparatively high level of data density or the size of a storage device has to day. the contents of decaying books, whole libraries, or even film archives could be stored and preserved for posterity. using this

method all on disks, no bigger than a photograph. and maybe some day will also be able to communicate via the gram, just like in the star wars movies. if i have let is read, why are they only they do you have a science question? then send it to us as a video, text or voice message. if we answer it on the show, we'll send you a little surprised as a finance guy. come on, just ask this week's question comes from an auto montecito from brazil. why does water have no color taste? oh, smell, blue shades we consume had a very specific smell,

taste and color. it's due to their various ingredient, light, natural, colorings and romance. water doesn't contain any such substances. it's made up of the chemical elements, hydrogen and oxygen. these got ether odorless, colorless and tasteless. ah, you can see this in the distillation process. water that has been evaporated and then condensed again. it's free of impurities and has no color, taste or smell. it seems to make sense. without water, there would be no life on earth. all living things needed to survive. a striking color, smell, or taste would be interpreted as

a threat by many living beings. clean water presents no danger. totally pure water only exists in laboratory conditions. usually water flows through layers of rocker earth and absorbs minerals or micro nutrients. meaning it does actually taste a little of something. sodium makes it salty. well, calcium and magnesium provide a slightly bitter taste. ion meanwhile, gives the lexia of life a metallic tongue. that's one reason why we don't find water in metal bottles. the material of the container affects the flavor of the water. glass bottles are best. they retain the natural clean taste you'll find more exciting science stories on our website and on twitter.

that's all for this week on tomorrow to day. thanks for watching and join us again next week. until then stay curious. with

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