ah, franklin, i already knows with him about hackers, paralyzed me to your societies, computers that outs where you and governments that go crazy for your data. we explain how these technologies work, how they can go in for. and that's how they can also go terribly. what you know, why do a professor and his students keep going to a forest to inspect dead pigs? what are the repercussions of our hunger for energy plus researchers shedding light on a stone age? who done it?

ah, well come to you tomorrow to day. the science program on d w. b survey show that on the risk front were especially afraid of crime and accidents. but actually, we should be more concerned with less visible dangers, such as cardiovascular disease because we eat too much and exercise too little, which is pretty much the opposite scenario, tor stone age ancestors. because they had to move around a lot to find and kept their food. although what they should have been wary of worked fellow humans with less than neighborly intentions. on and lower leg bones broken by blunt force. skulls pierced by arrows ah,

thousands of years old bones that testify to a brutal crime. does this, i know it of a fall. this is an elderly woman from ihnen, but if you look at the scarf in the inside us, if you can see that the arrow hit with such force that a piece broke off inside the skull, protected plots this, ah, the bones come from a cave high up in the spanish pyrenees as trucks for 10 years, archaeologists have been working there on the reconstruction of a blood bath from thousands of years ago. german anthropologist caught out has been there from the beginning and is responsible for analyzing the human remains. natalie was and of course there was a very big surprise that something like a massacre took place there. stock of one of the excavation work

is arduous. the archaeologists are removing tons of earth from the cave. the rubble they hope contains information about the events long ago. down in the canada, the muddy, received and washed. in addition to animal bones and countless pieces of pottery, the researchers gradually uncover bone fragment of 8 individuals for adults and for children. all of them were brutally murdered. that isn't as the of oxen, another shot, and gordon, we know that all the adults were shannon we can prove there with the bones of north dick and then the bronze are also broken again. doesn't even foster storm. the children also died by blunt force, and then their bodies were taken to a cave and just left their door types leading lawson born. but who were the murdered people? back in the laboratory at the danube university comes caught out and his colleague nicole nicholas, take a closer look at the bones. first. they analyze dna from the inside of the temporal

bone. does eat bundles, repair. you can see this pots from inside the skull. if the skull is well preserved, this or the bone is well protected and it's better from a dna preservation standpoint, as opposed to an arm, leg, ribbon, hand, or foot bone. one result of the dna analysis proves these people weren't from the region. about 9000 years ago, farmers from the east settled in central europe and eventually in what is now spain, the dead of as throats were descendants of these early farmers. but they were not alone in their new homeland. they encountered native hunter gatherer groups were the date of as trucks, victims of a bloody conflict between 2 completely different plans. a so called isotope analysis of bones and tooth enamel should help solve the mystery

. it reveals how these people fed themselves that's on smith's tinge and d enamel that i find on this specific tooth that will tell me what this man aid for the 1st 4 years of his life. in an instant, fia lindsey acted as tooth enamel doesn't change after childhood. the chemical composition is therefore a piece of the puzzle about childhood nutrition. bones are different. they tell us what people 8 in the last years of their life. because bones renew themselves completely every 10 years. but what does this tell us about the dead of as drugs? 7 of the 8 individuals had the same food spectrum in their youth as when they were adults. only one had changed. he had probably migrated from central europe than the course of his life. probably most of the immigrants were already living in the 2nd

or 3rd generation. and what is now spain. but what were the people doing up there in the mountains where there's virtually no land for agriculture and the winters are bitterly cold. the researchers hazard a guess the 8 individuals were shepherds who drove their livestock to graze in the mountains. this is supported by the fact that the group consisted of older adults and children. while the young and hard working part of the clan cultivated crops in the valley, the old and the children moved with the cattle to the mountains in summer, but who murdered them? so brutally, so far the archaeologists have not found any traces of the perpetrators in the cave . nevertheless, court out has an idea. this is natalie, nevada, who portez, it's just our hypothesis. of course, on steve o'shaughnessy cut courses,

it's more likely that these early farmers encountered hunter gatherers who killed them up. their lessons went on, thus dizzy closet and on good golf top about olm bus. once we came to that conclusion, due to the brutality that took place at a spot for fun, not, it's also possible that the perpetrators were farmers, but would they have been so efficient and brutal? if there were any bones of the perpetrators left behind court out could solve the mystery. but as long as none are found, the else trucks cave is keeping it secret to itself. solving crimes is often an uphill battle, but over time, investigators have had access to a growing box of tools. in the 18th century, foot shoe and huff prints were used to identify parties to the crime scene. ringback as science, advanced investigator started to seek more advice from experts such as doctors and kevin wanted photos enabled suspects to be identified and arrested within

a matter of hours. and once fingerprints were determined to be one of a kind they to were used in forensic investigations. the 20th century saw growing number of perpetrators using fire arms. soon enough, experts came along who could say which gun fired the lethal shot. and now computers and dna analysis are also helping to track down criminals. but it's still difficult to clarify one forensic question. the exact time of death an old military site near moonstone in north western germany is hosting an unusual training course today for forensic biology, students and instructors from the criminal police unit. they're going to learn 1st hand how corpses decompose and what traces they leave behind. tie

us with is on dish mailed like a white board and i got also likes how warm it i guess you could say, among other things is with one hand and white board. not very nicely so nice. a few weeks earlier, preparations began for this unusual outdoor experiment. biologist ins amens from the institute of forensic medicine in frankfort, is using pig carcasses to study the decomposition process. the league here shrine, a cut of ours, we lay the carcasses out here. go. oh, the uncle, but some of them are inside the tent and some are out in the open because we want to see if the caucasus decomposed differently at different speeds. for example, because there's more moisture in attend to life, but maybe it's harder for insects to get to them. so i have no one knows exactly how corpses in germany decompose under the prevailing climate conditions here. yes,

armand, an expert in forensic entomology wants to obtain reliable data. this could help in determining the time of death, for example, which is crucial for alibis in murder cases. the problem is that if the results of this experiment were ever used, their reliability could be called into question. as it limited seen this wish in medicine, it's very common to use pigs as a model to understand what happens in the human body. ah, but in court and they might ask you, how certain can you be that this would be the same for a human corpse of life? so it would be good to get some data on human corpses to also be an it's current to this. and forensic scientists have sometimes referred to findings from the us, so called body farms have existed there for years. scientific, corpse gardens, where researchers lay out human bodies and investigate which insects colonize them

and when or how the environment and whether affect the decomposition. the resources in europe are much more limited, was kept. so i know one does one in amsterdam at the university hospital with this area of land has been cordoned off sooner, but it's very small cuz we're not much bigger than a tennis court also goes into. and the other downside, as you can see in the next picture, is that the bodies have to be buried the mix. we need an area that allows us to carry out experiments above ground to move in all the various conditions that we have in central europe level. bob was like experimental over your dish dish and so i'm, it's vision for the future is clear a body farm in germany for the moment. however, what matters to the researcher is the results from his experiments with pegs that sophia, among the does, what we are doing here is being done for the 1st time. and that's why i'm really excited. and we also want to use the opportunity support police and la biology

students really experience what decomposition means either over the past 3 weeks, nature has done its work on the pay carcases. now students of forensic biology and police instructors are working together closely with is perform hoping to gain insights for their work. honestly on a criminal especially think this is vicky good. i guess i didn't. i honestly didn't think the trial would result in a bonus skeleton after 3 weeks and unskilled through evolve mission of russia, humans with what means we investigate his loan. how much time if you type in practice, criminologists and forensic experts rarely have to deal with comparable decomposition . but when they do, it's always necessary to clarify whether the crime is

a serious one, such as a murder and 2 thirds of the corpse is infested with insects or found indoors. any sage canal, no, all insect can necessarily get into the tent or even larger animal. destiny. that's by i would have imagined something like that. on the other hand, i thought it would be faster because it would be wal, my m eyes. now the students have to secure the evidence. they need samples of the maggots. flies and beetle is found on and under the pay carcass. this is because their type and stage of development provide clues about the time of death and whether the place where they were found is also the scene of the crime. is in us, we are seeing that decomposition is slower in these turns than it normally is. this is the empirical data that we lack so far. in contrast to the exposed pigs by boat has formed on various areas of the body of the 10 pig. and we now have taken swaps to see what kind of more that is. consumer pence is important findings that can be

decisive in real cases, but one thing is clear, the result here cannot be transferred one to one to humans bus. the criminologist, of course, is not interested in the decomposition process of a peg, but of human bodies mentioned among calling to term a forensics perspective. you could, we could actually learn on train of body farms like this using neil m, thereby solving real murder case is better. so why are there no body farms and germany ethical concerns, legal hurdles, ins i'm and beliefs. there are solutions for all of these. he's even been offered land and body donations. however, the sent him a body farms dropped, not the idea of the body farm hasn't worked out yet because even though i keep seeing signs of interest, i always end up organizing everything myself and the most. that means what we actually need is to get a real commitment from all of this interest and good intentions. malls will come.

but until then, decomposition researchers in germany will have to make do with paid carcases. psychologist say we're afraid of a lot of things, but not necessarily the things we should be afraid of. a lot of people underestimate one of our biggest problems, climate change. scientists believe this is because it's a complex matter, and the consequences are manifold, which is why we continue to endanger our own future. so far, we only know of one planet in the universe where more advanced life forms have developed. and one species on earth has surpassed all the others in its development . it lives in complex societies and as built up whole arsenals of tools and cultures. but it's a system that requires energy,

loss of energy. the ha, my for thought to something we tried to calculate and huge study. how much energy the human race has already used. and we found that in the last 70 years since the start of the enter pacin age, we've used one and a half times the amount that was used in the whole 12000 years before that as about our energy consumption has accelerated. how showing up since the mid 20th century, the human race has altered the earth's ecosystem so dramatically that scientists now refer to the anthro posting epic, the new age of human activity. we now use nearly $170.00 trillion kilowatt hours of energy per year, and the global population is growing. it's set to reach 10000000000 by 2015 in our thirst for energy were exploiting the planet. if we continue like this,

we can destroy every natural habitat because everything is interlinked. that becomes especially clear when you look at our food production. we've come to the zinc in bed museum in frankfurt to meet falco most bogo. believe who fund or not we live from nature via and each year we're taking all from nature them will grow box and so and so are eating away at the capital from which we live because $20000000.00 it's an absurd situation. we're actually destroying energy. we use more calories to produce our food than we get back. meet from industrial farming, loses the most energy up to 90 percent land for grazing and for growing feed, takes up near the 80 percent of all farmland worldwide. we're majorly impacting, of fragile system, wendy's office, and so how did they imagine this?

apple were our planet earth that we were the diameter of 12 to 13000 kilometers, will be on that scale down. this skin represents the soil that we're effectively drawing the energy from that 8000000000 people are living off like this, less than one meter hoity, he integrates in front of the lead humanities. hunger is insatiable, cheap production methods, mano cultures, and farming for maximum yields, increasingly degrade the soil. groundwater reserves are dropping around the world, including in spain, a key producer of europe's vegetables. the brown community guns feel are going produce. we is lots of water that we use fertilizers, one and a speed things up and boost production, which cuts cause we does everything in phosphate which are finite resource in nitrogen to, for the last half of it. and as i, rivers and impacts are,

sees 2 out of merit. and what's more, around one 3rd of the food that is produced and transported around the globe actually goes to waste water in a key for so since the big energy guzzlers are very production maternity, then you have all the fire tree production. anomaly. hansen sick then the whole area of trans hold and travel a fast not off the shrink. and so far, we've only focused on reducing the big energy cost lives in factory, literally, to littleton in the future. we really need to look more closely at our mobility and not just a big foundry nicholson for putting traffic worldwide, emits more than 8000000000 tons of c o 2 every year. that's nearly a quarter of global carbon emissions. then there were other greenhouse gases, but even when we humans don't move around, we still use energy. so far,

the internet only accounts for one percent of global electricity consumption. but if the internet were a country, it would be one of the biggest electricity users worldwide. around 4500000000 people are online and just 20 so is in an online search engine, use enough electricity to power an energy saving light bulb for an hour. the real guzzlers are the air conditioning systems for the big internet servers. they run night and day, including here in frankfurt, one of the world's biggest internet hubs, vic in front of analysis, and we expect the internet to increase to 13 or 14 percent of global electricity usage over the next decade. and that's a huge growth with everything going digital in emit is a constant even just setting up 5 g or les to 6 g, you know, or can seem huge amounts of energy army in lucky for us. 5, g, and 6, g will provide the basis for data intensive technologies like smart home and self

driving vehicles. the digital revolution is only just beginning all of us could make changes to our daily lives, to impact the earth less. but we also need large scale changes in our economic systems with lang, bethesda 9 m. a cellphone contains lithium and lots more usable. we only recycle the small amount of golden it. we need to see these things that have been mined as valuable enough to be recycled and retained, and a circular economy in their eyes. loaf of behind the reinhold line felder says, a real circular economy is what's needed. we need to learn from the biosphere. the son's energy is the source of all life. what's no longer needed gets broken down to create something new. nothing is lost in a system driven by money. humanity means to start factoring in the damage it's inflicting on the earth. in germany alone, farmers create 21000000000 euros with

a produce. but compare that with 90000000000 euros and cost. once you include the environmental damage, it's a huge loss maker in industry. been exploring, say the costs are externalized. no one pays for it. some good i'd, society suddenly has a problem with c o 2 nitrogen in the ground water phosphate, and i ecosystems equal peak itself, most on. so society bears the consequences hot, say, and that's the key problem, why we need to change, or in the most comprehensive change is imperative if our planet is to have a future. surely the most intelligent of all species on earth ought to be capable of that intelligence helps, but it's no guarantee against getting things wrong. as any psychologist will tell you, we don't really know who we are or what we're really good at. and where to we fit

in between the smallest and biggest things on earth. that's what carlos on friday from columbia wanted to know from us. here's the answer to our humans small. or are they big? mm. mm. our height is usually measured when standing up. ringback from the soul of the foot to the crown of the head and humans vary in size. so statistics experts count you late averages. the world, tallest men are said to live in the netherlands. also the tallest women. while the smallest men come from east timorese with and the smallest women from guatemala, ah, compared to the butch khalifa and do by the tallest building in the world. we are

very tiny, but huge compared to a grain of sand. an average sized woman is more than 2 trillion times the size of a carbon atom gigantic. in other words, whether we're small or large is always relative. the largest animals in the world live in the ocean, the blue whales. they reach an average body length of about 30 meters or as much as 16 tall men. mm. compared to other mammals. there are many species that make us look small. in contrast, we're more than $400.00 times the size of a ladybug. there are even creatures for whom we are an entire ecosystem, a whole universe, the microbes around 300000000 bacteria live on our skin, around 100000000 alone live in our mouth, and 70 trillion,

help with digestion in the intestines. so the question of how big we are can be answered with comparisons. maybe we should be judged by our abilities to a large extent, there, thanks to our brains. the human brain is a very special oregon. it makes us the only species on earth able to pose questions . and that makes us really big. the search for answers allows us to develop theories about the world around us and about our place in it. we expand our senses to penetrate deeper into the microcosm, and at the same time, with our thirst for knowledge, we even tried to grasp the history of our universe. it's birth and the origin of all things. if our blood is read, why a, do you have a science question?

send it to us as a video, text or voice message. if we answer it on the show, we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you. come on, just ask and you can find more sign stories on our website and on twitter. that's all for this week on to morrow today. thanks for watching and join us again next week. until then stay curious. with ah ah, ah

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