oh, ready knows. welcome to tech told me about hackers, penalize in between your societies. computers that out sure. you and governments that go crazy for your data. we explain how these technologies work, how they can go in for good, but how they can also go terribly, watch it now. you can hydro electricity be generated without any home to fish or the environment between vision and reality, all the amazing properties of super conducted materials suited for everyday use class? does the mysterious planet 9 really exist?

and why are we so fascinated with exploring space? welcome to to morrow to day 50 w sign shag september 3rd 2022 the launch of noses autumn is one moon rocket. was the boat head that happened in the past. the space shuttle has had moment where it was returned to the to the vehicle assembly building many times, but eventually we will see this fly him. the awesome is moon missions have several h v a ryan spacecraft, autumn is one will fly to the moon without crew on board. it's a test for nurses, new space launch system. the awesome is to will carry out to luna fly by with full astronauts on board with autumn as 3 astronauts will last on the moon and spend

a week exploring its surface. so half a century after apollo 11 humans could once again walk on the moon. maybe one day i might even be on top of it. during his time at the international space station, alexander guest learned a lot about life and space. now the afternoon talks about exploring the moon and other heavenly bodies. it has been 15 years since we landed on the moon. why are we doing it again? what's so exciting about it? 50 years ago that humans have been there 6 times and they basically walked around, grabbed a few rocks, put a flag in the ground. that's not much science, especially since the area where the apollo astronauts have been. it wasn't in a logically not very interesting area with a young areas covered by lava flows. and so the old rocks are covered that they couldn't see them back then. the reason was because, you know,

the spaceships they just made it through that. one reason it was, it's more complex to go to more interesting origins. and that's what we're doing now. not to grab a few rocks and put a flag in the ground, but to actually do sustainable science to stay there to really find out how the moon came to existence. we don't know yet. and what we can learn from the moon about earth, the understanding of our own planet is like an open history book. expose on the moon. we just need to go there and, and look at it. but property as scientist, is it anything that you think people should know about the ultimate project and space missions in general? if you only look at the next little problem where we have on earth, then we tend to just focus on this in space. can give us a bigger perspective and look from the outside onto ourselves onto the problems. and it shows us that we as a humanity we have the unique capability of solving many, many problems at the same time. and space always gives us a chance to, to solve a problem 5 by different perspective. we have that in the climate crisis,

which is very important to have the, the, the view from space and it's the same thing with the moon. it's very important that we go there. we humans, i think we need to view us as an island species like we live on this little island and the cosmos around us is the sea and, and our responsibility to understand that see around us. otherwise we will cease to exist. so honestly, you can say mission like these are very important in the long run for species. are we colonizing the moon in some way? no, i think. and if you want to predict what's going on in the moon, then you can look at the history of antarctica. so, 100 years ago and talked to car was a white continent unknown. it was expensive and dangerous to go. there are people ask, why do we need to do this? there is nothing there but explore a still went there. and then after a while, we found out that the data that we gather in and talk to kind of, for example,

for the understanding of our climate, are really, really important for us saving the planet now or trying to, trying to save it. because without going there, we could have not gotten that climate data because i'd talk to you guys like a climate archive. and so even though we went there 100 years ago for the 1st time, now there's lots of research spaces all over on tarka. we haven't colonized mind this is not what we're going to do on the moon. the moon is really hostile and empty. so it's there for science. i don't think, you know, it's going to be a time that people just live there for fun. maybe maybe some will, you know, some time, but that's not what we are having in mind right now. we really need to understand this as a a continent. no, we don't know what to find out. it's often the beauty of science. you need to go to a place and then only in hindsight, like an article, you realize that you found a treasure. do you think this some kind of a disease to get to the moon?

the moon gotten into the sort of focus of interest of many nations already in the last decades, but it took a while to gather the momentum to gather the corporations. like now with the u. s. in europe, a building the ryan spaceship together to go to the moon. that interest is of course there in other countries and so china will go to the moon rational potentially other countries having the moon in their interest, india for example. and so you can call it a little bit of a race, and you know, it's, in my opinion, still very important that we go together as a corporation, as we have right now. and, but of course, a little bit of competition is also always good for the business. so optimist is a precursor to go to mars. how is landing on the moon going to help us one day reach mars the sequence of missions to allow us to get surface access to the moon in the, in potentially even get a surface base surface station like an i'm talking base. and then from there we can

learn as humans, we don't only do science to learn about the moon and to bring back benefits to earth. but we also learn how to sustainably not only live in space like an ice for a long time, which you did. we learned that on isis, i learned that myself during my year on assess but also to learn how to live on the moon far away from help from the earth, where you have to solve problems immediately yourself. you don't get, don't get like you needed help from the earth. and then from that, we learn how to go to mars the gateway. actually, it's in such a high orbit on the moon and it could actually go from the moon to mars. so i said, for example, it's tied forever to earth and could never go anywhere else. it's, it doesn't have enough power to get away from earth's gravity. but the gateway, however, around the moon in such a high orbit is such a loose connection to the moon. it circles it, but if you, if you switched on your engines, potentially you could take that gateway and take it as

a spatial towards mars. and that's why, what we mean with that arguments is not only a program to look at the moon, but also to enable us to go tomorrow to find out. for example, if we have siblings in space, if humanity is alone or potentially there's life out there in the universe. because mars can tell us that in your, in my lifetime, we could find out if we find a life on mars, even fossil dead life. when mars then it would tell us that the universe is potentially full with life. or another important question that marsh might be able to answer us is what happened and why is it dry and mc? there's almost no atmosphere. there is a desert planet. it's hostile, but it used to be, we know that scientists know that it used to be potentially habitable, meaning it had a dense atmosphere. it has what had water and water temperatures on the surface. but what happened there? right, was why is it dead now? and how can we prevent that same happening on earth?

even in classical antiquity, people knew of the existence of mars. it was one of the 7 luminaries all classical planets, to which the sun and moon also belongs. that's because the ancient greeks believed the planets to be wandering starve, which orbited the earth. then i will view changed. the sun was now the 6 star around which the planets revolved. but for a long while, just 6 climates were known. i took the invention of the telescope for uranus and neptune to be discovered later, they were joined by plato. but the planet status, it was granted in 1930 was we felt again in 2006. so when it comes to planet many questions remain. the awesome columbia has this one for us. is there a 9th planet in our solar system?

and if so, where exactly? our solar system is only one of billions in the milky way galaxy and has for terrestrial planets. and for that don't have a compact rocky surface. the terrestrial planets are the 4 closest to the sun, mercury, venus, earth, and mars. they're tiny in comparison to the gas giants orbiting, closer to the edges of the solar system, jupiter, saturn, uranus, and neptune, sometimes referred to as the blue giant. neptune is more than 30 times as far from the sun as earth, extending just beyond its orbit. is that caper built a donut shaped ring of icy objects. and to lurking beyond them, could be a 9th planet. it's gravitational effect could explain the elliptical tilted orbits of dwarf planets in the farthest reaches of our solar system.

which are different from the newly circular orbits of the 8 pilots. we know of astronomers have investigated how and where the hypothetical planet 9 could be orbiting the sun. they used a computer simulation to visualize the farthest reaches of the solar system, adding celestial bodies with varying orbits and masses until the results corresponded with existing data. these showed that planet 9 could be 20 times further away from the sun than the gas giant, neptune. and 10 times heavier than earth it would take light 4 days to get there. oh, that makes it hard to locate the hypothetical planet. anything that far away would

reflect very little light the hubble telescope has identified an exit planet that orbits around a double star at a comparable distance. this could provide interesting clues about the hypothetical planning. 9 ah, speaking of planets. this spectacular image of neptune was taken by the james web space telescope. pretty out of this world, right? if i was what is read, why i'm with, do you have a science lesson about space or something here or not? then just ask if we answer your question on air will send you a little surprise as a thank you. i will wide

hydro power plants are used to generate electricity. but if the water falls from great heights, the turbines rotate at high speeds and there's little gap between the blades. fish often get caught in them. especially eels, sturgeon, and other fish that travel long distances. now a shaft power plant has been designed to save fishes lives. does it work with us at a glance south of munich to find out fishing nets on steel frames? scientists at the technical university of munich have had these so called stow nets, especially made. they want to use them to study the new shaft power plant on the lawyer, zach river in upper bavaria. yoga geist is leading the study. he's already carried out research at 8 other hydro power plants and bavaria. it's still exciting for him . that is,

i'm said some funding the really critical moment is when we put the stone at sin because the research depends on it. so we have corresponding, you profiles on the sides where the steel frame must have it exactly on the inside . that's a lot of fine tuning and precision oracles, fortunately just as no wind today. and so hopefully it will work out well with us is hopefully hooked up. the results are eagerly awaited the operators here hope that the shaft power plant will prove to be eco and fish friendly. however, environmentalists believe that the so called eco power plant disturbs the natural balance of the rivers ecosystem. they want to stop more hydro power plants being built with the thought as the new dean. so if we look at the state of fish populations in germany and bavaria, it's concerning. so i can study a very high percentage of common fish species that used to form large populations are now on the red list, toys down the road, listed safin, on their way downstream. most fish get caught in that turbines of hydro electric

power plants. many are injured in the process and some don't survive in the shaft power plant. the suction into the turbine is weaker than usual because it's installed under the river and protected by a grid. any fish longer than 15 centimeters should be able to swim past the turbine unharmed. but doesn't work. once the steel frames are in place, the nets are spread out. researchers have 2 weeks to catch all of the fish swimming down the river by the power plant. every one or 2 hours, the fish are released from the nets and inspected researchers have already examined more than $70000.00 at 9 hydro power plants. they have found dead and injured animals everywhere in the pond at the institute and fly thing.

they keep fish that have survived the power plant, passage unharmed like this perch if and how a fish is injured depends not only in the type of power plant, but also on the fish's body shape when it's mocked mentally and grows. and of course, it makes a big difference whether a fish like an eel gets through these power plants, or the officials more like a braille sandwiches. humpback rock, sir. do you see a whole connecticut eel, sir, often shredded in the turbines? they are among the most endangered fish species in the case of danube, salmon. the outer mucous layer is often damaged, resulting and fungal infestation, which can be fatal. to find out exactly what the fish died of yoko geist has them x rayed this daniel salmon has a broken pack. the seal skull has been crushed,

often compression or bursting of the swim bladder caused by the high pressure in the turbine also leads to death. the social oh but it was also surprising was that there are often cases where, externally, at least out how the fish looks, almost intact from, for example, the loss of a few scales or no external injuries at all fish. but where are we still find very serious internal injuries, which often kill the fish in thought deficient? not always immediately so far, but after a while, how house type for to good. but it's not just turbines that threatened the fish. water build up in front of each power plant, turns fast flowing, rivers with gravel bottoms into muddy pools, creating another problem for many fish species. like at this plant on the noise, i am with my computer. you can see here that a cloud of mud has been stirred up. we have hardly any flow velocity here in this area is going to start. obviously were in an area with a special protections,

data center for something should start with. oh, the european bullhead is a small bottom dwelling fish without a swim bladder that attaches its eggs to the under side of stone. i'm do you want to cite it from stein? am 5th hefted it can't find those conditions and muddy waters. i'm making stuff that i did see, so i could be doing the shaft power plants efforts to be fish friendly, are unsuccessful. many fish get caught in the turbines here to pick them up in besetting montes. we have seen in previous studies that innovative hydropower technologies. how even if they are sometimes marketed as fish friendly, aren't necessarily any better than conventional plants, new to unlocking. we've seen significant harm and deaths and fish and all the plans we've studied so far. we come to say to going in and out. no technology comes without its disadvantages. looky, comes when an inspiration and off title, but scientists don't want to demonize hydropower. this newly developed sensor fish

should help them study power plants more efficiently in the future. i think we thought was mean 1st it doesn't look like a fish shift back, but it is a very important tool for us to collect data on downstream fish migration at various power plants. some research is want to find out which conditions affect the fish and what needs to be changed so that more fish can survive. for example, the turbines could be slowed down at certain periods of fish migration to reduce the number of injuries. the data from the sensor fish shows them what physical forces act on the fish, such as what pressure and rotational forces. they are exposed to researches want to improve the river ecosystems and existing power plants. but in their opinion, no more hydro power plants should be built on previously undeveloped parts of rivers. not even so called eco power plants.

ah, renewables are good for the environment, yet wind turbines and solar panels are often located far from where the power is needed. super conductive materials could be used to transport electricity without any resistance or power loss that could spark and energy revolution. civil conduct has had fascinating properties and were discovered over a century ago. yet today's, they've only played a role in basic research. oh, they can make things levitate and could change the world. we're talking about materials that can conduct electricity without resistance. now we only have very low temperature superconductors, but faster trains electric motors or computer chips that could be

a 1000 times faster, might be possible, even environmentally friendly nuclear fusion reactors would be conceivable. so that's amazing that we can provide transfer of electricity without any loss. of course, it will change and time our technology, it would mark the beginning of a new era, say the research team at the max planck institute for chemistry in mind. that's their vision, at least they're currently engaged in basic research. superconductors were discovered over a century ago, but the technology is still rarely used in practice. materials have to be cooled to very low temperatures before they function as superconductors, often to minus $180.00 degrees celsius and below. but what is a superconductor? when a metal conduct electricity, electrons move relatively freely within the atomic lattice forming an electric

current. but the atomic nuclei constitute an obstacle to the electrons. they collide with them, creating electrical resistance. but this disappears at a certain temperature in a superconductor electrons form pairs and charged the adams. this means that electrical resistance also vanishes. the problem is that the pairs of electrons only remain stable at very low temperatures, but it's not generally practical to use superconductors at minus $270.00 degrees. old empress, the superconductor will change really well. so this is one of our very, very for purpose. for decades the mission has been unchanged. researchers have been scouring the world on the lookout for superconductors that

function at higher temperatures. ideally at room temperature. the researchers and minds had their 1st big success 7 years ago with hydrogen sulfide, a gas that smells like rotten eggs. the gas is turned into a superconductor in this tube when subjected to extremely high pressure via my new diamonds. the pressure is only exerted at the tip of the diamond and can reach up to 5 meg of ours. difficult even with the elysium, easily flaming of ours. but you can leave, you know, that in the center of this if nearly form you go over. so we can create, present much, much more than in the center of this. but 1.5 mega bars is sufficient for the experiment to work with hydrogen sulfide. the pressure creates a crystalline structure which conducts electrical current without resistance at minus 70 degrees celsius. but scientists and mines continue to look for better

hydrogen compounds, walkable and it was not easy again, love again, not this so straightforward. it's weird because we're fail the did with follicle, the fine. so a lot of diamonds have been broken in the process. the experiment only works when the diamonds are flawless, and their tips perfectly ground. after extensive experimentation, the mocked plank research was broken, new superconductor record with another hydrogen compound, lantham decor hi dried this time at a temperature of just minus $23.00 degrees. it was said kill superconductor role because people who have believe that is possible for high physical temperature since then, scientists in the u. s. have observed superconductivity in a compound at temperatures of up to 15 degrees celsius at room temperature. researchers have not been able to replicate those results,

but the researchers and minds believe a breakthrough is possible. of course, if over where the full what, what the very thought. oh, i know that with you in science where he thought so the center of it, nor in our cases law i believe it was in years ago. but diamonds are still needed and very high pressure. still things are progressing. superconductivity can be achieved at higher temperatures. will soon be possible to cut the amount of pressure playing some phone very often. they would say not straight for you. if you think you can immersion hyphen, the super conduct this in, you know, goal. in fact, it doesn't work very often. but the max planck researchers and minds aren't running out of ideas. they're also exploring whether the diamonds themselves might become superconductors. images like these are encouraging

a maglev rail system from leipzig that uses superconductor technology in certain parts of outer space. very low temperature superconductors could all ready work, but on earth we need ones that function at room temperature. that's it for this episode of tomorrow to day d w. sign show. thanks for watching. until next time. stay curious. ah ah ah, with

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and dynamite and the pillar of sticking and society a symbol of arbitrary rule crucial tool in the struggle for justice taxes the right to levy taxes and the obligation to pay them both inherent in the sovereignty of nation states and their citizens. but what happens when the power of taxation is undermined?

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