tv Taking Off Deutsche Welle September 25, 2022 7:02am-8:01am CEST
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this is d w. news from belinda is more on our website, d w dot com ah. a vibrant habitat ended glistening place of longing. the mediterranean sea. it's waters connect people of many cultures. seen it almost rock and jaffar. abdul karim drift along with exploring modern lifestyles and mediterranean, where has history left its traces, meeting people, hearing their dreams. editorial journey this week on d w. we're all good to go beyond the obvious. where as we take on the world
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access, private in visuals are find to be private companies are supplying payloads from the space station. it's an absolute revolution in relatively cheap and very frequent access. the new space concept is to open up space frontiers through entrepreneurial activity. ah ah, in a really hope that there are more and more people country work together in space and we need to keep going to expand our frontier in space. space tourism will open up brand new opportunities to enjoy our planet so many different people can have the opportunity to leave the earth's surface and to orbit
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around earth or maybe to go to the moon. and if that's going to be amazing for people to have a different perspective and to be able to live there dreamed we are fortunate enough to be amongst the some of the 1st researchers who will go and fly on some of these commercial vehicles that's coming pretty soon so i'm starting to get very excited people will financially live off base planet. someday there will be a person who was born in space lives their entire life and face and is never even visited clamor. on july 20th 2021. just phases. one of the richest men and the
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owner of the amazon and aerospace company orator reached an unprecedented milestone. he was on board of the 1st commercial sub orbital flight ever to reach the edge of space at an altitude of 107 kilometers. now on how it felt, oh my god, when expectations were high and they were dramatically exceeded. this pioneering flight lasted just 10 minutes and 10 seconds with the crew floating in microgravity around 4 minutes. just a few days before on july 11th, richard branson, the multi billionaire owner, the space tourism company, virgin galactic was on board of his own space plane and also enjoyed microgravity
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for a few minutes. ah, i was the child. 7 the dream. looking out to the song. now i'm and i don't, it was wonderful. i was looking for ah, least to eat, leak space flight. sean, the whole world as they kicked off a new age. the age of space tourism. what we're doing is that only adventure, but it's also important because what we're doing is the 1st step of something big. this is a big vision, but big things start small. in this intense
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competition to give human beings the opportunity to travel to space space acts has taken a step forward as just a couple months after these milestones. on september 15th, they launched inspiration for the 1st all civilian human space flight to orbit range. this space ex mission reached an altitude of 590 kilometers, much higher than previous sub orbital flight and even higher than the international space station. and it spent 3 days orbiting the earth. this private space flight was the 1st ever to go into orbit without a professional astronaut aboard.
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this has been just the beginning of an exciting race from a faith tourism business, a thriving business that will allow people to enjoy commercial journeys to space. and this is just the tip of the iceberg of a new economic wave that will change our world as we know what the space private business there you see a true revolution occurring in space. this somewhere around the way we realized that space also had the value aid to 10 years ago. space start opening up to the private sector in that's what defined what is called right
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now. the new space economy, the, the ability to go beyond just the objectives of space that are nearly find difficult for recent to open ended up to commercial activities so that other countries, other people can have access to space. and this is the true revolution happening at this moment. right now we are living in a very interesting time. you've got things like novel medical treatment. you got things like space face solar power . so a lot of these kind of near science fiction ideas. they're still very early stage, we have a lot of potential i think that we're going to find things that we never knew even existed
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me everything is changing very quickly in space. the massive emergence of the private sector in space is the presence of human beings offered faster than ever before. this whole revolution will allow us to expand outside of the boundary of our beautiful blue planet and become a real multi planetary species. these are the 1st steps to becoming a multi plan to church species. they will, as one of their 1st acts complete ah,
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what you might call the 1st stage of human history, which is our transition from being a local species based in the canyon riff valley, to a global species cockroach, we already are in extent. that completes the 1st stage of human history of becoming what i call a type one civilization. a civilization that has a full access to the resources of its plant tied to civilization as one that has full access to the resources of its solar system or type 3 of the stars. so we are right now on the toss of completing our history of achieving type one and beginning our history of developing into a tight to civilization. there's a famous quote from silicon russian space pioneer said burst is the cradle of me
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kind, but one cannot live in a cradled reverie with this is going to be of low profit and he's gonna be tough like on earth, he will star probably. but based on the moon, in which they can stay for more days, weeks start figure out how is that big gonna survive in such a harsh environment? and that's going to start evolving into more and more complex settlements on the moon. and probably later on, on mars move from spot next 957 through the moon landing. he had tremendous progress in development to space technology. and these were of course government lead efforts. the united states soviet union,
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racing to the moon. they had their running shoes on and they accomplished a lot. but once it lost that try, i mean we had stagnation and the cost of space launch from $970.00 to 2010 did not fall by $1.00. which is incredible. i mean, if you think of the advances that occurred in other fields and computers, for example, where at a cost of key of computers felt radically from 1970 to 2010. and their capabilities increased by thousands of times. but not space absolute stagnation, but then starting around 2000 in widths, making the falcon 9 operational and then making it reusable. and then introducing
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a heavy lift vehicle that was 3 quarters usable. based off of the falcon 9, we had a decline of the cost a space launch of a factor of $5.00. it fell from $10000.00 per kilogram to $2000.00. a kilogram. busy dummy in one coming in on this. i can it's, it's really crazy that we will be sophisticated rockets and then crash them every time we fly. isn't this mat if says profound, this is and how important reusability is. cerise well it is actually for mental
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i what must has done is not only created a number of very impressive and important space flight capabilities. and not only cutting the cost of space launch by factor 5 over the past 10 years when it had been absolutely black for the previous 40. but he has set off a private space. the key point of this paradigm shift has been the sharp reduction of the costs of launching thanks to the creation of re usable rockets, big entrepreneurs like elan, my score jeff bezos are leading this new private space race with their company space x and blue origin. in addition to these huge enterprises that have taken a gamble on big reusable vessels,
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there are other companies that are focused on emerging new market, small re usable rockets that could be useful for launching nano sets or other small payloads into earth's orbit. one of these companies is p l d space. they are one of the leading commercial projects in europe in the small reusable rocket industry. ah brown do en route turner as its co founders have been rocket tiers in space enthusiasts all their lives. and they have now managed to design the mirrors, re usable rockets based on parachutes, to recover one of the rocket stages. we were with the, in special with isa, since a long time ago. for to fortunately, we have strong support from them. we are one of the companies being supported by isa for small launcher development. they are providing us help in different ways
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for the development of the launch vehicle and also to help on the, on the operations. we are now developing new fi broker and we recently the company need i'm, you know, 5 years at 2 states you will get so we need to develop the mechanism to do the separation of the 2 stages. and this is also a tricky energy to develop its main focus on the small satellite market. and it's a launch vehicle that can lift from putting 2 or 300 kilograms. so failing the mirror, 5 is peel the spaces mean project. it's a 2 staged, partially reusable rocket conceived to launch payloads into earth's orbit. the 1st stage of the vessel is the reusable part. and it has been designed to come back to earth by terror, shoot and land and see if
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the separation of both stages. the 2nd stage will start ignition and continue to rise until it reaches earth's orbit. when the ferrying will open to allow the payload, mainly small satellite to be placed into orbit both 2nd stage and faring will eventually be eliminated. the tricky part of this re usable technology is recovering the 1st stage. ah, p l, the spring have developed a spectacular drop test that involves a helicopter and a boat with a cream to grab the booster from the c. o. we develop subsonic test in atlanta and see you in shoes of spain doing our drug test. and we
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want to demonstrate in flight. there is a really big opportunity and there is plans down operations. so we need to use part was because of our scale, our records are small and it's cheaper to use platform than the indians to do. the reason we did not but those another important test because involving the use of a helicopter with people inside to break bylaws and other guy managing when to separate the 1st day to mirror 5 from the helicopters. there was a lot of things that it has been in at the moment, any time that we push the boat on somebody least keep operation. natalie the launch itself. so we are assuming families because we do a lot of war to try to reduce any deal one of these least. so it's super easy
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to, to fail. we do these, we have very successful salt. so we are very happy with every browse with our technologies, and it's very, very promising technology to use small, rugged ah reuse ability has been one, the main drivers for the democratization of space that is allowed us to reach kirk's orbit at much lower cost than years before so space is becoming much more accessible to us. a place where a promising economy is about to thrive. ah, we talk about all new space and the money that can be made,
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but we should never ignore the literal hundreds of billions of dollars is being generated right now by the satellite industry. a few years ago, satellites were as big as a school bus. amazing advances in software and engineering technology have allowed us to radically reduce their size to devices of less than 10 kilograms . the so called the nano sat. but there are even smaller and simpler versions of these nanoseconds. the cute sets which are cute, have 10 by 10 centimeters, and about one kilogram in mass. and i think we're going to enter an era where if not personal satellites, you're going to have personal satellite capability. not only are you getting your phone, your internet through satellites right now, but soon what was,
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was just the purview of governance in terms of remote sensing capabilities. i think is going to be coming down to the individual. small sam have multiple practical applications that are already in use nowadays from services for communication, meteorology, military purposes and navigation, to for instance, the early detection of forest fires that company a lane space is working on a cube, sat named lu, may 1 for this very purpose none of satellite cubes that are the most come on initiative. some projects in the new space sector. we have develop launch for none of satellites. in the last 8 years, it gives that distant rotation of the subsystems has arrived. who's in the process of manufacturing your cube sat all the subsystems must be tested to prove that all the devices work perfectly.
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all these tests are carried out in a clean room, a fully sterilized space at the university of diego. we are in the clean room and convince facility we usually get all the subsystems probably satellite and also integrated assembly the satellite now if you work on a day will really okay and once all the subsistence, the separate body data, we start the assembly of this argument to put all of them together to wipe over. so then after that,
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it's not that i swear the flame once in orbit satellite searches for and tracks forest fires and sends an alarm signal to a control room where the data gathered by the cube sat is analyzed and emergency services are alerted. ah, basically what we do here is to repair they are the common sequences, send it to the satellite, who's the mission of this satellite? these 2 only detect a monitor wildfires. it was been for that purpose. ok to do that. we have the sign it up cation failed field to communicate with sensors, deployed on ground all over the world from wildfire, sensors, weather stations, whatever that they can trigger an alarm. when a fire detected,
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you can send the mater to emergency services, so they can arrive, there is more information about the fire. who's the small since revolution is radically changing the way we connect to space? until now, most of them are orbiting our planet. however, in the near future, they will also orbit worlds much farther away, such as the moon, or mars who's ah, it's saying that space has these intrinsic qualities that are very valuable. things like the microgravity environment. things like the fact that it's
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a vacuum environment. all of these were saying we can actually leverage those into new innovations. and so that's where you start to see this kind of paradigm shared those very special conditions of space that we find a lower orbit level. open a whole range of possibilities for research in the most diverse fields from agriculture to nano medicine, as well as fiber optics, pharmaceutical or deer production. multiple sectors are studying how to take advantage of these valuable qualities to improve their products on earth. in particular, these unique conditions facilitate the processing of certain materials, like liquids, gases, or jails and space, as well as the manipulation of huge heavy structures without effort. this
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opens up the possibility of starting to manufacture certain items offer in coming years. it has now been demonstrated, for example, that you can make fiber optic cables in space where you have 0 gravity that are far more efficient than anything that can be beat on earth and the value these things are very high. and so to set up a factory on the orbit to actually make the skies in fact, november 2017 will go down in history as the date when human beings were able to manufacture an item offers and bring it back to the surface for the 1st time ever dmitri steroid about the chief scientist at
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fonzie was responsible for the brilliant scientific program that brought about such a milestone. our fiber program is the 1st commercial effort that generated trevon you from manufacturing on orbital platform. we were able to manufacture a small piece of fiber and prove that actually optical fiber manufacturing in microgravity is better than in gravity conditions, specialty optical fibers, like alright optical fibers. the biotech the thermal fields in the microgravity environment provide substantially more uniform and more controllable conditions. for material processing that are highly dangerous or we can increase
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the capacity of data transmission for optical fibers made out of new material. we hope that this very 1st amazing step has been just the 1st of many achievements that future in space. manufacturing industries will bring about ah, without doubt stage the opening up, scientific and business possibilities that we hadn't even dreamed of a few years ago. ah, the move is the next frontier place which we walked on 50 years ago. and we're about to go back to in the coming years. and we're not just going there on
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a return visit, but to settle there permanently. several private companies are working in fields like mining, human supply systems, transport and energy production to allow us to establish ourselves on our satellite . i think the time is coming where something like a lunar, be a lunar colony. adventures on the moon are going to be more commonplace. it's going to have to start small. of course the moon is very research rich, so you do have water ice and the permanent shattered regions. that's been proven by a variety of nass emissions and other international missions. i we now know that the moon has many interesting resources that could be very useful for future permanent lunar habitat. i in order to properly
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analyze and extract all of those resources. many lunar commercial initiatives have recently thrived accompany lunar outpost has been one of the pioneers and may have developed a sophisticated lunar mining rover. demit is the 1st day beauty diminishing new resource prospector. designed to analyze lunar soil and search for resources. it's prepared to navigate in both light and dark regions of the moon. thanks to a sophisticated camera vision system. future . when you have seen these movies will be able to create a very high resolution survey of those areas. so as map is driving and operating, it uses 2 different systems to navigate autonomously on the lunar surface. it uses
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both vision based navigation system using camera data to scan the surface. however, if you're operating in the dark or in a deep shadow region, the camera won't be able to see in those areas. and so for those situations, we have a lighter laser ranging and detection. and that allows the rover to see and navigate in the pitch darkness. the rumor has scanning spectrometry equipment on board, which is measuring the resources in the surface of the lunar regulus, as well as a drill on board that can probe below the surface. and so again, as the rovers drive around on the surface, they will create a map of these resources and overlay that onto the physical map of the lunar surface. i think truly we will have robots on the moon within the next year or 2. and i'm not talking just one over here one over there. i'm talking swarms of
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robotic rovers much like ice l. b. prospect in the inner surface. finding the resources that will enable that long term colonization of faith, which i personally, i'm very excited about. i in order to extract and use those resources, we need to study in depth the properties of lunar soil, but we can't go to the moon to do previous analysis. ready ready so we have developed very sophisticated tests here on earth and a small number of scientific institutions around or below. one of the most renowned is the colorado school of mines. they took a gamble on space just a few years ago and launched the center for space resources, a department that is the very 1st of its kind in the world. as it's fully focused on the study of space resources. for many years,
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angela bood madrid, director of the center for space resources has been leading a research program focused on human and robotic exploration of space and the utilization of its resources. the color of the coal mine for 145 years has been a world leader on the extract of industry. and about 20 years ago, he realized that he could start utilizing on that expertise to identify the resources and extract them and utilizing. but doing that beyond earth. and so we found the center for space resources in the late 1990. with the intention of doing basic research on this new era. at the center for space resources
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develop multiple tests focusing on studying different aspects of materials found in celestial bodies. like the moon, mars, or the asteroids. it's essential to know the properties of lunar soil. if we want mine there. for that re, they have developed a penetration test to analyze how a probe drills down into simulated lunar regulus. the 1st step in this test is to protect the lunar regulus. similar sample to recreate the temperature conditions of the moon surface. with temperatures as low as minus $230.00 degrees celsius. so it has been frozen with the health of liquid nitrogen. what we're going to end up doing is this is kind of our pre cooling that it's actually a reservoir in there, so we're filling up that reservoir with liquid nitrogen. then we're going to connect up these hoses while it's in there. once the sample is
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properly frozen and the conditions are similar to the lunar surface, the steel probe can drill down into the soil. in order to study it's penetration. basically, we're taking up probe, which is a small sort of pencil type thing that's made of steel. and we're pushing it down into some soil. the soil is what we typically call regolith, and all regular as is soil on another planet. all the tiny little pebbles and grains of, of material is called regular. so what we're doing is we're taking this probe and we're pressing it down into the regular and when we press it down in, we measure the forces that occur both in the upward and all different direction. so we'll see now that we hit it. you see it kick off. it's going to
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$45060.00. so once it hit $120.00 newton's it begins, relax and we come back and we do the extraction. the reason for doing that is to kind of understand if we were to land or we want to extract water where we want to build a habitat, to build a habitat on the moon. the ideas considered are based on 3 d printing devices that could work a ton of mislead using the regular raw material to build those future lunar basis. long before humans settle there permanently. the 3 d printer can revolutionize the way that we can do things in space by allowing us to do complete habitat. we can bring these machines that can start utilizing the material from the moon and start creating all sorts of complicated
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structures without the need of all these equipment that was thought of before i at the center for space resources. they've been working hard on developing very innovative 3 d printing techniques that use sunlight is the main energy source to the other regulars and shape it into new forms or tools. in order to better recreate the conditions of the lunar surface, they use a small vacuum chamber where they test these 3 d printing experiments. 3 printing is a process by which we turn materials like this, regolith into tools, building materials, anything that people might need to live. so the experiments that we do here are learning how to make useful items out of this kind of material. we're going to
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take regular and we're going to melt it down using simulated sunlight. when you take the lamp, you see behind me concentrate down the light on that lamp and melt this regulate into a useful shape. me. once the regulus is thawed, it can be manipulated in shape to create brand new forms. tools. was that future lunar habitat or anything needed up there? the purpose of this is in the future when humans are living in space and we're going to be able to take sunlight concentrated down and make new tools, new building materials, whatever people need to live because they're not going to be able to get things shipped from. the earth other worlds much farther away from the boundaries of our planet, are waiting for us. the moon in mars could be the 1st
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places for us to expand into, but they won't be the last. in the future, we will be witness to human beings that were born on earth and have never visited our planet in their whole life. and even more they might feel the moon or murderous to be their homes. as the only sunsets that they have ever enjoyed have set the low horizon of red or grey soil. ah, the 1st time we walked in another world besides there it was in 1969. during the lunar landey. until no less than 600 people
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attend a chance to admire our beautiful blue planet from space could you a carter was one of those lucky ones. me in 2014, he became the 1st japanese astronaut ever to become commander of the international space station. and the reason why i wanted to find space or i want to engage in this basic question is because of a poly level. the landing space is so wonderful place and i really hope that there are more and more people country work together in space. and we need to keep going to expand our frontier in space. my friend ellen being who flew on apollo 12 in lunar module pilot. when he came back
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from, from the moon, it really changed his life. he no longer complained about the weather. used to say, i'm glad there is weather, right? he no longer complained about traffic. i'm glad there are people around me, right? so this is what happens when you find space that changes your perspective and i think for the better universally and everybody i've ever spoken to who's come back just marvel at how beautiful our planet is from above space. tourism is one of the most promising private industries in this space revolution. and it's going to be the 1st one to allow anyone to actually move offer . after years of difficulties and delays, the space tourism industry finally kicked off last july 2021.
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and that month, the most important companies in this sector, blue origin and virgin galactic, performed the 1st space flight ever with passengers on board. in fact, 2 of the multi billionaire owners of each company, jeff days since richard branson traveled in those pioneering flights and enjoyed the weightlessness for a few minutes. funny edge of space and the amazing views of the earth from such a unique perspective. this was the kick off for the space tourism race as just 2 months later, space x prove that they're playing to win as they launch their private mission inspiration for becoming the 1st all civilian human space flight ever to orbit.
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blue origin shocked the world again. soon after making the dream of many fans come true. as william shatner star tracks, captain kirk travelled on board, the new shepherd, sub orbital vessel, becoming the oldest person ever to go to spain. curtis, the access of civilians to space won't be limited to tourism. as many people will have the chance to travel to space for many other reasons. oh, for instance, for the 1st time ever, a movie was filmed in orbit something unsinkable just a few years ago. a russian actress and a director spent days on board the international space station shooting
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a few scenes of the film. ah, thanks to space tourism. many people will have the chance to travel to the earth's orbit and enjoy such dunning views of our planet. from up there, not too far in the future. some of the people who have always dreamed of traveling to space and seeing the earth from above will be able to do so. and one of the commercial flights being developed by companies like virgin galactic or blue origin . 2 of those people are kenzie organ in dander. so it is set the southwest research institute in boulder, colorado who will be among the very 1st passengers to test those flights. dan duty, he's been a decent doozies his life. he has flown as
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a pilot many times but has never been in space despite having studied it for many years. one of his wildest sy fi dreams is about to become true. as a researcher, it helps that i'm also a pilot, so i fly or craft myself and i understand what that environment is like. we are fortunate enough here at southwest research institute to be amongst some of the 1st researchers who will go and fly on some of these commercial vehicle that's coming pretty soon. so i'm starting to get very excited like dan dirty that katy dalton has also dreamed of becoming an astronaut. since she was a child soon it will be her turn to experience that indescribable sensation of floating like a feather in microgravity. i've wanted to go into space for a long time. i applied to be an astronaut and i didn't quite make the cut. and so
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this is a way to be able to carry out science experiments in space. those of them have been training hard on board 0, g parabolic flight to be properly prepared for future real sub orbital flights. as the accelerations and forces they will be exposed to on those flights will be quite demanding. we've been looking for do it for a while. we've been training and getting prepared, doing parabolic flights on airplanes where you can simulate 0 g and going in a centrifuge where you can experience high gravity forces. and i just really look forward to being able to fly in space. we have been spinning in centrifuges to feel the accelerations of the launch phase and the reentry phase of a flight like this. we've been flying high performance jet aircraft,
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military aircraft like the f 18 or the f one o 4. to again feel the acceleration stem. have the sensation of ones like to have all the, the extra equipment that we might have on our bodies. ah, the very 1st commercial flights will probably be some orbital flights. just leaving earth surface rising into space and coming back down you're going to accelerate up through the atmosphere, whether it's on a rocket or on a rocket plane. then essentially coasting over the top on a parabolic trajectory, often out of the atmosphere, peaking at altitude, something like 100 kilometers 1670 miles up, something like that. before then, you know, gravity is still pulling on. you dragging you back down to the earth back through the atmosphere that total flight time depending on the type of vehicle whether it's a rocket plane or, or
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a rocket itself might be 15 or 20 minutes. there are 3 companies leading the race in space, tourism with some orbital, slight prototypes, virgin galactic blue origin and space. ex virgin galactic was the pioneer. the 1st to take a gamble on sub orbital flights. virgin galactic and they have base plane be shipped to married on large carrier crap. the basic design, the idea was developed way in the early 2000 by bert ru tan and his company scaled composites. he was coming up with a very innovative aeronautical designs to allow pretty frequent and relatively inexpensive access to the high atmosphere. and once that was shown successful, richard branson's, virgin group of companies like bomb went up. we want to license that capability and
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build that as, as they ship to as virgin galactic, to allow people to buy tickets. but version galactic is not the only one in this upcoming business, as blue origin belonging to multi 1000000000 or amazon order. jeff bezos has also invested very heavily in the development of its own sub orbital spacecraft. i both companies move origin in virgin galactic performed the 1st commercial sub orbital space flights in july 2021 being blue origin. the only one to over pass for carmen line, which is established in altitude 100 kilometers. what is the so call chips on the sub orbital sites will not just allow us to enjoy breathtaking use from up there. but also they will help us to fly from one corner of the earth
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to another in less than one hour. as those flights will take advantage of the fact that at such high altitude atmosphere density is almost non existent. so that drag is close to 0. and speeds could be much greater you can go from anywhere, anywhere. a flight from washing angel was to sidney. my cost, the passenger $20000.00. but people who fly 1st class from los angeles to city that they still have to spend 18 hours in the airplane. they get tossed wrong in less than an hour and for half an hour they be space experiencing 0. gravity is incredible. black style, sky space out to the window on the fly, add value delivery. so i think that's a business that'll happen. i in have this
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opportunity to actually go up to space and see what our planet looks like from above. and i think that's going to revolutionize the way we think about ourselves and relate to each other here on the planet. me. ah, the future is now here. a new age is about to begin. human beings will no longer be a species strictly more to one planet. the space industrial revolution has been the defend, the driving force that is pulled us forward, offers into a multi planetary expansion. that dark, starry sky will no longer be the limit.
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do we have the need to become a multi planet species in did we have the need to leave the canyon rift out? i mean, you know, humans in a very real sense are not native to the earth. we're native to kenya. we are actually tropical animals. that's why we have these long seen arms with no fur on them. no human in the true state of nature could survive a single winter night in colorado or, and most of europe. they would die, it takes technology to live out of the tropics. we had to develop clothing, which the technology we had to develop houses, we had to develop fire and many other new capabilities to become a global species. we're sort of in the states of these 1st tentative steps in our species becoming an interplanetary species. the want to protect ourselves as
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a species and ensure that we survived for a long period of time. we want to be diversified off of this planet. earth is the cradle of me kind but one cannot live in a cradled reverie. earth is indeed the cradle and it's in the cradle that the child develops, the capabilities that allows them to leave the cradle go to the school yard. k solar systems, the school, the school yard for going to the stars. ah, ah, ah, with
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mm hm. mm. ah. ah, this is dw news live from berlin, italians go to the polls where they're expected to take a har right turn. we'll go live to rome and take a look at the leader who's tip to become the countries next prime minister and with lead to the most right. when government since world war 2 also coming.
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