[000:00:00;00] ah okay, it is a journey across the entire continent with a variety of cars. so what on this so all the focus, the move is shake is visionaries and made when body the meaning of modern africa. this is that's an egg on d, w. people in trucks injured one trying to flee the city center more and more refugees are being turned away as an order families,

planes on attacks in syria to these critical illness. we loaded demonstrate people's lean, extreme ground ross getting 200 people with around the world. more than 300000000 people are seeking refuge. yes. why? because no one should have to flee. make up your own mind. w. made for mines. ah . ah.

we've all heard what the climb atone. would you say if we don't, would you c o 2 emissions. our plight will become uninhabitable. the massive wild fires sheet waves and floods we've seen recently are awake, are cool, and yet in the face of climate change, always, nothing about our lifestyles has changed because our inability to grasp the full extent of the situation prevents us from taking action. our own brain refuses to see what's really going on. in the face of negative events, we tend to bury our heads in the sand denial, deforming reality research around the world is revealing the psychic mechanisms, the blind and paranoid us as to how our brain pays attention to information that

confirms our world view did not information that contradicts lead to this question . the threat is apparently too vast to abstract and tune tends to shake us from a lack of concern. there's this idea that technological progress, you will always sabbath from any predicament we might find ourselves in. how can we shake ourselves from our collective inertia and change our behavior psychologists around the world and recognize that there is a fundamental role that their discipline plays in, tackling climate change. we are going to explore the brains mechanisms that make us burial heads an and when it comes to climate change and seek the psychological resources that will allow us to face the threat. ah

ah, in the south of france, close economics is from road as our view is a community ever known for its ecological engagement. here climate change issues are introduced at a very young age. to day pupils are experiencing an activity that is ram in schools. the climate france is a workshop created by a non profit organization that explores the inner workings of climate change. the session is led by when one who is made economical transition, his personal issue here they run through here is heard of global warming, monkey modica, do everyone's heard about it. i'm glad to read those are some research in a workshop this morning, which it is a de got. we're going to take the cards and placed them together in

a way that lets us understand and is how global warming wexler on a digital lucille. we know that c, o 2 has an influence on the greenhouse effect, the center of it, and the greenhouse effect makes temperatures go up as glucose curren i does anyone know how the greenhouse effect works among the lippard cell? so what if, if there's too much greenhouse effect, russia love her, he stays in yet envelope and then it lands on our buildings and on us issue. and that's why it's so hot in the summer and all that it to saw. and all that has a certain number of consequences. hello, fresh and are both on biodiversity and on climatic events, which are going to become much more extreme than what we're used to on $215.00 and will drive population that somebody could particularly who was most vulnerable at the wall to migrate it. and it will have to leave their homes because the area where they live is it becomes uninhabitable as that. where are you? yes, yes, yes. so let's read the current gutter from the i buy things. where do i put this garden?

i with the 1st one yellow exactly new clock came when i turn on the air conditioning or heat that you, i take the car or plain. you great. got there. so as you see, these cards describe the human activity. citizen is activity manner. these human activities have an impact on c o 2 concentration older which increases the natural greenhouse effect. so not sure that it and what you need to understand in all this, it is very, very important, is that this is happening everywhere on the plannings of untruth. because we do all these types of thing in a vector, and the goal was to be able to control our actions as much as possible. the owners of the temperature of the planet doesn't rise too much, but so it can still be inevitable. children have a firm understanding of the role our daily behavior plays in climate change, just like adults actually. and yet, scientists have concerned in the alarm for ages and still nothing about our lifestyle has really changed as if the threat weren't real. most of us

know the tail of the frog that is placed cold water. and then when you heat the water very, very slowly, the frog never jumps out and then boils to death. while human bees are on a planet that is heating very, very, very slowly. and the question now is our, our brains capable of detecting that and dealing with the problem? because unlike the frog we've got no place to jump, moose is not registering in our brains. why are we letting the temperature rise without doing anything about heat, global warming triggers a few different biases actually that make it difficult for people to act. one is that it is and negative events, where most of the negative consequences are way in the future. she by defy recycle . for instance lucy, you buy a tree isn't going to appear in my yaya bundle prediction. there's no direct punishment either,

but if i don't recycle an ice cap isn't going to follow my head. and because it is a time lag between cause and effect, cause it is if, if the trouble we have in correctly evaluating distance, right? is part of what signed his school cognitive bias and unconscious distortion of reality, that fools our brain in uncertain or stressful situations. should in terms of climate change in ones i'm good. there is a hurdle in our brain. we need to overcome helmerson. this hurdle is the feeling created by our brains. they were basically invincible in our own father. the bad things the future has in store for us won't actually affect us. so susan con a profession of neuroscience at city university of london. andreas campus is an exponent encompassing bias. his research pursues the experiments. professor neal

weinstein carried out on students in the 1980s. experiments that reveal just how much our brain takes liberties was reality. in today's class, we're going to do a little experiment. i'm going to ask you a few questions and all you have to do is raise your hand if you agree. who thinks they have a better job than others for marrying? someone rich that raising a gifted child for remaining fit in the next 10 years. for positive events, most people believe they have a greater chance than others to feel better. but when it comes to life mishaps, it's exactly the opposite. who thinks they have a less than average chance of getting cancer of being taken to court

and congratulations. it seems your or better than average, and statistically, that's impossible, but good for you. if statistically impossible for everyone to do better than everyone else. so this by definition is a bias, right? it's an illusion. it's not something that is actually possible. to scientists cooling optimism bias, and they prove in effects almost every one in every walk of life. this type dawns, this shows that whether or not you understand statistician steed or knew whether or not you are intellectually gifted into rector l. bogart. it's true for 80 to 90 percent of the population, regardless of whether they're a teacher or a student or a social construction worker or employee should us, when it comes to optimism in climate change. i think optimism comes in that we

believe that we as individuals, will be less negatively impacted by global warming than other people um around us. so we underestimate our own negative consequences. not that long ago, when the corona virus fan swept the planet, these unrealistic optimism monkey played a role in how the danger was perceived, including amongst decision makers, through this group go coded show all holes good. currently i said could reserve it further back, was on the good reviews on it to me to do the civil ship, reggie minnesota, robbie bought diff or just to re door this if this, if you are in the beginning, uncertainty was very, very, very high. um and when uncertainty is high, that's another kick for the optimism bias. there's some negative evidence coming in . however, you can decide to focus on the positive evidence,

and it is highly likely that people were underestimating the risk of covered and as a result taking action a little bit too late and maybe not enough. ah, with a brain so dis inclined to believe in disaster. it's no surprise that the alarm climatology has had been sounding for 30 years as had such little effect. especially as our difficulty to face up to reality is reinforced by another cultural bias. our cognitive frameworks seek one our, our cognitive framework. the law of the representation would remove all the world views that we've lived with for a very long time need for incident law. the idea that humans are superior to nature and that nature needs to change to suit us level. and none of that latter is because it's good for us in her class on climate issues in the 21st century at the university of buried ocean domini,

camida traces all renee with nature back to the beginnings of judeo christian civilization, donasia genesis and notably genesis once it's written that god asked mankind adam, a d i going to rule over nature and subdue it to rule over other species that shit . and finally a to transform the earth. they live on that into a garden of eden, all jacked out didn't. ah, the incredible scientific and technological progress of the past few centuries have since given mankind the actual power to transform the planet. boosting our sense of absolute power that allows us to bury our heads in the sand in the face of the climate threat. she's got until now. technological progress has always gotten if out of every tight spot to move it. it's allowed us to treat major

diseases with hand demick including this one equal by developing vaccine for the ottawa, the little i think that behind all varden lies the belief in the power of the human genius. yet today, this feeling of impunity has begun to waver and more than any scientific graph or chart actual disasters or rekindling the threat since 2018, there's been one extreme weather event after another. massive wildfires, extreme temperatures, monster france, not a single continent has been spared. the effects of climate change are sweeping through our daily lives. lorraine with marsh is one of the research, as in social psychology,

who works with the i. p. c. c. the intergovernmental panel on climate change. her lab studies perception of climate change throughout the world. concern about climate change has been rising a lot in recent years. and so we actually saw the up until about 2019. there was a very high peak in concert. and in many countries around climate change that matched people taking to the street protests and, and gretta bamberg unit, receiving a lot of media attention. and interestingly, our surveys over the last couple of years show the actually, it has continued to be a very high concern for people, even during the pandemic. 10 years ago, fewer than one out of 2 people said they'd heard about global warming. today, 2 thirds of the world population considered a threat in great britain, france, and germany, 3 quarters of the population say they feel concerned. climate has become

a major preoccupation. but the latest surveys reveal that one out of 3 people on earth remain skeptical about the man made origins of climate change among them as some highly influential political figures, global warming under that it's a lot of, it's a hoax. it's a hoax. i don't believe. no, right over these official decorations are undeniably dictated by financial and economic interests. but despite scientific evidence, a 100000000 americans and 70000000 europeans to day, sincerely down the element of human responsibility in global warming. how can we explain this reluctance to acknowledge what is so obvious for tony sharing a research or a new or a science,

it has to do with the way our brain processes information in front without realizing it. we used to ignoring messages that go against our beliefs. psychologists call this confirmation bias. if i think that vaccines are very effective, and i read an article suggesting that it is, that will make me more confident. but if i read an article so day saying that it's not very effective, i dismiss it as you know, not good science won't be home the script folksy from, we have 40 to 50 years of research that showed that this confirmation bias plays a role in almost every important realm of our lives. in an online study involving hundreds of people, talisha had showed that for someone who doesn't believe in climate change, a warning message does not have the same effect on their brain as it does on the brain of someone who does. we ask people, 1st of all about their views about climate change. so we ask them different

questions about you support the paris agreement and so on based on those questions, we divided them into those that were a believer is that climate change is real and is man made. and those that are a bit skeptical. participants with announced to give their own personal evaluation of global warming. unsurprisingly, those who believe in climate change predict a great arising temperature and climate change skeptics. but then tally showers, announce something to participants. scientists much worse than they fought before, and the temperature would rise up to 11 degrees in the next 100 years. the goal of the experiment was to evaluate how the 2 groups processed this new bit of information. what we found was that those individual that already believed it, climate change was happening. they really took that information into account and they upped their temperature estimates rights. and now they believe things are

worse than they did before. on the other hand, those that were skeptical to begin with. busy this regarding this information and didn't change their estimate much without realizing it, we all practice the selective thinking information that reinforces all convictions is treated with utmost attention. information that goes against our beliefs, go straight into the bin. but what really happens in our brain to make a st disinclined to change our minds to understand this unconscious process and trace campus at city university of london went about trying to catch on. you runs in the act of confirmation bias to do so. and trace carried out and expand on past volunteers. event gleiss bill. you're going to see pictures

of houses still off go. it's up to you to decide whether their actual value was more or less than the price. you see. freedom for each estimation looks it's, you can bet an amount of money from a large sum, if you're sure of yourself. and if you aren't, if you can lower that the amount of the bed is a way of measuring the subjects conviction how confident they feel about their choice. it's worth more on sure that i'll bet everything m that's less, but i'm not sure a lower my bet. the next thing to the experiment takes place in a brain scan room equipped with 2 scanners. when a domino gentlemen kinsey, you'll be, you're going to reassess your evaluations limbs, but this time you can compare them with those of your partner runs and change your own should you. so in isaac, and the result, when the assessments correspond,

the participants gain confidence and generally increase that back. on the other hand, when the assessments differ, they each ignore the other's choice and maintain that oh that confirmation bias in action. g. as in video, we see confirmation bias at work action. oh, he is in v of us, but we see what happens in the brain after a test subject learns that their partner shares their opinion. desk of the brain specifically treats the information offered by their partner non soviet not these policies, the cool tags is no traits, involvement in complex decision making. it comes under the spirit of the unknown side. on this side, we have an entirely different image as yet we see what happens in the brain when my partner contradicts me and i'm, when his opinion differs from my encounters. and what we noticed is that we see practically nothing has units feed, not much happens in the brain, could, doesn't treat the information to partner offers on so weak, not. and therefore opinion does not change. and not metaphorically speaking,

it looked like the brain was shutting down, and it wasn't encoding the information coming from the dis, agreeing partner. so what this shows is that people are more likely to take information evidence, whether it's true or false, that confirms to what their believe and that makes them a little bit more extreme, right. they become more and more extreme, more and more confident. and it causes polarization, these functioning that is deeply anchored in our brain, explains how hard it is for all of us to change our minds. and obviously raises questions about the best way to communicate about the climate of m, if a super low de mclean. i'm under the phone, see what sorry, left. when you try to convince them when the climate change is something we need to take seriously these that she wants to hernandez before. it's important to remember that if you offend them by saying you're wrong, i'm right now listen to me. they. she gets home that point, you've already lost them for long for suzanne was as was miss copeland. okay. she

kind of you. what you need to do is find some common ground to mines, alma, something you both agree on nebraska minds almost said that their brain stays engaged with us and they can actually listen to you mute on. so the payroll zation of opinions on global warming is at the hall to psychology professor stephan low in dow sky studies in brussels. works with the research center of the european commission to understand how digital technologies maintain and increase doubt on climate change. a 100 years ago, if you were living in a village in france somewhere and you thought the earth was flat, everybody would look at you around you and say, well, what's wrong with that? got ha, ha! now, to day you go on facebook and you say the earth is flat, and guess what?

from somewhere around the world there will be another whole bunch of people who believe this. none of these people would ever find anybody else in their neighbourhood who shares their belief, but online they can meet. so what is the role if the internet in climate change denial or how to say to influence people's opinions? we know from a lot of research and psychology that people hold on to a belief to the extent that they think it's shared by others. if i think everybody else thinks the earth is flat, then you're not going to talk me out of that belief. cuz i can say, hey, when you talk about all my friends agree with me, and that is one thing that the internet house and able. ah, stephan carried out his study on the comments posted on serious official science websites that discuss climate change. comments that are often negative and far

fetched the planet hasn't gone than 15 years. sorry. may. most of the warmest years on record have occurred in the last decade. the climate has changed before yet we're still here. everything will be just fine and the fullness of time. yes, except miami will be on the water. we call them zombie arguments because they're like the zombies in horror movies in our mean keep killing them, but they keep coming back these easily. these breathing commands, nevertheless, present a fundamental problem. they have a psychological impact. a questionnaire submitted to 400 participants revealed that they discreetly information published when people are exposed to comments like that,

they get the mistake and perception that everybody is denying climate change and that then shifts their attitude. so the fact that these comments are out there has a measurable effect. by the way it functions the internet influence his opinions. the web has thus become the object of special attention, notably off to important announcements concerning climate change, like donald trump's in 2017. in order to fulfill my solemn duty to protect america and its citizens, the united states will withdraw from the paris ah, climate boy. his announcement generated 6000000 tweets a quarter. there is turned out to be produced by automated bonds for the most part, favorable to donald trump. in the digital world, your opinion isn't only easily influenced,

it's easily manipulated. human beings are susceptible to the perception that the prevalence of other people's opinions and for that reason it must be very concerning, that there is a huge amount of this information about climate change out there. in his report to the european commission to fight against organized manipulation, stefano endow sky recommends forcing online platforms to identify and blog fake personal profiles that boys opinion in the climate debate. ah, for those who are aware of the climate emergency and never ending debate without things ever really changing is hard to accept. but it's also a source of anxiety. in avia, where non profits are highly active in ecological transition. as early miniature, as well as the difficulty of upholding one's own commitments. topics that often arise in discussions. 2 years ago, the tool, my friends,

are getting married down to that man social parties. but our group of friends finally decided altogether and i fell keyless to one of those. been in the other in glasgow. might it in reality, you go for 2 or 3 days, elsie completely take a place that girl obviously, that goes completely against what i know and what i do, my job, my commitment, and all what eliana, it'll take me long to decide thinking it's well known. i'm going with them of it. yeah, i set up my vermeer compost and all. so i find positive, good segue. but i know that i do things alongside that. and when my 5 year old comes home from school and says, dad is a good for the planet if we do it like that, i go your 5 and you're saying that yet is there a kids who, for example, start crying at home because they see their mom come home with the night and i level than you, let's say some groceries, article in plastic bags, in plastic bottles, here is a distance between what i've just learned in the lifestyle. i am involved, lindley milman among young children. these contradictions, provoke

a blend of distress and anger. little of 14 year old teenager, i was talking to said to me rather aggressively, madge, what, at any rate you read of a planet job? yeah, i can see the kids are completely lost. faced with is keep of a walk where they can have to do things like what they have to give up. and i have 4 kids through and i honestly ask myself how we're going to be able to educate them visited manual in a way that they can collectively faced the difficulties of the degradation of collective living conditions or do do conditions of accessing resources. psychologists now talk about eco anxiety. i am here to say our house is our fire greater than bag, the young swedish ecologist, engaged in the fight against climate change, embodies the disarray of this generation. adults keep saying we owe it to the young

people to give them hope but i don't want your health. i don't want you to be hopeful. i wanted to panic. i wanted to feel the fear i feel every day, ah, a fear that sometimes buddhism, pathological anxiety therapy like obamacare, have reported an increase in consultations linked to the environment that was from a clinical perspective. she could be treated as if someone was in morning was eva when i'd say come on, feel better he, he chose kinfolk, we explained that it's something that needs to be dealt with was good. he can't become paralyzing because you can't be in a constant state of emergency fitzgerald box is no point to that. you're just going to be tired, waking up every morning thinking only about that isn't going to help solve the problem. the pang, whatever you do, you can't re sure you tell them they're right. ah, but in

a way this village is good because it's going to allow us to return to a balance not by saying well and no climate change doesn't exist for which some people could do in an audit to me isn't biased on it. but by finding our balance is old by saying so, okay, i'm going to add that my behavior to mom as a consequence of the inaction of public authorities, climate protests have taken on a global dimension. the reality check has happened. but the daily behavior of the vast majority hasn't changed. why to so many people convinced to the threat continue with this same habits? we trapped by the way we interact with each other. ah. the decisions in the face of climate problem as they're influenced by other people's

reactions and the expectations we have in terms of the others around us. ah peggy, she crean professor at the university of paris montera studies the way our decisions and behavior are influenced by others. she continues the research done after a tragic story that made the front page headlines in the 1960s. to psychology researchers matinee and darnell examine the case of kitty genovese he already got out of their love iran killer. well as well. no, but he held the poise with uncle bill. later by at

the time the papers reported the dozens of people had seen or heard the attack, but not one of them intervened or call the police. ask yourself, they wanted to understand the psychological mechanisms that would explain why people in the situation would normally react to what they chose not to relax and not to intervene. oregon avenue lucky this is the so they decided to set up an experiment that were to reproduce only marsh smaller and highly control the scale the situation of the matter for you there. busy busy busy obviously there was no question of committing a crime. besides his imagine the scenario with people testing were pushing a situation where they could help someone else about is the participant was placed in an individual cubicle door in the cubicle. they were given hetero. just like these lab and told that they were in communication with another participant to was an a cubicle next door neighbor who was actually an actor in on the experiment. who after a moment was going to pretend to have

a medical emergency. good. the participant were here and they had fun. the speaker . oh oh oh. there is out in 80 percent of cases the test subject thinking they were alone came out to the cubicle to call for help. the research is then increase the number of participants in the experiment, which profoundly changed the reactions they observed. gotten better when 3 participants witnessed the problem. they intervened less frequently than the participants and were allowed if after c bulky schools and those amongst them here did react, it reacted less quickly than the participants who were alone. also, the more people there are,

you can potentially react. the more we feel allowed to do nothing because someone else can take action instead of us. the phenomenon was dubbed diffusion of responsibility or the bystander effect peggy, she croon, has shown that it also applies to environmental issues. or the thought was it is we recreated natalie and dolly's experiment in a green us bank, where we asked someone to drop some letter, a water bottle, or a paper wrapper here, while monitoring the number of people to witness the scene. delis in the experiment yielded the same results as the fake medical emergency. the more witnesses, there were, the more likely the literary got afraid. and the more likely the bottle was to remain where it landed gold. when it, when you're in a situation that isn't really clear or back when you're not exactly sure if it's, your responsibility was step, is her doctor. the 1st thing we do is look at other people's reactions. little

every one interprets the situation the same way by looking at other well, you do that, but that one does anything to which explains why it takes longer to act when there are a little people, for in the stars encumbered by the bystander effect, all brain has trouble taking the initiative of better environmental behavior. other people's in action inhibits our own desire to change but although some of our bad hobbies persist, it's also for a more trivial reason. do you really know what things in your lifestyle truly impact the climate the research carried out by been a dead sea dylan at the institute for environmental decisions in zurich. i shane the when it comes to food, most people ignore the basic rules for her experiment. she used a faint buffet. everything on this table is artificial,

but looks exactly not real food, which participants will select to make a meal. ready tons of coal take on site. it's fancy, the well look at the buffet with the different dishes of them. when who it's, it's me, i'm going to ask you to fix yourself a meal as you normally would in your daily life. free to choose. what will these phones participant take a rice, carrots, and meat, of course, estate and a beef rick and down the things that have the highest environmental impact. but we'll need to eat as few animal products as possible would, and especially europe, consort as little army as possible lightly because of all these products will meet has the highest environmental impact on weight. it's estimated that animal products

alone represent half of all greenhouse gas emissions. linked to human food production, benmark caught their flash, going from your most it was you don't have to read me off. you need to pay attention to what kind you choose as i phone. so i think that even kind other were like, you should opt for chicken you rather than be of or veal for. i'm an indian and triton but do we really think of this room when we want to eat more economically? when a dead asked half the participants to compose a meal with the environment in mind, these time potatoes a few extra vegetables. and once again, a beef steak out and it was the same story on every one's plaint in the whole glue. jamita the onset, they did not lose either the amount of animal products more. the amount of

immediate antioch now kind of different and they made no distinction between different types of how neat. in other words, are they didn't choose chicken over b, elephant marines flesh because as often think me thing, it's clear that many consumers aren't aware of the great impact of animal products . hom, particularly of means i'm from them, have flesh hooked up another key element in the experiment was the origin of the products listed on the labels. with no instructions, participants felt free to take rice from the us in the eco friendly group, they presented potatoes from switzerland and for dessert, local apples rather than bananas from ecuador. the isaac ownership there as the, the only difference we observed was that people opted not to select imported film to egan, themes, meat lynch in the us album long in, but the up one, the size, the evaluator, environmentally friendly choices. as you leave,

i'll solely on the rule of law, legal, good products, which don't come from your own country. you represent higher energy consumption and who am in a give up alphabet women's in the origin of food products obviously also plays a role in the carbon footprint of a meal. but it turns out that the impact of transporting food is much lower than that of meet production. the contraband in is to reside when fathers don't actually know which factors impact the environment most by carbon. this means it's really important to give them correct information upon and also some simple rules of hello am, faustine, and on often b, keeped to effectively reduce our individual carbon footprint on a daily basis. we must 1st and foremost limits all purchases of manufactured products, eat less meat, opt for public transport, avoid traveling across the world of vacation, and live as much as possible in

a well insulated home. oh, global warming is a complex phenomenon whose cause is a hidden in the details of our daily habits. ah, it is therefore absolutely necessary to inform ourselves as consumers. but that wont be enough to change our habits because our consumer reflexes are deeply rooted in our brains. ah, what are the things that we do? how we travel, how we eat the things that we buy in a supermarket? these are driven by more unconscious habits than actually a conscious reflection over the pros and cons and maybe the environmental impacts of, of different products not as bow a researcher and neuroscience at the university of plymouth has discovered the

conscious mechanisms that gaunt all purchases and pushes to always conceive more, oh, there's an older purchase of a product is not simply motivated by our need for us to assume, but it's also a mark of our social status, loma owning brand new clothes. the nice car can signal our place in society. our importance in our group also having as much as or even more than others is very important to us. ah, to evaluate the import in social comparison has in our consumer habits. now dash ran a neuro imaging experiment on subjects who were confronted with what they owned. ah, the participants simultaneously play a sort of wheel of fortune and are able to compare what each of them wins. one of the pe plays with a hand in an m r i machine with each game, the subject must choose and launch one of 2 lotteries that appear on screen another

in the 1st will with if you have one out of 4 chances to win 10 euros and in the other and talk to one of 2 chances to win 5 as i clear. so that's go in the 1st stage, what nadine, she's interested in is what happens in the brain at the moment, the arrow stocks and points to the money. one not surprisingly, winning money activates the reward system. this is a region in the brain that gifts pleasure and drives behavior necessary to the survival of the individual and the species like eating or having sex. now the goal is to observe what happens when the subject also sees will be on the player wins. but now you're going to play at the same time as your partner and on the screen you'll see what each other wins

ah, the results for the same amount one, the activation of the reward system is systematically more intense when the winning is superior to what the other person one so it's more satisfying to win more than the other person could than to with the same thing by yourself. the fed, the fact of knowing we have more than others, is a source of pleasure, with having nice clothes and a beautiful house, a big television. those are the things that are going to directly activate the areas of the brain associated with the reward system. man is above all a social animal, the pleasure, c. t deep inside our brains has been passed down throughout our evolution, and in the modern world. these comparative reflexes are exacerbated. there is little studies and social psychology of shown that social media increases the effects of social comparisons, which because instead of merely comparing ourselves to our neighbor or co workers, we can compare ourselves to

a very large network of people. and that creates envy. ah, social comparison optimism bias, bystander affect the psychological mechanisms that make it difficult for us to change. our behavior are many but these obstacles are not insurmountable. ah, for lorraine whitmore, she knows the ins and outs of the human brain. we need to seize the opportunity to tackle our hobbies at a time when they've been weakened cove. it 19 has provided a revealing example. we hear in their historic homicide area christo. and they used to be a lot of traffic in this area. but they've closed off for lots of these roads, say that only i'm flightless and pedestrians can move in this area. they made these changes primarily because of co events to enable people to walk with a safe distance between. but then now thinking about keeping a lot of these changes because of the other benefits,

like air quality and greenhouse gas emissions. but they bring one year off to the start of the cove. it crises, most of the traffic restrictions in the city center was still in effect the people of bristol had adopted new habits that are more environmentally friendly elsewhere like in france, remote working in particular benefited from the circumstances. according to the rain, the smallest strategy for public policy is to target people at transitional moments in their lives. for example, you have house or maybe you have a child or you change jobs. this provides an opportunity for that habits becoming weaker, and then you can reorganize people's routines and their behaviors to potentially do something different. they're open to doing something different because their habits have been broken. for example,

the rain recommends lower rates for public transport for families who just moved or to talk to them about their energy consumption when they settling in to not habits in the right direction. research as in social psychology or developing new approaches. and these are starting to pay off ah, most of the inhabitants in this residential neighborhood are participating in an experiment organized by the zurich university of applied sciences. the said h a w. the study involving 70 households aimed at optimizing techniques to encourage energy restraint. the piano family joined the program in 2019 year old so told we had them always sir, and faculty visiting h. w had

a sign in agreement to participate in recording our consumption habits with different types of programs. epi thems from the style jack. i thought it was a very good idea at her for from us it would be the corner. in this experiment, participants aren't given specific instructions for saving energy, but a subtle system encourages them to reduce their consumption. scientists call his practice nothing. nothing is intimate toward him by their genius, eliza, to help or encourage the consumer to make positive choice the mansion and will steer though in the direction you want to reach dorm length and comedy in him stops and con, i lie, sample air, the am pharaoh device on the shower and it gives you real time feedback on hot water consumption on both of these bear for loop, the ice cap, the polar bear stands on melts over time, around that because i decide point and there's no, i stamped it all on a cruise. i didn't realize that offer, they got me,

but my neighbor told me every moment, every time you do the shower. okay, the polar bear have no more ice to have in our house. so the polar bear always has eyes, and that's because we don't use as much water as she does when we take our showers . i look to see if the tip of the ice is already mounted. and how many liters i've used the switch, even on the ita tails, to our emotions with eames or color concerned about the polar bear i've said and want to save it and it has a motivational effect on them. i'm often with it when they put it in the kids will play it. who have used last are i only use the latest? well, i any use at 7 me, i'll say to the point where we as parents had to step in and tell them, cut it out, you do to get to reduce energy consumption even more. the scientists also brought social comparison into play. the same reflex that pushes us to over consumption is used here to favor more virtuous behaviors. also a dog matter here you've got hot water consumption for the past week. let's to walk

. this is what we've continued to do, and this is what the whole area consumes on average of the court. did the hammer when we did a good job because we were among the most economical things. should there be mm. it's not like that every week and, but this week we did re well over at my them got so up top i, you can even see the smiley face, which means we've handled our consumption. well, hot said pencil wished old mocked references. why we're proud to get a newsletter like this, but says we've done a good job almost as of all noise does with in europe, this missed work. market booth theory guy gallow. oh, it's been a death to tell em who coordinates the study if you're a university. regularly informed participants of the experiments progress behind informed via fierro installation has reduced total hot water consumption by 10 percent to one from bon boss. and the newsletter has reduced hot water consumption

by another 5 percent. in other words, we've obtained a 15 percent reduction in hot water consumption overall. on the experiment is still underway. if there was also confound, the program could be implemented on a larger scale. in britain, there is the behavioral insight team, the b i t r, which is also known as a nudge team and they are growing all around the world. i'm really kind of mushrooms after the rain and many of them very successfully nudging, gets results for little investment and without upsetting public opinion. but the technique only marginally modifies people's behaviors. it's a really an important set of tools that we can use to very easily change people's behavior. but actually you can't nudge people on to a bus service that doesn't exist. so you need the wider structural change. you need

infrastructure change and you need the economic incentives and so on to change. you do need a lot of other things to happen. therein lies the complexity of the situation is home to change individual behavior in a society that continues to promote consumption and economic growth incompatible with reducing carbon emissions. we left the connelly back into human society and human society into the biosphere lab, and obviously, the biosphere, that has its own laws of hope. and so that little piece in the front, or there must absolutely take these natural laws one to look out. the response to climate threat has to do with a profound change in public policies and the way also operates. but it also plays out on an individual scale transpire habits of thinking. we must learn to know all

brains better. we must fight about reflexes and dispel the allusions they create. so we can finally confront reality and make the personal choices we need to make a ah,

with ah, bavaria is one of germany's most popular tourist destinations, the regions incredible variety of landscape make it a paradise for those seeking a more active holiday. so it looks like we're going to get a lot of exercise. and while i'm here and while i'm at it,

i want to find out the ways in which the corona buyers, pandemic and climate change are affecting tourism. here in the june 30th w. a vibrant to habitat ended glistening place along the mediterranean sea. it's waters connect people of many cultures. jennifer abdul karim explores the land of the fair in egypt, contrast, shape society 60 minutes on d. w. a

good to go beyond the obvious. i, as we take on the world 8 hours, i do all these were all about the stories that matter to you. whatever you take by police, my phone with you here we are, your is actually on fire made for mines. ah, will you become a criminal or oh, ready knows? come to take, talk with them about hackers, paralyzing the tire societies. computers that are some are you

and governments that go crazy for your data. we explain how these technologies work, how they can tell what works for, but how they can also go terribly. watch it now on youtube. or ah

ah ah, ah, this is, do you have any news live from berlin? pakistan appeals to the international community for help as the country battles, devastating floods. relentless monsoon rains have killed nearly a 1000 people. the government is planning climate change. critics, a, it's down to poor planning and corruption and cow down to history. nasa gets ready