wanting to a foreign planet in the 16th century, it meant being a captain and setting sail to discover a route, a race linked to military interest, a race linked to political and military, christie, but also linked to man, financial with adventure, full of hardships, dangers, and death but jones journey around the world. sports september 7th. on a w lou, our senses connect us with the world, our eyes taking millions of pieces of information every 2nd. these sensory perceptions interconnect in our brain sites hearing, taste, touch, smell, and the often forgotten sense of balance. our senses are integral to communication

to tiny facial muscles betray how we're feeling, and our skin detects the finest of touches, essential for us survival. today's show is all about how we communicate. welcome to tomorrow to day d, w. science magazine. a soft touch or a firm grip. our skin feels every nuance. it's our largest organ with a surface area of up to 2 square meters. the skin comprises a wide variety of receptors. pain receptors alert us to danger, like overly high temperatures, for example. so called michael cells help us feel the shape and firmness of objects. meisner co puzzles are experts in sensing light, touch, refining, co puzzles. it is when and how much al skin is stretched,

and pacino's co puzzles detect vibrations and it's asking also include sensory cells specialized in perceiving. stroking. they're found only in her covered areas and react when the touch comes from another person. especially when the movement is slow, like in stroking the fact that we have these receptors suggests that gentle touch is essential for us survival. ooh, no words can make feelings as tangible as a caress. but touch can also relieve pain and strengthen the immune system and even prolong our lives. for a long time, it was largely ignored by scientists. but now it's increasingly the subject of research, and often the sense of touch really does appear to be important for our survival. we can't cope without it in this outcome. humans have an amazingly

differentiated system of perceiving and classifying how we are touched. a touch can signify power and violence. it can make us feel afraid or threatened infractions of a 2nd. different receptors in our skin. tell us what kind of touch that we are experiencing. whether we can relax or need to immediately spring into action because we are in danger. at the beginning of our life in particular, caresses are vital. they stabilize a baby's breathing body temperature and even its blood sugar levels after birth. if animals only have their basic needs met in the months following their birth, many of them die. and those that survive suffer from irreparable psychological and physical damage. their growth is stunted,

their immune system is less developed and the even fails, simple memory tests. central areas of the brain are impaired and less voluminous and experiment in like 6 touch laboratory to measure our brain waves before, during and after a massage. how does a massage change brain activity? the e g shows the brain's electrical activity, slowing down a state of relaxation, similar to being in a deep sleep. the brain doesn't just react by slowing down. it also produces a cocktail of neurotransmitters and other substances here, but the hours you should have been vod hormones and neuro transmittal that i produced. certain substances reach, other areas of our body throughout blood by this organ. his muscles relax,

for example home that a hot frequency decreases inch on our breathing, become shallow of the ottoman. but floher there's an entire series of physical changes. have alicia for endo human touch is far more than skin deep scientists discovered just a decade or so ago. that gentle physical movement activates a special type of sensory nerve cell leaned to emotion. unlike our sense of touch, these nerve cells do not provide information about the outside world. instead, they tell us whether we like a particular type of bodily contact or not. the discovery of the significance of the so called c t advarance makes it possible to investigate the importance of gentle physical contact for social interactions. a robot is used to gauge precisely

how people respond to different types of touch. each test person receives exactly the same treatment. the experiment showed the more signals received by the ctf once the more pleasant the experience for those taking part. the effect is most pronounced at $34.00 degrees celsius, approximately the temperature of our fingertips. in inch, se there's more of these now, 5 is here on the back than there are in the forum. so why the people like having their back massage, where they like having their back massage. could. there's more of these nerve 5 as they're in evolutionary terms. why would you put a reward taught system on the back? well, you can't get to your back to groom it. so you need to get somebody else. another primate needs to come along and groom your back. and if we are gently touched, we usually don't wanted to stop lou. the reward system in our brain makes us hungry

for more hormones are produced, the brains own drugs. each type of physical contact makes it different cocktail. these include endorphins, so called happiness hormones, which make us feel high, but also oxy chosen that is necessary for bonding an attachment. it makes us feel close to people who couples with the long term show elevated levels of oxy chosen even live longer. they are less prom distress, their blood pressure is lower, their pain tolerance is higher and even their ability to learn is better. ah. despite this we been observing for years that we have less and less direct contact

in the increasingly digital world. we live in the cove at 19 pandemic has exacerbated this trend, forcing physical separation upon us to day. people tend to touch their smartphones, tablets, more than they touch other people, you can be in contact with people thousands of kilometers away. but physically isolated, loneliness has become a mass phenomenon with grave repercussions for our health. if we use the protection of the group, our bodies go on high alert, our cortisol levels rise, and the risk of heart attack, stroke and depression increases. ah, the all right, so nearly death the smoking, diabetes, pollution it such as may be 3540 percent. the other rice have an early death, maloney, this is something like 45 percent. that's what i said, that's almost

a global content because it's own right. but nobody's really welcome out of the file or what lonely people don't get in touch when it's hot of hot cold when the going gets tough. plenty, as the pandemic has shown, and then what becomes evident is that we have a yearning, ultimately not a technology, but for real people. island under someone who go for a bear with us and all readers poems, you're thinking good or don't. they are on the dish to for least, ah, often we don't realize just how strongly touch influences our mood, our health and our relationships. but we are becoming more aware of how important it is gentle, physical contact can keep us happy throughout our lives. we also communicate through touch no matter how many a mo geez, we send, they can't compare to a real analog hug. it is possible though,

to transport our emotions over the telephone or in a video cold. artificial intelligence is also becoming better at reading human emotions from our faces that cannot detect the very subtle list of feelings i go with. i love to lightens up the mood and is contagious, especially when it's sincere and comes from the heart. but what is a sincere law? research is in germany, a looking into whether computers can tell the difference in order to help psychologists with all heard about software that scans are faces using artificial intelligence. but can i also detect whether were upbeat or angry?

still i said, or sat, or indeed laughing authentically. ah, the schools are probably mis dusty. the code you sit in comes parent and give them this has to be listen, michigan. we don't know how they actually work in the sense of which materials or faces they've been learning from. so we thought we'd test different algorithms against each other, learned that sometimes we have sheet and i bookman is jacket and getting them on the test. the manheim research team has taken a i programs from a variety of companies to see how they perform while it comes to recognizing different emotions. under laboratory conditions is in here especially visor, we can see a specific movement in the face already being registered to what ma'am? the action unit 12 is the solution, asked us there won't be the a, i has learned that the corner of the mouth going up. there's a component of a smile that's at the cut you 20th to make social justice fit on. the next step is using these expressions to find out what emotions in individual, this feelings,

phone, and by swine up as one point. test participants are shown, photos of faces displaying strong emotions and then asked to imitate them. the aim is to find out whether the programs also work reliably understand the dice laboratory conditions. this is one of the basic requirements for perspective late to use in scientific research. there are several dozen muscles and the human face, and we need to flex 17 of them to conjure up alarm. and yet, convers in dusty pro bond in pi, pushed on the subject, now has 3 specific to move in center face i in the corner, pulled us we had 1st there's a corner puller and listened. busy navarro in chic razor. then we have the razor with a cheek squeezed the eyes and make them a part of the smile. i'm looking on the alden's old on middle. it won't hurt typical for an authentic smile as are the lips being slightly parted, asked d. m lipman leister from and i'm going to slice given that,

as we were able to show that his artificial intelligence is also very good at detecting intense emotions like these, with normal people. in a typical lab setting, hems washington's even animal to one or 2nd. a compound on the big question now is whether this is also the case for that montane, as and more subtle emotion is and will to notify this. until now, psychologists have been documenting the subtle nuances of our feelings with the help of electro. my o graphy or e m g. senses on the skin, measure the electrical activity of muscles and nerves. the stronger the impulse, the clearer the emotion can artificial intelligence do this without he m j. m is eloquent of them. we now have electrodes attached to this. i go mass, it is major school. this is the laugh muscle which is involved in many positive emotions, warned and right after that will stick e m g electrodes on the congregate arnold, our crown muscle,

which expresses many unpleasant motion long anymore. it is tim her fling, then shows the participant different pictures to react. take boring. photos are alternated with ones that are proven to trigger emotional reactions. in addition to the m g senses, the facial recognition program scanned facial expressions and record that changes, but the reactions on the test person's face a week. it takes a trained human emotion analysts to measure their intensity. tim, her fling has this training and because he knows how time consuming it says he hopes that a i programs will eventually take a for this job. we couldn't find us, he consistently can. we found that the artificial intelligence corresponds closely with the e m, g measurements, as well as the subjective evaluations of the participants, but only for the positive stimuli we presented for the negative stimuli. we couldn't demonstrate any relations with the

e. m g or with the subject subjective evaluations in oklahoma eisen. so the a i recognize as positive feelings, but not negative ones necessarily. this is true for all 3 algorithms because the performance of the i programs hardly differs. they all still have a lot to learn. nevertheless, the 1st video called providers in the usaa already considering integrating automatic emotion recognition into their software in the top. the dust said calltum dismisses recently been discussed by large video conferencing software providers. integrating a module that automatically recognizes the facial expressions of the participants, interprets them and then of course, allows the employer the counterpart to draw conclusions about what someone is supposedly feeling in that moment. bussey, man, i'm gay, blue shirt and be some woman. is this laughter authentic or fake?

the algorithms definitely can't tell yet, but gail output can dish, wasn't it? guns often see the advantages are fairly obvious here until now it has been extremely time consuming to do this type of analysis, manually things we can do that way. however, you have to train employees intensively all the more weeks of training here. one kid that'll train to software was good with the right material, and theoretically it would always work from. so neil, quick humans are still far superior to a i software when it comes to interpreting emotions correctly. after all, we can also empathize with feelings and that ourselves be affected by laughter. especially if it comes from the heart with a joyful giggle or a delighted wrong. different laughs, expressing very from saying estimates suggests that such nonverbal ways of speaking

may cut more than 90 percent of our total communication. and it's not just our hands or face that talk, but also our smell and our whole minds. these and other substances communicates within us something elvin calais from malawi. wanted to know more about ah, how do you sales communicate with each other? ah, our bodies consist of around $200.00 different types of cells. we only stay healthy if they can all communicate with each other properly. our pancreas, for example, produces hormones. it releases them into the blood. the blood then transports the messenger substances to the places in the body where they are supposed to be used. nerve cells need to talk to each other quickly and effectively. to do so, they use electrical impulses and so called neurotransmitters,

which send information from one cell to the next. many cells also formed so called exit zones in order to come into contact with others. to do this, they lace up their outer skin to form packets that contain molecules such as proteins. they then send these packets on their journey throughout the body. ah, different shells interact when healing a wound. immediately after an injury, platelets must 1st ensure that the blood clots while immune cells clean the wound. when it's clean, connective tissue cells produce college and, and filled the wound, then epithelial cells for my skin over the entire wound. almost all of our shelves are linked to their neighbors. the channels that directly

connect the sales contents to one another. loo through those channels, the cells can exchange electrically charged particles and small molecules, such as messenger substances. this communication pathway was discovered in the 19 sixty's, researchers labeled individual cells with luminescent molecules and observed that the fluorescent spread rapidly. channels like these are involved in many bodily functions. they ensure that the eyes can adapt to different light conditions and they help synchronize the contraction of our hard muscle cells. they also claim important growth in the formation allowance organs in the womb. neurons and synopsis a key when it comes to communication within the body,

the more developed an animal, the more sophisticated it's never the stem instead of the brain jelly fish have a diffuse network of nerves. oslander have a centralized nervous system which runs through the body like a right bladder. meanwhile, mammals do have a real brain, the structure of which is important for cognitive performance. and more than that to do. in fact, neuron density also plays a major role. the more in your arms, the more likely cognitive performance is to be increased. but you also have to look at the ratio between brain and body mass. a house mouse, for example, has about 71000000 urines and a very small brain. a cat has 10 times as many neurons,

but it's also much larger. a peg is smarter than you think that has 2200000000 neurons in its brain. and a raven has about the same number, but in a much smaller brain with very little body mass. a chimpanzee has 28000000000 neurons. and an adult human has approximately 86000000000. and elephant has about 3 times as many, but its brain is also 3 times as heavy blue. which factors influence brain size and intelligence and mammals? oh, that's what evolutionary biologists sandra head starts, is researching of the university of zurich. she works with the skulls of various species to measure their brain volumes. she fills the skulls, would lead pellets

a time honored method which is 7, a mac. now this is a mechanic skull. looks if you can fit almost a 100 milliliters in there that as a had e. think feel may that's a lot more than all ma'am. and so where did he go? form them with the ground hog warm as the edible gather more 15 me leave. the cut a skull only fits 15 milliliters. so the brain is 8 times smaller than this done. i have to enter that into the database. the researchers have compiled a database of $1200.00 brains from a wide range of mammalian species was under a hedge dad and a college had measured the majority of them. for months they went from museum to museum in the usa, filling a wide variety of schools with their pellet as

we might have a thing that makes us native me the most was the whale skull. we measured in a boat, it was a sperm whale thing that adequate, and we really pulled the pellets into it with a 10 liter bucket hugley and only got a half full of men if we didn't have enough pallets to fill the whole brain with the be cut from that was fascinating. of beth ish. a fascinating thing with it. i'll be got asked the spam well, skeleton was really huge. and the oxidation with the skull was bigger than we are. he them shaddon will growth and we filled her with our little pellets. they knocked at yahoo galena enact, feel, attend there. headstart wants to find out the circumstances under which a brain can grow in terms of evolution. it's clear that brains need a lot of energy to grow. a brain must literally be fed constantly. the evolutionary biologist is looking in reference books for possible factors that

could influence the brain size of a species and correlates them. for example, what do they eat? how do they live? but also social factors such as group behavior and how they raised their young for example, animals that hibernate generally have smaller brains. and carnivores generally have larger brains than herbivores. it's been proven in many studies that brain science correlates directly to an animal's intelligence. like in this study, which compared 39 carnivorous mammals, it clearly showed that the size of the brain in proportion to body weight directly corresponds to the skill level of the animal. the type of food they get and how reliably they get it, when they're young is more important for brain growth than previously assumed. as

in china and us minutes of an i as a form, what we found that's new is that the food supply has to be reliable, been dead from which the crash that they think. for example, siblings often bring fed to the barrow. it's got the when they don't see any one waiting late at themselves on the up events, st. this near middle act or the see if less, if it's different with the parents or does it make them in fact, that if the environmental conditions a bad than the father brings the young even more fade. and even though he's going hungry himself only if what, so they all get a bully, a fail, but then home to hit the the combination of safe, high calorie food with slow development and social learning ensures intelligent animals with large brains. if our blood is red, why i do you have a science question, send it to us as a video, text or voice message. if we answer it on the show, we'll send to you a little surprise as

a thank you. i come on. just ask you can find us and other science related stories on the web and on twitter. that sick from tomorrow to day d w. science program, doing this next week, until then stay curious. with ah, with

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