the mediterranean, ah, it's waters connect people of many cultures seen of almost rock and jafar abdul karim drift along with exploring modern lifestyles and mediterranean where has history left? its traces reading people, hearing their dreams, a mediterranean journey in tenant this starts august 14th on d. w. ah, in some parts of the world, coban 19 restrictions are being rolled back or even lifted completely. but in many places, case numbers are rising rapidly again, making the search for effective vaccines and treatments as important as ever. in columbia, researchers are testing a protein based medication. other researchers are looking into alternative vaccines

and better protective equipment. meanwhile, in uganda, gender inequality has worsened during the pandemic. but 1st we had the india where infection rates have been climbing again for the last few weeks. this mahala, or community clinic is a primary health care center which provides free basic health care. it's one of hundreds of centers in the capital city of delhi, mostly located in low income neighborhoods. during the cities cove, it waves these clinics played a crucial role in raising awareness and providing timely diagnoses. so now some of these centers, a set to provide cove at 19 vaccinations. dr. go her as art works and one of the cities, mahala clinics. norwood by live by the people used to feel a little handled when they had to remind up at big centers or hospitals or this

move of getting shots at mo, holla clinics will be beneficial and we will see more and more people come forward as now. it will be much easier to access up the millennial gay the past few weeks have seen a study uptake in the number of covert cases in india. according to public health officials, a large majority of the population has received 2 vaccines at only 8 percent of those eligible for booster shots have gotten them. the doctor case re not ready says it's not just about the ease of getting a booster shot. there's also a perception that the alma kron variant of the virus won't result in severe illness, is not, as well as the belief that the vaccine won't prevent infections from happening in the 1st place though. that, but he adds that it's important to keep encouraging people to get the booster shot, because it can prevent a large number of infections from becoming severe happen. he had to give the severity of infection is low, then the amount of virus discharge is going to be much less because the duration of

her list is also going to be much less. so you boys are less of a threat to others, especially elderly well, notable people in your household of your family. even though most of the cases happening now, a mild to moderate. the fact that people are getting infected despite being vaccinated or having recovered from an infection is proof enough that they need all the protection they can get against this virus. the pandemic in india is nowhere near over cobra 19 has not only had a massive impact on the global economy, but also on gender equality. in uganda, more girls than boys have dropped out of school than the pandemic. and many women have lost their jobs. beyond that, police say the domestic violence against women is on the rise. we come to the district of paula in west in uganda. fiona can see me was

a high school student before she got pregnant during the 2 year lockdown. the 20 year old now has to balance farming and caring for her 9 month old baby. no hulu. when you get ragland and was able say that you brought it on yourself, or will they think the man has little to do with her doing? that girl was a woman. he never has any problems. others. hello. can lay say that if he approaches you and you refuse, do you get pregnant? no, you don't. so out often in ugandan schools, many female students didn't return after the lockdown teacher. ruth, to see me says that many families stop girls education if they get pregnant for them. they think that when a girl has just had test would pregnant or given, but that is the end. what. what comes in their mind is that he or she,

she guy, she should go to the file that over that child, or get married to an in yellow in either mine because they think that that is the end of her classes. when it comes to the socio economic impact, the united nations says that women are more affected by disease outbreaks, the men were you less, he must seek her, says that when her partner wanted money during the lockdown, he sold the families only home on farmland without her consent cinders, amazon wall, his photo named we lost money during the 2nd wave of the pan danica, and i had to return home. we'll come goin for them. i found my husband had sold everything at home to view anomaly, including the house and farm land, who yet doomed on it, and he resorted to drinking water. i told margaret get

a quote on our back she and grandma, now i'm struggling to pay the rent without a stable job. how demanded harman brung sir. tim quarter. i try to work for labor is to get something to eat in the market for me and feed my 2 children. can you make your plan to get our quinton go? won't another marble love he. furthermore, ugandan police precincts reported that domestic violence rose by almost 30 percent in the 1st year of the pandemic. the country's crime report for the 2 years of code 19 shows that on average, a woman was killed every 48 hours. due to family disputes sparked by alcoholism, be put into thing by drinking. the put of lustrous and others drink excessively unused. the reason you are so they end up fighting, assaulting children, then the up to paul. we have different characters. was your perceive at

a minute the head and what it does is right, culturally speaking, many traditional norms in uganda discriminate against women. when families lost members to cove at 19 many girls and women shared the agony of losing their loved ones, but didn't inherit a fair share of the family's wealth. actually some people who live without making will either want to become the problem for the people who will give out their properties over the me see when they find out what the mission my call is given to my jail not to not to be give it it will just be given to only men when the father may be living there. when i'm the measure live, you mentioned is that my notice will be given this does when they give them,

but everything is given to to, to men around the world activists. splunk women's rights to be protected in the pandemic. they say it's everyone's responsibility to protect the most vulnerable, so that women like can see me, can receive the support they need, say that they and their children have quality of life. what do you think of when you hear the word vaccination? probably about rolling up your sleeve and getting a needle in your arm. but many researchers believe there's a more effective way to give people protection against the coven 19 virus. we spoke to biologist and academic jonathan go. shawnee from tel aviv university, about the future of nasal vaccines. ah, when you're given a standard set of coven, 19 vaccines via injection,

the kicks off a response, and the cells nearby, causing your immune system to begin producing antibodies against the corona, virus invader, and other parts of your body. the production of longer term protective cells called memory t cells and the cells began creating what's known as systemic immunity. the response is to generate anti bodies of the class i g, g, immuno globulin g that are able to recognise the infectious agent and knock it out . and this is done at the port of entry dodge to say that muscle, or the blood or not liver and so on. so, so that is the systemic in, oh, with the systemic community that injected vaccines provoke the productive components are spread throughout the body systems, exposure disorders, covey 2, however happens in

a specific place. the upper respiratory tract and the protective cells and anti bodies can take some time to respond to it. the antibodies that are produced is definitely work pretty good in clearing infectious agents systemically. but when we have a situation that the ports of entry is in arm, you cosa, in the lining of our nose, throat, lungs in guts, then the level of the anti bodies. there may not be sufficient. one way to amp up, the response would be to apply vaccines via a spray directly to the area where respiratory bugs get into the body. that will create a more localized protection where it's needed most the port of entry. kind of like putting guards at the front door of a house to fund off intruders rather than in the attic or the basement. this is

called mucosal immunity because it's created in the membranes exposed directly to the outside world. the membranes are packed with a special antibody called ita. if you could stimulate a, an effective dose of i g a that same protective antibody but is targeted to the port of entering to the mucosa. then it should be markedly more effective in preventing infection of those viruses that enter through the mucosa such as respiratory viruses such as chrome. ah, other advantages that nasal sprays have over injections include not having to train personnel is intensely to apply them. and of course, they take needles out of the process entirely. nobody likes those. so, why don't we have nasal vaccines already? what's the hold off?

there are a number of complications. so there is some amount of protective immunity in our knows not sufficient from prior exposure. there is a lesser efficiency in take of the vaccine. the pre existing immunity is viewing the entering of the vaccine as something it's somewhat recognize, it's not very fission and it's reducing the effective dose and level of immunization. it's complicated and more difficult to produce more difficult to, to get regulatory, we have less experience getting the amounts right is a big technical challenge. in the nasal cavity, we have secretion. we sneeze, not everything is being absorbed. there are celia, there are these air like structures that are clearing fluids and, and reducing the dose, the amount of actual vaccine material that we want to target to our immune system.

oh, despite those hurdles, progress is being made in the field. more than a dozen candidates are currently in clinical trials. a few are pretty far along we do see encouraging results. my assumption is that and the completion of a face free clinical trial, there will be a push to try to introduce the vaccine. and so this could be, i would hope, within the coming next half a year or year because so many people have already been vaccinated. maya injection. any nasal vaccines approved in the future will, in most cases, provide updates to protection by kick starting mucosal immunity, supplementing the underlying systemic immunity provided by injections. it's an approach experts call prime and spike on a background of

a systemic response. we can introduce a nasal response to fortify the systemic protection which locks severe disease with reduction of local infection and later transmission. although there are still hurdles that nasally administered, coven vaccines must clear. many experts are optimistic, at least some will one day see wide use. because they'll make getting regular boosters also to other respiratory diseases. a simple and painless process. while some researchers are working to develop new vaccines, others are focusing on improving protective measures. for example, scientists and spain have developed a mask that alert users when it c. o. 2 content gets too high. since the pandemic outbreak and early 2020 masks have become an indispensable ally

in preventing the spread of coven 19. but in spite of the evidence in favor of them in reducing community transmission, people have to wear a mask for hours on end. agree that it's not always easy. i went by for sundays, especially at the start of the pandemic love. if i had a headache in felt drowsy with her wold make on southfield, since you can't breathe as well, if you're working all day, you may get more tired than usual. my will. dotted on wednesday. the c o 2 concentration between a person's face and an f f p to mask is higher than usual because the air that's exhaled gets trapped. inhaling this carbon dioxide chemley to health effects such as headache or fatigue. whether you, what am i putting up with? i which would be am for when i was the mosque for a long time in its busy, i get tired and my nose and throat get dry on phasing and then i go fina ordeal to run to the kitchen, drink water, breathe a bit and get back to work

a lot by there to help mask wearers avoid these issues. a multi disciplinary research team made up of engineers and chemical scientists from the university of granada has developed an intelligent mask that alerts wearers on their smartphones . when recommended c o 2 limits are exceeded, the limit that he had to leave intake when she intelligent masked has a sensor, meaning a way to measure something in the air between your face and the mask. britta introduce gotta la guardia. and so the c o 2 sensor is equipped with the electronics that will measure the color change in the sensor, but, and transmit that information to a smartphone. and this ensure employer to put on me the link for a month, you know de la fontose molly. so a standard f, f, p to mask can be turned into an intelligent mask that monitors gas concentration by placing a special electronic sticker inside the mask. let me get that getting blue is occur

inserted inside the mask is a system that consists of 2 parts. on one side there's what's called readout electronics, which is printed with conductive ink on a flexible, plastic and transparent substrate to receive. as you can see, i think with the apparent, almost whatever he put up on the other side is the chemical part of the sensor that changes its color. you mean, depending on the c o 2 concentration cornerback on timothy amelia pseudo, they got one to notify users if they've reached the recommended c o. 2 limits inside the mask. the research team has designed a special mobile app. a new show audio capa, the user, has a mobile app to read the carbon dioxide concentration. if one of moby continental, okay, within a c technology is the same technology used for wireless. claimant's implement the users would simply have to hold their smartphone close to the mask. he automatic. i mean, think it automatically detects the sticker is hefland, reads the seal to concentration inside the mask and i didn't video the software alerts users do or traffic light display red or green. if they need to ventilate

and then on on a va sadie rented out of her. although mask mandates have been lifted in many countries, many workers are still required to wear them so that researchers believe there is a demand. the team is willing to transfer the technology to any industry that may be interested in it. oh and like every week dw science corresponded derek williams. answers your questions about the latest research. you can write to hamlet at cove at producer at d, w dot com. this week and anonymous viewer wanted to know what's the rebound effect that can occur after taking antiviral treatments. to explain this phenomenon, we 1st have to talk about packs of it. the antiviral drug made by pfizer, a which works by inhibiting an enzyme that sars covey to needs to make copies of

itself. in other words, if that enzyme has blocked, it stops the virus from replicating properly. troy will showed that giving the drug to people in the 1st 5 days after a cove at 19 symptoms appeared um, cut their chances of being hospitalized dramatically. that in turn has led healthcare authorities to clear the way for its widespread use, particularly in patients who are elderly or who are immunocompromised, or who have pre existing conditions that might put them at high risk if they contract the disease. pipes. livid treatment involves taking a lot of pills. the fall courses is 30 of them over 5 days. and often by the end of it, patients are testing negative on antigen tests. but then what's called the rebound effect can complicate the picture of most people who take those 30 pills will

experience less severe symptoms than those who don't take them. but in some people, some studies say around one in 20, but maybe more, the disease rebalance. that means a few days after being squashed the symptoms and viral loads can bounce back and patients can start testing positive again, that happened to my mother for one, but it also happened to the top medical adviser in the u. s. anthony valgy. and of course, more recently to american president joe biden, it's not really clear exactly why the disease can rebound on some experts think it happens if the virus is suppressed by the medication too early in the infection and kind of denying the immune system the chance to really get to know the virus well and develop enough tools against it. others think that some people

might just harbor reservoirs of the virus and their bodies in places that the drug can't reach. another idea is that some people could be breaking down the drug faster than others, which would give it less time to accomplish its mission. and maybe open the door to a resurgence when the bills are stopped. regardless, the medical advice about what to do if you have a rebound case of cove, it after taking pax, livid, is still really muddy. m. anthony foul g, for instance, took a 2nd course of the drug. but my mom was told not to boast recovered from their rebounds quickly. um, what everyone does agree on is that will need more studies to really figure out things like optimal dosage and, and duration of treatment m

researchers and other countries are also developing drugs to combat the corona virus. for example, scientists and columbia are working on a protein based treatment that's intended to lessen the impact of coven 19 on the body. when covered 19 head, columbia, many researchers at this biotechnology institute dropped other projects to focus on it. and one promising idea could lead to a possible therapy for the disease. it involves using blocker proteins to mimic a large enzyme called a c, e 2. it's where corona virus docks on to break in a back to you, there is a causing it into this. once you have that knowledge, you can start cutting out the minimum necessary parts of the ac to protein with the nato. a. those are the ones that interact with the virus, as mike proteins were busy, and that's how i started cutting out these sections. yeah. we've now designed about 200 different versions of what we're calling mini ac twos. this unit,

this as media. we also see that was in was older, these mini ac tooth interact with a virus in different ways. could some of them reduce its ability to dark on to vulnerable cells? the columbia and researchers round models of molecular dynamics and discovered promising candidates? yeah, i think this is how comparisons showed that 3 of these proteins were very interesting . probably because one had 3 times the interaction strength compared to natural ac to or by the 2nd that had 20 times the strength, lee. and the last had 40 times the interaction strain furniture. so the viruses spike protein binds more efficiently to the blocker proteins than it does to human cells. could that be used to create an effect of medicine? paulina gomez decided to support the investigation by little woman back when the whole world was searching for solutions. everyone had their own ideas about the best ways to fight against sas covey too. in our lab,

we were searching for small molecules that might be effective against it. but didn't have much success you. i found this out approach very interesting. it comes at the problem from a different angle, and we decided to go with it. we will learn another from gallagher if you shop was that the blocker proteins are turned out by genetically engineered east. it's a relatively cheap technique to employ a group of and researchers at a near my institute have used it to explore other proteins. one though, i think women are called me and told me had some candidates that we would work on to develop an alternative treatment for covered 19 i look forward to transferring our experience with other proteins, other diseases to this much more global disease. our could potentially have a much greater impact that was very motivating by i'm asking for more in what you under the project one, a local award receiving funding that speeded up the research process. it also gave the scientists a regular income, which is far from guaranteed in columbia. you almost get but busy participating in

a project as ambitious as this one which could potentially contribute to scientific knowledge in general, both on the global stage and, and the current pandemic that has given me a lot of pride beyond what he sent. that may, ma'am, which includes the blocker protein models that were digitally designed then produced will next move into testing in human cells. the researchers could hit some speed bumps at this critical stage. it isn't easy in columbia to import the necessary re agents. the treatment would be intended for people who have active cove. it infections. so use that area. no. a goalie cases, it would be given to those who have been infected. so someone who's tested positive for the virus. yeah. they would receive a block, a protein to inhibit the viruses that are circulating in their bodies or that of multiplied in affected organ slowdowns. i think that blocker would prevent those viruses from continuing to infect more cells. the goal is to create an effective

treatment for combating the corona virus eve. but the research is also providing fundamental insights into a possible new approach to fighting other diseases. we hope this episode could bring you up to date on treatments against coven 19 and the pandemic ongoing impact. hope to see you again next time until then. take care and stay healthy in with

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