ah ah, every journey is full of surprises. we've gone all out to give you some tips with. i'm in your northernmost count, please. ah, for a time still very much alive. d w. travel yo guy to the specialist was in germany . europe. hello. do you recognize where exactly it was fun. i learned a lot. our culture history. all their

d. w. travel extremely worth a visit. a is a journey across the entire continent. is a variety of cars, so with this so it's ok. the movers shake is visionaries and made it when body the meaning of modern africa. this is an egg on d w. a. ah ah. we've all heard what the climate told you say, if we don't,

would you c o 2 emissions. our plight will become uninhabitable. the massive, wild fi is sheet waves and floods we've seen recently are awake, are cool, and yet in the face of climate change, always, nothing about our lifestyles has changed because our inability to grasp the full extent to the situation prevents us from taking action. our own brain refuses to see what's really going on. in the face of negative events, we tend to bury our heads in the sand denial, deforming reality research around the world is revealing the psychic mechanisms that blind and paranoid us as to how our brain pays attention. to information that confirms our world view did not information that contradicts so for there's christian the thrice is apparently too vast to abstract and too intense to shake us

from our lack of concern. there's this idea that technological progress, she will always save us from any predicament and we might find ourselves envy. how can we shake ourselves from our collective inertia and change our behavior? psychologists around the world and recognize that there is a fundamental role that their discipline plays in, tackling climate change. we are going to explore the brings mechanisms that make us barrier head to the sand when it comes to climate change and seek the psychological resources that will allow us to face the threat. ah ah

ah, in the south of france, 30 kilometers from road as our view is a community i've ever known for its ecological engagement. here climate change issues are introduced at a very young age. to day pupils are experiencing an activity that is where in schools the climate for us is a workshop created by a non profit organization that explores the inner workings of climate change. the session is led by when one who has made economical transition. his personal issue here is under new here is heard of global warming, monkey radhika during everyone's heard about it and got to do those are some research in a workshop this morning, which it is. it the got, we're all going to take the cards and placed them together in a way that lets us understand. and this is how global warming wexler on

a detour. lucille, we know that c o 2 has an influence on the greenhouse effect, the center of it, and the greenhouse effect makes temperatures go out as quick as i can. i does anyone know how the greenhouse effect works among the lifted cell? so what if, if there's too much greenhouse effect, lasha love alpha, he stays in yet envelope and then it lands on our buildings and on us issue. and that's why it's so hot in the summer and all that it to saw and all that has a certain number of consequences. hello, fresh and i both on biodiversity and on climatic events like what you're going to become much more extreme than what we used to on $215.00, i will drive population so on. but you could particularly you was most vulnerable at of all to my great, and it will have to leave their homes because the area where they live is it becomes uninhabitable. is that where are you? yes, yes, yes. so let's read the car gutter. should i buy things? where do i put this garden? i with the 1st one. yeah. le. exactly. i clock in when i turn on the air

conditioning or heat. yeah, i take the car. oh, plain you great. got there. so as you see, these cards describe the human activity, citizen is activity manner. these human activities have an impact on c o 2 concentration holder which increases the natural greenhouse effect. so not sure that it and what you need to understand in all this, if that was very, very important is that this is happening everywhere on the plannings of untruth. because we do all these types of things in effect. and the goal was to be able to control our actions as much as possible of august, and the temperature of the planet doesn't rise too much. but also it can still be inhabitable children have a firm understanding of the role our daily behavior plays in climate change. just like adults actually. and yet scientists have been sound in the alarm for eighty's and still nothing about our lifestyle has really changed as if the threat weren't real. most of us know the tail of the frog that is placed in

cold water. and then when you heat the water very, very slowly, the frog never jumps out and it boils to death. while human beings are on a planet that is heating very, very, very slowly. and the question now is, are our brains capable of detecting that? and dealing with the problem, because unlike the frog we've got no place to jump to what is not registering in our brains. why are we letting the temperature rise without doing anything about heat? global warming triggers a few different biases actually that make it difficult for people to act. one is that it is and negative events where most of the negative consequences are way in the future. she by defy recycle. for instance, she, you buy a tree isn't going to appear in my yaya been approved can there's no direct punishment either. but if i don't recycle the nice cap isn't gonna fall in my head

. and because it is a time lag between cause and effect, cause it is it the trouble we have in correctly evaluating distant threats is part of outside his school. cognitive bias. an unconscious distortion of reality that fools our brain in uncertain or stressful situations should in terms of climate change. im once i'm good, there is a hurdle in our brain. we need to overcome helmerson. this hurdle is the feeling created by our brains out there. we are basically invincible in our own father. the bad things the future has in store for us won't actually affect us. so susan con a professor of neuroscience at city university of london and jr. his campus is an expert in comparative bias. his research pursues the experiments. professor neal weinstein carried out on students in the 1980s. experiments that revealed just how

much our brain takes liberties with reality. in today's class, we're going to do a little experiment. i'm going to ask you a few questions and all you have to do is raise your hand if you agree. who thinks they have a better job than others for marrying? someone rich that raising a gifted child for remaining fit in the next 10 years. for positive events, most people believe they have a greater chance than others to feel better. but when it comes to life's mishaps, it's exactly the opposite. who thinks they have a less than average chance of getting cancer? of being taken to court and congratulations. it seems you're all better than average, and statistically, that's impossible,

but good for you. if statistically impossible for everyone to do better than everyone else. so this by definition is a bias, right? it's an illusion. it's not something that is actually possible. to scientists cooling optimism bias, and they prove and it affects almost everyone in every walk of life. this type dawns, but it shows that whether or not you understand statistician steed or knew whether or not you are intellectually gifted into rector over god. it's true for 80 to 90 percent of the population, regardless of whether they're a teacher or student or a social construction worker or employee should us, when it comes to optimism and in climate change. i think optimism comes in that we believe that we as individuals,

will be less negatively impacted by global warming than other people around us. so we underestimate our own negative consequences. not that long ago, when the corona virus fan sweat the planet, these unrealistic optimism nike played a role in how the data was perceived, including amongst decision makers of his group go coded, show all holes, a citizen, a firm, the ac was all no good reviews on regular made to do the civil ship, reggie minnesota, robbie boy, did i just to re door this if this, if you are in the beginning, uncertainty was very, very, very high and when uncertainty is high, that's another kick for the optimism bias. there's some negative evidence coming in . however you can decide to focus on the positive evidence. and it is highly likely

that people were underestimating the risk of co ed. and as a result, taking action a little bit too late and maybe not enough. ah, with a brain so disinclined to believe in disaster, it's no surprise that the alarm climate tonisha had been sounding for 30 years as had such little effect. especially as our difficulty to face up to reality is reinforced by another cultural bias. our cognitive frameworks sick, what our, our cognitive framework to the law of the representation would remove all the world views that we've lived with for a very long time. need for incident thought. the idea that humans are superior to nature and that nature needs to change to suit us level and none of that latter is because it's good for us in her class on climate issues in the 21st century at the university of buried ocean, dominique, meda traces all relationship with nature,

back to the beginnings of judeo christian civilization, donasia and genesis. and notably genesis one day, it's written that god asked mankind adam, a d. i going to rule over nature and who subdue it, to rule over other species that shit. and finally, it transformed the earth. they live on into a garden of eden, all jacked out of the day. ah, the incredible scientific and technological progress of the past 2 centuries have since given mankind natural power to transform the planet. boosting our sense of absolute power that allows us to bury a head in the sand in the face of the climate threat. she's got until now. technological progress is always gotten out of every tight spot or movie. it's allowed us to treat major diseases that handles including this one equal by developing vaccine for the ottawa, the little i think that behind all value lies the belief in the power of the human

genius. yet to day this feeling of impunity has begun to waver. and more than any scientific graph or chart, actual disasters or rekindling the threat since 2018, there's been one extreme weather event after another. massive wildfires. extreme temperatures, monster floods, not a single continent has been spared. the effects of climate change are sweeping through our day lives. lorraine with marsh is one of the research, as in social psychology who works with the i. p. c. c. the intergovernmental panel on climate change. her lab studies the perception of climate change throughout the

world. concern about climate change has been rising a lot in recent years. and so we actually saw that up until about 2019. there was a very high peak in concern in many countries around climate change that matched people taking to the street protests and, and gretta bamberg unit, receiving a lot of media attention. and interestingly, our surveys over the last couple of years. the actually, it has continued to be a very high concern for people, even during the pandemic. 10 years ago, fewer than one out of 2 people said they'd heard about global warming. today, 2 thirds of the world population consider it a threat. in great britain, france and germany, 3 quarters of the population say they feel concerned. climate has become a major preoccupation. but the latest surveys reveal that one out of 3 people on

earth remain skeptical about the man made origins of climate change. among them are some highly influential political figures, global warming, under that it's a lot of, it's a hoax. it's a hoax. i don't believe it wrong wrong. moreover, these official declarations are undeniably dictated by financial and economic interests. but despite scientific evidence, a 100000000 americans and 70000000 europeans to day, sincerely down the element of human responsibility in global warming. how can we explain this reluctance to acknowledge what is so obvious? for tally sharing a research or a neuro science, it has to do with the way our brain processes information. in fact,

without realizing it, we used to ignoring messages that go against our beliefs. psychologists call this confirmation bias. if i think that vaccines are very effective and i read an article suggesting that it is, that will make me more confident. but if i read an article so day saying that it's not very effective, i dismiss it as you know, not good science when she home the script fuzzy from. we have 40 to 50 years of research that showed that this confirmation bias plays a role in almost every important realm of our lives. in an online study involving hundreds of people tally shower, it showed that for someone who doesn't believe in climate change, a warning message does not have the same effect on their brain. as it does on the brain of someone who does you eat, asked people, 1st of all about their views about climate change. so we ask them different questions about you support the paris agreement and so on based on those questions,

we divided them into those that were a believers that climate change is real and is man made. and those that are a bit skeptical participants within us to give their own personal evaluation of global warming. unsurprisingly, those who believe in climate change predict a greater rising temperature in climate change skeptics. but then tally showers, announce something to participants. scientists have me evaluated the data and concluded that situation is much, much worse than they thought before, and the temperature would rise up to 11 degrees in the next 100 years. the goal of the experiment was to evaluate how the 2 groups processed this new bit of information. what we found was that those individual that already believed that climate change was happening. they really took that information into account and they up their temperature estimates, right?

so now they believe things are worse than they did before. on the other hand, those that were skeptical to begin with this regarding this information and didn't change their estimate much without realizing it. we all practice the selective thinking information that reinforces all convictions is treated with utmost attention. information that goes against our beliefs, go straight into the bin, but what really happens in our brain to make a st disinclined to change our minds to understand this unconscious process and trace campus at city university of london went about trying to catch on. you runs in the act of confirmation bias to do so and trace carried out and expand on pace of volunteers. event gleiss bill. you're going to see

pictures of houses still off go. it's up to you to decide whether their actual value was more or less than the price. you see. freedom for each estimation looks it's, you can bet an amount of money prince is a large sum. if you're sure of yourself, and if you aren't, you can lower that. the amount of the bad is a way of measuring the subjects conviction how confident they feel about their choice. it's worth more on sure that i'll bet everything m that's less, but i'm not sure a lower my bet. the next thing to the experiment takes place in a brain scan room equipped with t scanners. when a domino gentlemen kinsey, you'll be, you're going to reassess your evaluations limbs, but this time you can compare them with those of your partner runs and change your own should you so wish in, isaac. and the result, when the assessments correspond to participants gain confidence and generally

increase their back. on the other hand, when the assessments differ, they each ignore the of his choice and maintain that and that confirmation bias in action. g. as in video, we see confirmation bias at work action. oh, he is in v of us, but we see what happens in the brain after a test subject learns that their partner shares their opinion. desk of the brain specifically treats the information offered by their partner non soviet not these policies, the cool tax is no traits, involvement in complex decision making. it guns under the spirit of the unknown side. on this side, we have an entirely different image as yet we see what happens in the brain when my partner contradicts me and i'm, when his opinion differs from my encounters. and what we notice is that we see practically nothing as it needs feed, not much happens in the brain, doesn't treat the information to partner offers on so weak, not. and therefore opinion does not change. and not metaphorically speaking,

it looked like the brain was shutting down, and it wasn't encoding the information coming from the dis, agreeing partner. so what this shows is that people are more likely to take information evidence, whether it's true or false, that confirms to what their believe and that makes them a little bit more extreme, right. they become more and more extreme, more and more confident. and it causes polarization, these functioning that is deeply and keyed in our brain, explains how hard it is for all of us to change our minds. and obviously raises questions about the best way to communicate about the climate of m, if a super low to mclean. i'm under the phone to my toilet when you try to convince them when the climate change is something we need to take seriously these discounts to ha, unarmed us before. it's important to remember that if you offend them by saying you're wrong, i'm right now. listen to me that it's had that point. you've already lost them. for long, for zayn was missing cocoa. ok?

she kind of you. what you need to do is find some common ground to mines. i'm a something they both agree on. and it was combined almost said that their brain stays engaged with us and they can actually listen to you. mute on. so ah, the payroll is asian opinions on global warming is at the hall to psychology professor stephan low and douse case studies in brussels. stephan works with the research center of the european commission to understand how digital technologies maintain and increase doubt on climate change. a 100 years ago, if you were living in a village in france somewhere and you thought to earth was flat, everybody would look at you around you and say, well, what's wrong with that? got ha, ha! now, today you go on facebook and you say the earth is flat and guess what?

from somewhere around the world, there will be another whole bunch of people who believe this. none of these people would ever find anybody else in their neighbourhood who shares their belief, but online they can meet. so what is the role if the internet in climate change denial or how does it influence people's opinions? we know from a lot of research and psychology that people hold on to a belief, to the extent that they think it's shared by others. if i think everybody else thinks the earth is flat, then you're not going to talk me out of that belief. because i can say, hey, what are you talking about? all my friends agree with me? and that is one thing that the internet house enable. ah steph, and carried out his study on the comments posted on serious official signs. websites that discuss climate change,

comments that are often negative and far fetched the planet hasn't gone than 15 years. sorry. may. most of the warmest years on record have occurred in the last decade. the climate has changed before yet we're still here. everything will be just fine. and the fullness of time. yes, except miami will be on the water. we call them zombie arguments because they're like the zombies in horror movies. you know, mean keep killing them, but they keep coming back these easily. these proven commands. nevertheless, present a fundamental problem. they have a psychological impact. a questionnaire submitted to 400 participants revealed that they discrete at the information published when people are exposed to comments like that, they get the mistake and perception that everybody is denying climate change and

that then shifts their attitude. so the fact that these comments are out there has a measurable effect. by the way it functions the internet influence his opinions. the web has thus become the object of special attention, notably off to important announcements concerning climate change. like donald trump's in 2017. in order to fulfill my solemn duty to protect america and in cities, the united states will withdraw from the paris ah climate boy. he's announcement generated 6000000 tweets a quarter. those turned out to be produced by automated bonds for the most part favorable to donald trump. in the digital world, your opinion isn't only easily influenced,

it's easily manipulated. human beings are susceptible to the perception of the prevalence of other people's opinions. and for that reason, it must be very concerning that there is a huge amount of this information about climate change out there. in his report to the european commission to fight against organized manipulation, stefano endow sky recommends forcing online platforms to identify and block fake personal profiles that boys opinion in the climate debate. ah, for those who are aware of the climate emergency, the never ending debate without things ever really changing is hard to accept. but it's also a source of anxiety. in elvia, where nonprofits are highly active in ecological transition, as early nature, as well as the difficulty of upholding one's own commitments. topics that often arise in discussions. 2 years ago, the tool, my friends,

are getting married down to that man social parties. but our group of friends finally decided altogether and i fell keyless to one of those. been in the other in glasgow. my dear to buck in reality, you go for 2 or 3 days. elsie complex will take a place that girl, obviously, that goes completely against what i know and what i do, my job, my commitment, and all what eliana, it'll take me long to decide thinking it's well known. i'm going with them of it. yeah, i set up my vermeer compost and all, so i find positive, good segue. but i know that i do things alongside that. and when my 5 year old comes home from school and says, dad is a good for the planet if we do it like that, i go your 5 and you're saying that yeah, these are very kids who, for example, start crying at home because they see their mom come home with the night and i level than you, let's say some groceries, article in plastic bags in the plastic bottles. here is a distance between what i've just learned in the lifestyle. i'm involved, lindley, billman, among young children. these contradictions prevail to blend of distress and anger.

originated a 14 year old teenager, i was talking to said to me, rather aggressively, mother taught at any rate you read of a planet job. yeah, i can see the kids are completely lost. faced with is keep of a walk where they can have to do things like what they have to give up. and i have 4 kids through and i honestly ask myself how we're going to be able to educate them visited manual in a way that they can collectively faced the difficulties of the degradation of collective living conditions. um do do conditions of accessing resources? psychologists now talk about eco anxiety. i am here to say our house is our fire greater than bag, the young swedish ecologist, engaged in the fight against climate change, embodies the disarray of this generation. adults keep saying we owe it to the young people to give them hope but i don't want your health. i don't want

you to be hopeful. i wanted to panic. i wanted to feel the fear, i feel every day, ah, a fear that sometimes food is on pathological anxiety. therapy like obamacare, have reported an increase in consultations linked to the environment. the one from a clinical perspective should be treated as if someone was in morning was eva when i'd say come on, feel better he controls can for while we explain, that is something that needs to be dealt with was good. he can't become paralyzing because you can't be in a constant state of emergency. fitzgerald is no point to that. you're just going to be tired, waking up every morning thinking only about that isn't going to help solve the problem, the plan, whatever you do, you can't reassure ticket. you tell them they're right. ah. but in

a waitlist village is good because it's going to allow us to return to a balance not by saying well, and no climate change doesn't exist for which some people could do in an autism isn't bias. only about finding our balance is old by saying, well, okay, i'm going to add that my behavior to mom. as a consequence of the inaction of public authorities, climate protests have taken on a global dimension. the reality check has happened. but the daily behavior of the vast majority hasn't changed. why to so many people convinced to the threat continue with this same habits? we're trapped by the way we interact with each other. ah. the decisions in the face of climate problem as they're influenced by other people's

reactions and the expectations we have in terms of the others around us. ah, peggy, she crean professor at the university of paris non tear studies the way our decisions and behavior are influenced by others. she continues the research done after a tragic story that made the front page headlines in the 1960s. to psychology researchers matinee and danae examine the case of kitty genovese already got out of their love. i random kill her and her. why it well as well. no. but he held the police with uncle bill like later at the time the papers reported the dozens of people had seen or heard the attack,

but not one of them intervened or call the police. ask yourself, they wanted to understand the psychological mechanisms that would explain why people in the situation would normally react to that. they chose not to relax and not to intervene. oregon avenue lucky this is the so they decided to set up an experiment that were to reproduce only marsh smaller and highly control his gale. the situation of the matter for you there. busy busy busy obviously there was no question of committing a crime designed his imagine the scenario with people testing were pushing a situation where they could help someone else about is the participant was placed in an individual cubicle door in the cubicle. they were given hetero. just like these lab and told that they were in communication with another participant who was in a cubicle next door with who was actually an actor in on the experiment,

who after a moment was going to pretend to have a medical emergency. good. the participant were here and they had family speaker, oh oh, you oh, there is out in 80 percent of cases the test subject thinking they were alone came out to the cubicle to call for help. the research is then increase the number of participants in the experiment, which profoundly changed the reactions they observed. gotten better when 3 participants witnessed the problem. they intervened less frequently than the participants, and were allowed if after she bulky salsa and those amongst them here did react, it reacted less quickly than the participants who were alone. also, the more people there are,

you can potentially react. the more we feel allowed to do nothing because someone else can take action instead of us. the phenomenon was dubbed diffusion of responsibility or the bystander effect peggy, she croon, has shown that it also applies to environmental issues. when it was positive, we recreated natalie and dolly's experiment in a greener space and where we asked someone to drop some letter, a water bottle, or a paper wrapper you while monitoring the number of people to witness the scene their lesson. the experiments yielded the same results as the fake medical emergency. the more witnesses there were, the more likely the literary got off way and the more likely the bottle was to remain where it landed go to when it, when you're in a situation that isn't really clear or back when you're not exactly sure if it's your responsibility but step is rod within the 1st thing we do is look at other

people's reaction. little every one interprets the situation in the same way by looking at all the only 2 but, but when i one does anything which explains why it takes longer to lack. when they were more people, for instance, encumbered by the bystander effect, all brain has trouble taking the initiative of better environmental behavior. other people's in action inhibits our own desire to change. but although some of our bad hobbies persist, it's also for a more trivial reason. do you really know what things in your lifestyle truly impact the climate the research carried out by banner debts you dylan, at the institute for environmental decisions in zurich has shown that when he comes to food, most people ignore the basic rules. for her experiment, she used a faint buffet. everything on this table is artificial,

but looks exactly not real food, which participants will select to make a meal. ready tons of coal take on site. it's fancy, the well look at the buffet with the different dishes. if then when who it's, it's me i'm going to ask you to fix yourself a meal as you normally would in your daily life. free to choose. what will these phones participant take? rice, carrots, and meat of course estate and a beef rick and down the things that have the highest environmental impact will lead to eat as few animal products as possible. and especially europe, consort as little meat as possible lightly because of all these products will meet has the highest environmental impact on weight. it's estimated that animal products

alone represent half of all greenhouse gas emissions linked to human food production. been caught there, flash going from your merchant, which you model or to lead me off. you need to pay attention to what kind you choose was i spent. so i did i even kind other word. i have a guy, you should opt for chicken you rather than be of or veal for. i'm an indian and triton but do we really think of this room when we want to eat more economically? when and, and asked half the participants to compose a meal with the environment in mind that these time potatoes a few extra vegetables. and once again, a beef steak out and it was the same story on every one's plaint in the whole glue, the album b, the, the on foot. they did not produce the either the amount of animal products more the

amount of media on see ok. now kind of different and they made no distinction between different types of harmony. in other words, or they didn't choose chicken over b elephant marine's flesh because as often bakeney then it's clear that many consumers aren't aware of the great impact of animal products. harm particularly of means i'm focused on their flesh product. um another key element in the experiment was the origin of the products listed on the labels. with no instructions, participants felt free to take rice from the us. in the eco friendly group, they presented potatoes from switzerland and for dessert, local apples rather than bananas from ecuador dancing ownership there. as the, the only difference we observed was that people opted not to select imported film to egon games. made lynch in the us album, longed in, but the other one, the size, the values,

their environmentally friendly choices us unique. i'll solely on the rule of law, legal, good products, which don't come from your own country. you represent higher energy consumption and who am in a give up alphabet is in the origin of food products obviously also plays a role in the carbon footprint of a meal. but it turns out that the impact of transporting food is much lower than that of meet production. the contraband initiatives i'd been fathers don't actually know which factors impact the environment most by cog. this means it's really important to give them correct information and hong, and also some simple rules of halo. hm. faustine, and on often b, keeped to effectively reduce our individual carbon footprint on a daily basis. we must 1st and foremost limits all purchases of manufactured products, eat less meat, opt for public transport, avoid traveling across the world of vacation, and live as much as possible in

a well insulated home. oh, global warming is a complex phenomenon whose causes a hidden in the details of our daily habits. ah, it is therefore absolutely necessary to inform ourselves as consumers. but that wont be enough to change our habits because our consumer reflexes are deeply rooted in our brains. ah, what are the things that we do? how we travel, how we eat the things that we buy in a supermarket? these are driven by more unconscious habits than actually a conscious reflection over the pros and cons. and maybe the environmental impacts of, of different products, not as bow a researcher and neuroscience at the university of plymouth has discovered the

a conscious mechanisms that gal purchases and pushes to always consume more. ah, you shall know. the purchase of a product is nice. simply motivated by our need for us to assume, but it's also a mark of our social status, loma owning branding, clothes a nice car can signal our place in society. our importance in our group. also having as much as or even more than others is very important to us. ah, to evaluate the import in social comparison has in our consumer habits nowadays ran a neuro imaging experiment on subjects who were confronted with what they owned. ah, the participants simultaneously play a sort of wheel of fortune and are able to compare what each of them wins. one of the pe, please with a hand in an m r i machine. with each game, the subject must choose and launch one of 2 lotteries that appear on screen. either

in the 1st we'll with if you have one out of 4 chances to win 10 euros and in the other and 12 to one out of 2 chance as to when 5 as i clear. so that's go in the 1st stage. what nadine, she's interested in is what happens in the brain at the moment, the arrow stocks and points to the money. one not surprisingly, winning money activates the reward system. this is a region in the brain that gifts pleasure and drives behavior necessary to the survival of the individual and the species like eating or having sex. now the goal is to observe what happens when the subject also sees will be on the player wins. but now you're going to play at the same time as your partner and on the screen you'll see what each other wins

ah, the result for the same amount one, the activation of the reward system is systematically more intense when the winning is superior to what the other person, one to it's more satisfying to win more than the other person could than to with the same thing by yourself. the fed, the fact of knowing we have more than others, is a source of pleasure, with having nice clothes, a beautiful house, a big television. so those are things that are going to directly activate the areas of the brain associated with the reward system. man is above all a social animal. the pleasure, c. t deep inside our brains has been passed down throughout our evolution. and in the modern world. these comparative reflexes are exacerbated. there is enough daddy's and social psychology of shown that social media increases the effects of social comparisons which because instead of merely comparing ourselves to our neighbor or co workers, we can compare ourselves to

a very large network of people. and that creates envy, ah, social comparison optimism bias, bystander a fact. the psychological mechanisms that make it difficult for us to change our behavior are many. but these obstacles are not insurmountable. ah, for lorraine whitmore, she knows the ins and outs of the human brain. we need to seize the opportunity to tackle our hobbies at a time when they've been weakened cove. it 19 has provided a revealing example. we hear in their historic homicide area christo. and they used to be a lot of traffic in this area. but they've closed all for lots of these roads. so the only i'm flightless and pedestrians can read in this area. they made these changes primarily because of co events to enable people to walk with a safe distance between. but they're now thinking about keeping

a lot of these changes because of the other benefits, like air quality and greenhouse gas emissions, but they bring one year off to the start of the kobe crisis. most of the traffic restrictions in the city center was still in effect the people of bristol had adopted new habits that are more environmentally friendly elsewhere like in france, remote working in particular benefited from the circumstances. according to the rain, the smallest strategy for public policy is to target people at transitional moments in their lives. for example, you have house, so maybe you have a child or you change jobs. this provides an opportunity for that habits becoming weaker, and then you can reorganize people's routines and their behaviors to potentially do something different. they're open to doing something different because the habits have been broken. for example,

the rain recommends lower rates for public transport for families have just moved or to talk to them about their energy consumption when they settling in to not habits in the right direction. researchers in social psychology are developing new approaches and these are starting to pay off ah, most of the inhabitants in this residential neighborhood are participating in an experiment organized by the zurich university of applied sciences. the said h a w. the study involving 70 households aimed at optimizing techniques to encourage entity restraint the piano family joined the program in 2019 dear the us old, so i told we had them always sir, and $30.00 it h. w had

a sign in agreement to participate in recording on consumption habits with different types of programs. therapy comes from the style jack. i thought it was a very good idea or for from us it would be the corner. in this experiment, participants aren't given specific instructions for saving energy, but a subtle system encourages them to reduce their consumption. scientists call this practice nothing. nothing is animate toward it by their genius, eliza, to help or encourage the consumer to make positive choice. nancy and to last year though, in that direction you want reach, don lank in canada, in him stops. and con, i live sample air the and thorough device from the shower and it gives you real time feedback on hot water consumption on both of our they use best serve salute the ice cap. the polar bear stands on melts over time, around that because i just said point and there's no, i stamped it on

a cruise. i didn't realize i further move. my neighbor told me it was more than every time you do the shower. okay. the polar bear have no more ice to have in our home, so the polar bear always has eyes and that's because we don't use as much water as she does. when we take our showers. i look to see if the tip of the ice is already melted. and how neat is i've used that within that, the either the arrow to our emotions, themes or color concerned about the polar bear and want to save it from dog. it has a motivational effect on them. i'm often with it when they put it in the kids would play it to have used last. i only used 8 meters. well, i only use it 7 middle day to the point where we as parents had to step in and tell them, cut it out, you do to get them to reduce energy consumption even more, the scientists also brought social comparison into play. the same reflex that pushes us to over consumption is used here to favor more virtuous behaviors. also, dogs matter here,

you've got hot water consumption for the past week. let's to walker this is what we've consumed to and this is what the whole area consumes on average of the court . did the amazon we did a good job because we were among the most economical thanks. so they are the way it's not like that every week. but this week we did re, well over at my them got up. so up top i, you can even see the smiley face, which means we've handled our consumption. well, said pencil wished old squawked laminates as to why we're proud to get a newsletter like this, but says, we've done a good job. almost as of all noise does with them. yeah, the from work market booth theory guy gallow. oh, it's been a death to tell em who coordinates the study if you're at university regularly informs participants of the experiments. progress behind informed via fierro installation has reduced total hot water consumption by 10 percent to one from bomb off. and the newsletter has reduced hot water consumption by another 5 percent. in

other words, we've obtained a 15 percent reduction in hot water consumption overall. here, on the experiment is still under way. if there was also confound the program could be implemented on a larger scale. in britain, there is the behavioral insight team, the b i t r, which is also known as in nudge team. and they are growing all around the world. i'm really kind of mushrooms after the rain and many of them very successfully nudging, gets results for little investment and without upsetting public opinion. but the technique only marginally modifies people's behaviors. it's a really an important set of tools that we can use to very easily change people's behavior. but actually you can't nudge people on to a bus service that doesn't exist. so you need the wider structural change. you need

infrastructure change and you need the economic incentives and so on to change. you do need a lot of other things to happen. therein lies the complexity of the situation is home to change individual behavior in a society that continues to promote consumption and economic growth incompatible with reducing carbon emissions or we left the economy you back into human, societal and human society, into the biosphere lab. and obviously, the biosphere, that has its own laws of hope. and so that little piece in the front, or there must absolutely take these natural laws one to look out. the response to climate threat has to do with a profound change in public policies. and the way also operates. but it also plays out on an individual scale, trapped by a habit of thinking. we must learn to know all brains better. we must fight about

reflexes and dispel the allusions they create. so we can finally confront reality and make the personal choices we need to make a ah, with

is only 10 years old, but all ready at the top of this deluge. care is seated. his talent on the piano has put him at the top of a list of the worlds 100 brightest child prodigies. the train, a great pianist,

fills concert halls most still managing to be just a kid, 0 max in 30 minutes on d. w boy to the cultural heritage. fresh boy jewish music and the road. 020 minutes artists to write notes. time to write a freedom and from vice for gone. oh. with d w. oh, no has no limits. love is for everybody.

love is live. i love matters and that's my new podcast. i'm evelyn sharma. and i really think we need to talk about all the topics that north divides and denied that this. i have invited many deer and well known guests. and i would like to invite you to an end people in trucks injured one trying to flee the city center. more and more refugees are being turned away as a border. families playing bomb attacks in syria to be critical with screen dreams. rough getting 200 people around the world, more than 300000000 people are seeking refuge as to

why? because no one should have to flee. make up your own mind. d. w. made for mines. ah, if you would ever man news of the children's food that food can do nothing. before movies, news can we had a lot of programs. they drop out of school because they weren't eating nothing when it came from home. that could have easily been us. anyone a

with hm ah ah ah, this is d to be news ally from berlin. the death toll from flooding and pakistan has surpassed 1000 people while months of relentless months soon range have displaced thousands more. the government is blaming climate change, but critics say it's down to poor planning.