orders of the israeli team and immediately killed one man and that this will be the last one was on life or worse, fears realized tonight. they're all gone. how i witnesses experienced the terrible events and this, the world should not forget the low shuttle. the $972.00 olympic massacre starts september, 3rd on d. w. planet . earth is heating up according to the united nations 2021 was one of the 7 hottest years ever recorded. global warming is already impacting people and animals world wide. extreme weather events are becoming more frequent. manmade climate change is also affecting oceans and seas. to day we will take a look at how exactly and to what extent. ah

hello and welcome to to morrow to day this science show on d. w. coral reefs have been around for thousands of years. but environmental degradation and climate change threatened to destroy them within a few decades. these diverse ecosystems provide life and food sources for millions of people worldwide, is there's still time to save them. with coral reefs are unlike anywhere else on earth that come to mind blowing. biodiversity, the wild reefs are shown with red dots here. they cover less than one percent of the ocean floor, but they actually support over a quarter of all marine life built 2 tiny animals. couple polyps. codle's owe a great deal of am magic and that beautiful color to a complex co operation between organise algae live in the polyps tissue and provide

nutrients to the coal in exchange for protection. but this delicate teamwork is under threat from climate change. c, o 2 emissions dissolve in the seas, making what is more acidic and weakening coal skeletons. and that's not all as global temperatures. so coal rece suffer through ever more frequent and intense ocean heat waves. extreme temperatures caused the algae to produce harmful chemicals, prompting the coal polyps to kick them out. this is carl bleaching where vibrant polyps turn white from heat stress. a process that can eventually prove fatal. and global warming is already driving vast bleaching events to day. my son is for as i told you, it's possible that his kids may never see a car reef. it really scares me to think of

a world without coral rece. sherry has established a large scale conservation project in the eastern caribbean. the goal was to find a balance, protecting corals and are the ecosystems while still enabling tourism. and fishing, for example, in specific areas. the fact that the community was so involved in the designation the design of these areas, that is why it was so successful. there are also plenty of ways to enhance conservation efforts, like these take playing under water sounds to look back fish for one slightly surprising example. and that is evidence that by protecting reefs from local stresses, marine protected areas, build resilience in the face of ocean to sit vacation and rising temperatures. so we have to have multiple strategies in addition to marine protected areas. this is lizzy mccloud whose global cold reefs lead at the nature conservancy,

researches like lizzie going one step further in the quest to help reefs resist climate change by investigating how to actually toughen cold reefs up. and so some of that the strategies people are using is, are taking corals that are, we call it stress hardened, so they're better able to deal with ocean warming and actually transplanting and moving them from those areas to other areas with the hopes that they'll pass along that trait to their offspring and help the corals in that new area be better able to cope with warming. one way of doing this is to find naturally heat resistant. corals that have survived hope what is befall and transplant them from one reef to another. and these aren't the only cutting edge techniques, such as a, using other teens, are hoping to not just toughen up cold reefs as a whole, but also the individual kohls themselves. in my research, we are mostly focusing on increasing the,

the tolerance of corals to heat. this is ecological geneticist, madeline fun. open. madeline's, looking at a range of approaches to make corals more resistant to rising temperatures, for example, selectively breeding, to toughen up the pollitt. animals. alternatively, tinkering with the algae that gave cold, bad colors. the micro, i'll get a lift inside the curl dishes, we can, they come out of the coral and most of these can be cultures in the lab. and in the lab, we can increase the rate by which the cell gay evolve. madeline used this approach to create heat resistant auggie, which when put back in, polyps, created more heat resistant calls. so if we combine all these approaches, is that it will we be able to save these unique ecosystems from climate change? if we implemented every tool in our tool box today from marine per in areas

reducing pollution, using some of these more active interventions, stress hardening or manipulating the genetics of quarrels. it will not be enough to save quarries if we do not reduce emissions that is absolutely central. the truth is that coral reefs are incredibly sensitive to warming waters in 2018 the into governmental panel on climate change. wanted even if the world limits global warming to $1.00 degrees, coal reefs could decline by 90 percent. if temperatures increased by 2 degrees that figures 99 percent or higher, but the world could heat up by more than even this given an emissions pause. if we don't fight to stop climate change, the fight to save coal reefs is doomed, not in the distant future, but within just a few decades. cold reefs could be the 1st ecosystem entirely lost to the climate

crisis or environmental decisions around the world. whether that's reducing plastic use or limiting global warming, could make all the difference for the future of the world's reefs. reducing global c o 2 emissions is critical in the fight against climate change. carbon dioxide is part of a continuous cycle, in which carbon is absorbed and released into the atmosphere on land plants at zillow, c o t, through a process called photosynthesis. the biosphere of earth, land mass stores, some 2300 giga tons of carbon. this way, but sees and oceans filter far more carbon from the air around 38000 kicker tons are stored under water. but humans released too much c o 2 into the atmosphere, and the system becomes imbalanced. the earth heats up a recent study

has shown that elvis fishing oceans could cause additional damage to the carbon cycle. but how could this be? it's taking just a matter of decades for industrial fishing to spread from traditional fishing areas in the northern hemisphere to cover all the planets oceans over the last 70 years. the amount of fish caused by humans has more than quadrupled to over $90000000.00 tons a year. add to that 38000000 tons of bi catch marine wildlife captured incidentally almost 30 percent of all fishing grounds are considered over fished with many populations now an able to recover. in addition to the impact on our marine ecosystem, this development might also be a contributing factor to climate change. a survey conducted by scientists at the university of california has found evidence of biochemical changes,

triggered by shifts in what's known as the biological carbon pump. this is the process fire which plankton and other tiny organisms absorb carbon dioxide dissolved in the see water when they're eaten by other organisms. the carbon converted by the plankton progresses up the food chain to small and then larger fish, which fix the carbon in their feces. much of this sinks deep down to the ocean floor, where it remains for several centuries. fewer fish in the sea however, means less feces and a decrease in the amount of c o 2 stored. the biological pumps, reverence to climate change, has enjoyed relatively little coverage to date. that's also because we can only estimate how large fish stocks were before industrial fishing began, and therefore also how significant their decline has been since then. the study assumes that stocks have been reduced by about half a. that is not sounding saturated in the eyes of fisheries. biologist,

christa votes. him amman. that's either fuzzy uploaded very plausible. but you also have to consider that when there's more carbon dioxide available due to the decimated fished ox than the carbon will be used by other ocean creatures that are not fish in the current. it's a factor that the authors didn't really incorporate, although they acknowledge that often. another factor is that the majority of the c o 2, dissolved, the ocean, is delivered there via the physical pump. in cultural regions of the oceans, the water has a higher density, which means a better capacity to absorb c o 2. over the course of several centuries, the gas is extracted from the atmosphere and sinks together with the cold water masses into the deep sea. this accounts for 90 percent of the c o 2 in our oceans, absorbed from the atmosphere. according to the study, the biological pump accounts for only 10 percent. there was no

solid confirmation yet on this having a tangible effect on the climate are letting small so well you also have to consider is the potentially far greater speed of the process. environmental changes increase the importance of the biological pump too, because the transfer of carbon is a lot faster there than by the physical palm as anybody physically to promote the study from the u. s. has it be shown that we will have to give greater consideration to fishing as a possible factor of influence with regard to the climate as psych no. what we few the enough niche fetched out. it shows how much we still don't understand. oh yes, forbidden. it was only a few decades ago, for example, that we discovered how in addition to causing a rise in temperatures for your climate change also leads to ocean, as edification, comedies are you by the oil that probably has a far greater impact on marine organisms than the temperature increase in itself ill, and this is a similar case, an illustration of how we're still unaware of the effect of certain climate change mechanisms on the ecosystems of the opposite him the,

the oceans cover over 70 percent of our planet surface. as such, they play a highly significant role in both the development of the climate and the options available for combating the consequences of climate change. oh, you see is also mindful, valuable rule materials such as this clear liquid describing the cannabis oil. that's also a natural building block for human skin. as a rule ingredient, scaling is often used in make up and skin cream. it's also used as a dietary supplement due to the belief that it can help protect the skin cells from oxidative stress. but it's extraction often comes at the cost of a sea creatures. vital organ shock, smoother squealing is a substance found in all advanced organisms. plants, animals, and humans. although its highest concentration is found in shark livers,

they can make up one 3rd of the animal's total weight, a higher proportion than with any other organism. and that's a problem. because sharks therefore, constitute a low cost source of squealing, making them commercially attractive, not least, because there's no global ban on fishing them. high could seed events because a shark expert for the worldwide fun for nature. here she's visiting the tropical aquarium in the hamburg to she fears that sharks are increasingly in desperate straits for india if the primary danger is from fishing is good to touch it. there are fishing enterprises that are actually after other species like tuna, but because the method of fishing is similar, that catches can comprise up to 80 percent shocks through ox. and because the shocks are in demand tail, there are welcomed by catch pan locked it, then come. then the natalia often miskin home of the 1200 species of shark, and re worldwide over a 3rd,

are now in danger of extinction. conservationists fear that the number of animals being caught and killed is far more than the ecosystem could cope with. in the long term. both sharks and rays had been prowling around in our oceans for 450000000 years. they're indispensable for the ocean because they help to maintain the ecosystems equilibrium they reproduce late in life and have relatively few young. at the same time, an estimated 100000000 shocks die every year from targeted fishing or as by cash. and those are only the official figures, so there's plenty of money to be made from their meat and above all their fins. but squealing is also a lucrative product. there's hope, however, of it in the future, no longer being a reason to catch and kill sharks. out petula works at the institute of molecular biotechnology at austria's technical university of cross he and his colleagues were

working on a research prod with brewers yeast when they had an interesting idea. when using the east to produce squealing as one see here. and here you can see used cells forming bugs which suggest that they're thriving and reproducing from and have a very active metabolism. and that means they can create a lot of squealing if you've seen transhill. if excluding so far, the researchers have only been able to harvest a relatively small amounts of squealing from the brewers yeast. not enough to cover the hundreds of tons of the substance needed every year. but the scientists are looking at a potential solution by changing the metabolism of the east fungus. we often say again that we like working with brewers just comes and decades of

research. have you told us a lot about its metabolic pathways, legacy at which we can manipulate pretty much like a higher quantity of squealing and who of his mos on squatting pollutants will cut on. the researchers focus is on changing the genetics of carbon metabolism. they then placed the manipulated fungus in a bio reactor after between $3.00 and $5.00 days of growth and a few additional procedures, the team checked the results the amount of scaling produced has now increased 10 fold. but the team want to further improve their method. in longer laboratory scale, we know you have your very effect squealing productions in each cells on the one of 2 or 5 liter scale today. but obviously we're interested in increasing that he went into just real scales. well, also improving the extraction of an appraisal that will enable us to use the least

squealing to replace the animal latest version. so as it's generating large quantities of squealing in the bio reactor would be a major success for the researchers in austria as well as on the conservation front . been so confident, while in rebecca here for the tea, had been being able to use brodis to produce wailin white means some miraculous. and to shark fishing then skipped off. there it is dull too many other products in demand. so over exploitation will softly continue. i'm products, but at least that will be one more lucrative product off the market. and fewer shocks being fished for that particular reason i and they're good from the prospect of producing spoiling industrially should mean decreasing the threat to shark populations. but that's only one element in their conservation. stringent controls and better fishery management in general will help. but the world needs protected areas where sharks can wrong without danger of being caught.

if i let is read, why i you curious to know something from the world of science? why not ask us? send us a video text or voice message. if your question is selected, you'll not only get an answer, but a little surprise as a thank you. so come on, just ask, you can find us online and on social media. this week, the question comes from samuel olma. from uganda. he wants to know could the ice at the polls cooled down the earth's molten cor enough to extinguish its volcanism? deep beneath our feet in the center of our planet, it's extremely hot. hot,

liquid rock is constantly being pushed upward. i can escape through the surface, resulting a planet. a similar in structure to a peach has a thin skin flash underneath and i picked in the middle. the earth's pit or core in the center has a temperature of about 6000 degrees celsius and contains radioactive elements that release heat much of that heat dates back to the earth's beginnings when dust and other rocky particles drew together and condensed to form a planet. at that time, all the components, metals, rocks, water, and gases, we're well mixed. over time, the heavier materials, like ion nickel and radioactive elements sunk to the center. this radioactive fuel can continue to heat the earth for billions of years. and

a 3000 kilometer thick at mantle and shows that very little heat escapes. it's a bit like a thermos flask that keeps drinks hot. even alta space only extracts heat from the earth very slowly. and space is very cold. about $2.00 kelvin, or about minus $270.00 degrees celsius, a lot colder than the ice at the polls. so the ice won't extinguish volcanism. law of a spring volcanoes will continue to shape the face of our planet for years to come . thanks to earth's central heating system. no one knows just how long the ice at the north and south poles will last. currently, global warming is causing it to vanish at an alarming rate. the arctic could be completely ice free in summer in as little as a few years. elsewhere, ice is melting on mass. glaciers are disappearing. in some regions,

this could mean riverbeds dry enough entirely as a result. and what about ice below the earth's surface? is that feeling the heat? here in the austrian house, 1600 meters above sea level is the world's largest ice cave. the van icy invent. german for world of the ice giants. every year, france weinstat glenda's team monitor this state of the ice. it's not only freezing cold inside the cave. it's also pitch dark. the might of their headlamps gradually reveals a magical world. the ice cave was 1st discovered by an explorer in the late 19th century, but he didn't actually get very far when he ventured into its depths. it was only decades later that an expedition party equipped with crampons and pickaxes

continued where he left off. manzona branson, the great wall of ice, was 1st climbed in 1913 by a young caged researcher from vienna and 2 colleagues was velma, they had to carve out 140 steps in the ice to reach the top of beats a enough to come. and what they found exceeded all their expectations, a vast system of caves, full of spectacular ice formations, that resembled giant sculptures. but how exactly where they created? well, there are cracks and fishers in the limestone caves. and in spring, milt water from outside can trickle into these entrances and fries. it's an extraordinary phenomenon. while the snow melts outside meter high layers of ice build up inside. it's what's known as the stack or chimney effect. the cave galleries and fishers form of linked from lower entrances to openings higher up in

the mountain. in winter, when it's cold outside than inside the caves, warm air rises through these openings and drifts out as if through a chimney. meanwhile, chilly winter air enters below and pulls the cave down. that's why the ice only forms in the 1st kilometer of the cave. it never gets cold enough for them to form in the other 40 kilometers of the cave. in 2018 climatology just pushed off sputter and his colleague gabriella, co tie from the university of ins. brooke began researching the possibility that the ice cave used to be even bigger. the trouble is ice that disappears, leaves no trace. at least that's what scientists used to think. but then geologists found tiny crystals that had formed and puddles left behind by former ice surfaces that have melted somewhere else. ready spectral and coach i found exactly these kind of crystals in the giant ice cave in van massey clinic started asked him in

their tiny couse i crystals which were long overlooked on long excited feet. they were believed to be particles of sand. looks in fact, and they represent a smoking gun or evidence of earlier ice formations goals for the past few years. we've been working very intensively and successfully to show that this vast system of ice caves used to be even larger ice. lisa very briefly goes, the ice crystals not only prove there used to be ice here. it is possible to ascertain exactly how old they are. in the last ice age, the cave used to be even icey or several times them of novice and couldn't. and we've been able to show that the last major underground glaciation occurred some 12000 years ago. was that had i been a guide back there, leading visitors through the cave. the tour would have been 5 times as long as it is today. the researcher's preliminary finding show from an aerial perspective that during the last ice age,

the ice extended much deeper into the cave. the ice cave changed as the climate changed. it ruined periods when it is especially cold and then shrank when temperatures rose. what does this mean for the future in light of global warming? the latest measurements suggest that the ice inside the cave is stable as paradoxical as it might sound. that might be because recent summers have been unusually dry, displaced as his information. what would be most damaging would be a rainy summer with relatively warm rain inside the cave, warm water would supply the warmth to make the ice melted. so in fact, dry hot summers are good for the ice caves, even if they're bad for the glaciers. i was late to get ah, however, increasingly warm winters do pose a threat to the ice caves. still climatology, just don't expect any melt in the next few years. scientists and tourists will be

able to marble, that this on sparring natural phenomenon for a while to come. ah, that's it for this episode of tomorrow today. we had to see you again next time. until then. say curious. ah ah ah,

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a foreign planet. in the 16th century, it meant being a captain and setting sail to discover a route. the world famous sea voyage of ferdinand of magellan expedition now then became a scientific expedition. as many new things were being discovered, it was in fact an adventure in the end of a race for weren't power between spain and portugal. a race linked to military interest, erase, linked to political and military. christie, but also linked to making financial with adventure, full of hardships, dangers and death. 3 years that would change the world for ever. let jones journey around the world. starting september

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