on disability is more likely to lose their jobs. in the pandemic black lives matter . shine a spotlight on racially motivated police violence, same sex marriage is being legalized in more and more countries, discrimination and inequality or part of everyday life. for many, we ask why? because life is diversity to make up your own mind. d. w. lead for mines. ah, they've been powering not on the go lives for tickets and healed of the key to fleeing the world from fossil fuels, lithium ion batteries of central to the green energy revolution. but the aunt

without drawbacks to the only goal india, we explore ways to make the most of their shelf life hello and welcome. i'm son that i'm now libya my on batteries. power every ping from tools and toys to electric vehicles and energy storage systems. when the useful life comes to an end, they can pause a hazard to our health or environment. if not properly managed. you are an india one company is working to ensure that these batteries don't end up as pollutants. ah ah, j gama buzz expertly gets down to dismantling another electric battery. he has been working in this recycling plant for the past 18 months. the former day laborer is proud of his job and they will be plenty to keep him busy for years to come. ah l m l for people use and commute using gasoline vehicles,

hot smoke and cause lots of pollution that causes health issues. electric vehicles don't cause any kind of pollution or emissions. a growing number of people in india are now switching to electric vehicles. experts estimate that this year failed will almost triple the previous view of demand instead of gasoline or diesel electric vehicles, run on batteries, which at the moment i'm mainly lithium, i n b. it's an environmental conundrum because they usually only have a lifespan of 5 to 7 years. motion a monte from the center for science and environment in new delhi, explains the problem. we produce about 50000 tons of material my and the in the country. very little if it actually gets recycled, it's only now with these coming into the picture and the government setting up these recycling rules. bacteria management rules. this is just the beginning. the

most serious issue is that the toxic substances in the discarded batteries can lead into the ground water via landfill sites. at the same time, the lithium batteries are full of valuable ro, materials that india has historically had to import from all over the world that's created a completely new industrial for about 3 years now, the total company has been recycling lithium, ion batteries, bringing their competent part back into their own material cycle. going into the trend, shuddered properly. then the back my, what we do is the black powder inside the battery is color black. you separate that from the casing of the battery and then the black must refining process is a further we're using different hybrid unit through what you need to extract michael like or by with his she nickel, magnesium, copper, lithium cabinet,

and other compounds are also recalled from the older batteries, these raw materials can then be used in the production of new batteries, a solution that saves money and makes more environmental sense than extracting more minerals from mines around the world where people often work under atrocious conditions. we all over the 2nd process, open mining because we extract the same metal said come from the mine, but we actually don't physically bigger, don't we are taking vist that is generated the consumers and industrious around the world. there are numerous companies, lego terrell recycling, lithium ion batteries. however, the volume of batteries currently being recycled is still very small, especially given the amount of least expected in the future. battery recycling is something that the entire world is still trying to figure out. there is still, there needs to be a lot more, i think in less men into it. suddenly that is one important thing. and the other

thing also is that you don't have enough volumes. no, we need huge, large volumes to be able to. uh, perfect. the process and even globally, i think we're still in the, we are in the beginning stages. from 2035 india plans to limit sales of new vehicles to 0 emissions models. only experts believe that by the end of the current decade, more than half of all new vehicles with already me all electric batteries. cycling is an important factor in achieving the complete switch to e mobility in india. and if possible, under conditions that are both financially and environmentally sound electric vehicles, sales in india have almost tripled. echoing a global serge, that's good news for efforts to cut emissions, but also pains the prospect of a multi 1000000 ton heap of discarded batch. a bank will be stopped up,

has developed an energy storage system that runs on 2nd life lithium ion batteries and is making a world of a difference to people in places where power is unreliable. ah, when the sun goes down and looked up a dish street life usually fades away together with the day's dying light. but these 2nd life batteries allow long stretches of road to be lit up after duck. ah, one of these batteries is also in service in fido, the bungalow. dean ovation, enables street windows to peddle their snacks late into the night by new river light is the greatest jennifer? wrong? libya, barbara, i can do my work so much better. now. thanks to the light for

a 2 hour drive of e, intentionally. one of the batteries is delivering energy to electric sewing machines. this makes it possible for seem stresses at the vehicle livelihood center one more as the appeal of b street. but article of clothing they produce and not having to manually operate the machines, means less of a physical burden ah nego, and that the microphone might always get a pain in my legs at work. and i know i couldn't work for long periods, and i had to constantly stretch my legs a month or not. but these electric machines, i don't have that problem. i can work for as long as i want to build something that i, that we use to come to work at 9 am. now we can come an hour later. i've been back then, we had managed to say 2 or 3 dresses a day. with the electric machines, we can do a lot more and we work as long as we want and managed to get everything done. pradeep strategy and duction veto butcher founded noonan in bengal on for their goal was to harness the last remaining energy from used batteries. and that meant

experimenting in what was still a relatively unexplored field. i usually they used between a 100 to 8275 percent. that's where in the 1st life people are usually using it and between that 75 percent and 50 percent threshold, there is still in most cases some usable energy which you can still use. but in, in the 1st life application it doesn't get used, which is not very efficient, right? i mean, is like, you have one little water water you drink half later and you draw a half lead away. the 2 men started out in 2017 with used laptop batteries 1st the batteries taken, but each individual cell is tested forest energy content. the functioning ones are assembled into a small, portable battery, which has rented out the st lenders, for example, for around 2 euros a week. the 2nd big project after the laptop, batteries are used batteries from electric cars. they've come from a german,

comical and a converted into buffalo 2nd life batteries lasting for 5 to 10 years. the laptop batteries, which are also charged with solar energy last only about 2 years. new no monitors them by a chip and an app. each battery is internet connected. as these batteries are internet connected, we get and once notification at the end of life and pick up these batteries for recycling. while we also provide a new one as a replacement. at the end of the 2nd life, the batteries end up in this recycling plant run by some v india. a 100 kilometers not have been glue. the batteries are broken down into their various components, the metallic wrist, mostly aluminum, is sold to metal dealers. the so called black pulp containing the particularly valuable substances is sent to some deals mean factory in south korea for further processing. we did go over all the available in her does her lego board nickel,

lithium, manganese groper. and again, we send it to our contract fair leg samsung manufactured near better recycling centers like this. a still pretty thin on the ground in india. but the number of electric us is growing with the electric mobility taking center feed in india, bringing the thought efficiency into back to become a major factor into our sustainable practices in mobility sector here at the indian due to science in bengal. now go funny to could he desa range of medea's, with the aim of increasing battery capacity. he's the head of the institute scheme for advanced energy storage and search. i see the publishing as part and parcel of this ecosystem of electric vehicles and notification, gender,

re purposing batteries. really cost me maybe about 10 percent of the cost of recycling about in the energy caused the cost and the environment in terms of chemicals are to be used for recycling and, and, and the costs and the environment in tons of ways that comes out of recycling batteries, the big advantage of 2nd life batteries is that the environmental friendlier than new ones. and they are also much cheaper. so more people can afford them. if i can cut down the cost of starting at the city to a common man, it probably will bring every single person in the country to have the same level of basic amenities that otherwise don't exist in some of the remote areas and, and bringing that the commodity is, is in itself a big social reform. i think the seem stresses and generally live in small villages nearby. in many cases they can no longer feed themselves and their families from agriculture alone. they now have

a regular income at the ceiling workshop. the batteries mean that they work here and be done at any time of day, which also makes it easier to reconcile work and family life. but one bed the is not really enough. the women are hoping for more in building for their homes. we need that about that it was a battery like this. it would also be possible for my children to do their school homework and we could use it to power household devices like washing machines. that would help us immensely with the miles on the lecture. me has far more ambitious plans in the future. she'd like to open a small business, but forcing machines at home then she could take care of her children while she owns

a living. now back to these of fall would the rise of renewable energy because we can store it even when the sun is shining or the wind is blowing or given the limitations of lithium ion batteries, massages on volt. all it is a reporter had to look around before we get into the shiny new stuff. we got to talk about the lithium ion battery. it's the fastest growing battery segment in the world. scientist started developing the lithium ion battery during the oil crisis of the 19 seventy's. they hope this could win the west off fossil fuels. but nothing has changed. and it took a while until you could actually buy one engineers, stanley whittingham, a korea yoshi no. and john, be good enough, help develop the 1st commercially available lithium ion battery that came to market in 1991. that's them winning the nobel prize for that. you work with nice people and they do all a hard work or news of burger drives,

like as much grover's. you go up up, up, up, up. the lithium ion battery is good at giving a lot of electricity and shorter burst. so it's used for consumer electronics and now electric cars. and it's also pretty much the only battery we use for storing, grid scale, renewable energy. but mining lithium is problematic. it involves pumping underground water deposits to the surface. this use is roughly 70000 leaders to make one ton of lithium. more than half the earth's resources are between argentina, bolivia and she, les mining, it consumes 65 percent of the regions already scarce. water supply, lithium ion battery is also typically used cobalt, which is expensive and mine mostly in the democratic republic of congo. news reports have covered the notoriously exploitive business, which uses child miners and devastates local communities. lithium batteries can also be flammable. if you can't bring them on a plane, you should definitely think twice about a giant one backing up your grid and they lose capacity. so longevity isn't really

there. forte. so lithium, ion battery, it's work, but they can't be the only solution to store energy, especially on a grid scale. according to the i e, a, we're going to need close to 10000 gigawatt hours of energy storage worldwide by 2040 to meet climate goals. that's 50 times the size of the current market. today, it's actually another technology pumped hydro storage that comprises a whopping 96 percent of global storage power capacity. and it basically relies on pretty simple gravitational principles. this is romulus, wyoming not. and she's the head of a thermal storage company which we'll get to later. but she has no problem with water. you've got to reservoirs or leaks one high and one low. and when you have a lot of excess power, you use that exist power to pump the water of pills in a higher reservoir. when you want that power back, you let the water run downstream and turn a turbine generator. however, those products are hard to build the teacup,

massive amounts of space and need exactly the right geography, 2 lakes, and a hill. a lot of them also work within conventional hydro, electric dams, which need lots of up front capital and disrupt habitat. storing renewable energy will need more flexibility than these reservoirs. one, promising alternative that's making headway comes from something you can find right on your kitchen. table salt. much more. rhonda needs chemically senior grease young. same robin the gregory they will. this is rosa palace seen. she's a battery researcher at the institute of material science and barcelona. she says, sodium is the best alternative because it basically mimics lithium ion battery technology. it has also got one valence electron, the number of electrons in the outermost layer. but sodium is a 1000 times more abundant is 20 to 40 percent cheaper and isn't sensitive to temperature changes. so no issues with blowing up. but it does have lower energy

density, thus heavier batteries, which is why it hasn't commercialized sooner. if it's for the grid, though, this won't matter so much since everything is stationary and for right now, time is of the essence away. higher in another genus level are so much closer level. while they're already in the market, analysts expect them to be produced at seal in the next few years. speaking of salt, what if we could store energy in the form of heat and really hot salt swami now tons company malta is doing this in the us. we take electrical energy or either directly from renewable generation like winder solar or just from the grid. and we convert that into thermal energy. turns out that molten salt is a great preserver of heat. it looks kind of like water and has roughly the same viscosity here, so it works when there's excess electricity generated. the energy is used to heat, a large insulated storage tank of molten salt and very high temperatures. i melting point means the salt can absorb

a lot of energy. it keeps for 6 plus hours. lithium batteries can only manage under for when the grid needs power. the plant re converts heat back into electricity through a turbine, while its material costs are relatively low and its system is pretty scalable. it's still behind hydro and lithium. the hope is that the market will eventually make a feasible. you can do something similar with the piles of sand. we mentioned earlier, a couple of fins decided to use some local pilots to solve one of finland's biggest energy issues. heating, instead of converting the heat back to electricity, they just use it directly to storage diversity in the order of 1000 times g. m. m. woodley, june buffers. michael, ellen and co founded a company that makes sand batteries return the electricity to heat, ugly gum reg installed. cheap lit up, we can bear with the large volumes of energy, how much sand undertones of sand. it can store heat at around $500.00 to $600.00 ri

celsius for months. this heat then goes directly to warm, municipal buildings. moreover, it could provide heat to one of the biggest emitters of greenhouse gases, the heavy industry sector in comb countries. the solution makes a lot of sense. the company currently has one system that's heating con, con path. a southwestern town with a population of 13000. the 100 tons, sam battery, can technically stay hot for months, but they recharged this one in 2 weeks cycles to keep efficient. these are just a couple of solutions. there are dozens of technologies out there right now, each buying for their place in the market flow. redox batteries, for instance, or another big contender for grid scale storage. they don't function all that differently from lithium ion batteries. and the latter electrons travel between 2 electrodes through a liquid called and electrolyte, creating a current in a flow battery. this liquid electrolyte is stored externally. the larger the tank, the more storage capacity, which means the flow battery can be scaled really easily. and what needs scale,

you guessed it, the grid, chemical technologies, gravity based technology, mechanical technologies, you know, flow, batteries, all that stuff. this is a huge need that we're trying to solve. and i think we're going to need all the truth is, we're not going to quit the lithium ion any time soon. the huge demand for electric cars means that some of the technologies and efficiencies and develop and there will spill over to the grid. but the fossil fuel industry is don't enter the economy, it's a huge challenge to adapt and tire systems, including infrastructure and policy to renewable alternatives. cost is the biggest limiting factor for new technologies. the market decides how far they've come and how far down go to africa now, and the laboratory and synagogue very such as a looking at the potential to recycle natural waste. not just a generate energy, but distorted to the aims to produce scalable batteries, from nothing less than

a local st. full staple, a wrong these button. so batteries may not look very special until you know, the raw material used to make them at this lab. and dac, ours, shake until d up university interior door. peanut shells thoughtful muscle, the sea view, transforming this type of biomass into advanced materials is a new field of research. says it's invalid. us. the scientific community has been working on a for 2 or 3 years. just to fix on the ultimate and we were the 1st to initiate this kind of work here in africa. all i see a lovely boss, alma peanut shells are plentiful, and synagogue peanuts are one of the countries for most important exports. more than 60 percent of the rural population grows the popular and energy rich leg. yeah . but this year, a low harvest of around $1600000.00 tons is expected due to poor rainfall. until

now, the shells have simply been thrown away or burned pure waste and says, professor, in gum, he regularly buys his raw materials at the t lane, central market in jakarta. mm hm. and explains to the trader that he makes batteries from michelle's getting them, bringing it out of i somebody said uber. oh, i'd never heard of that on me again. it seems, every day you wake up and there's more technology or more developments. but i'm happy to see it happening on both on the market and that the peanut shells help blue light. i want to live local and get a music for more than 2 years by the d up and gum has been researching the conversion of bio mass into energy with a group of 15 students. so, oh, well, it's a complicated electrochemical process. first, the shelves are ground into a powder, and mixed with water. all are leasing on good a top, the whole thing. so for a period of time like this, i don't know,

i won't tell you how long of it, because that's one of the crucial parameters. while optical those up and then we filter the mixture and the result is this liquid whose the as opposed to the lumbering. once we add some more ingredients, we can use it to create the positive charge of the battery was achieved a lot of disclosed. the researchers take advantage of the high carbon content of the shells and extract zinc oxides from them bonding technology globally. when the liquid is radiated with sunlight at high temperatures, the zinc oxide evaporates and is converted into metallic zinc, which in turn can store energy these are environmentally friendly batteries that have the same potential as conventional lithium ion batteries for example. but without the disadvantages. that's because lithium ion battery is contained among other things, cobalt which is often mind by children in dangerous minds and the congo. in

addition, reserves of lithium and cobalt are limited. so the plus points are that the peanut battery is produced without cobalt, easier to dispose of cheaper to produce. introducing these environmentally friendly batteries would be of great help to synagogue. since 40 percent of rural households have no connection to the state power grid. they rely on batteries or alternative energy sources like solar or simply don't have access to any form of energy. there is a huge gap in energy supplied according to this environmental analyst, who wrote as a basic up a pasco full. he fulfilled his gas levels. i think we have to move toward the development of energy sources like bio mass lab, yo mos in his e l. y m s. energy can be an answer to day of the car. because senegal is a major producer of peanuts, with a huge supply of peanut shells, is my and then we'll look that us. gov was a liaison for areas like cause

a mass which has a significant amount of bio mass. amplify the development of this energy source that will allow us to close a large part of the existing gap. don't go poo permit. and that has already gone potty undergrad in cuppa. he exists in all what we'll see later in preliminary trials. the researchers were able to power remote controls or cellphones with their bio batteries, but their product isn't market ready yet. liz's year old, we now need to further optimize all the processes in the lab to get all the parameters fully under control through the so that the system works properly. it took a little does that, and then it will be ready for market on for me, dana, marcia, the research team and decker is now sure their batteries work. however, further research and money is needed before they can upscale production milligrams so that people in synagogue can actually use peanut power batteries to soccer. so

even innovations for a sustainable future and not without their share of compounding consequences, as we've seen today. but accounting for solutions to these problems right from the start is bound to make a huge difference for the better. i'll leave you with that thought and see you again next week. good bye. and thanks for watching. ah ah, ah, with

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